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Information on EC 3.4.24.56 - insulysin
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3.4.24.56 insulysinSpecify your search results
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- 3.4.24.56
- alzheimer
- neprilysin
- abeta
- hippocampus
- cerebral
- dementia
- mellitus
- beta-amyloid
- amyloid-beta
- tau
-
neuroprotective
- metalloprotease
-
maze
- beta-secretase
-
presenilin
-
abeta-degrading
-
morris
- microglial
-
amyloidogenic
- hyperinsulinemia
- bacitracin
- amylin
- beta-protein
-
late-onset
-
senile
- metalloendopeptidase
- gamma-secretase
-
endothelin-converting
- 125i-insulin
- enzyme-1
-
exosite
- abeta1-40
- medicine
-
ad-like
- beta-peptide
- b-chains
-
glutathione-insulin
- analysis
- adam10
-
anti-ide
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Reaction Schemes
Degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. No action on proteins
Synonyms
insulin-degrading enzyme, insulin degrading enzyme, insulin protease, insulysin, pitrm1, insulin proteinase, pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1, insulin-specific protease, insulin-glucagon protease, cgd6_5510, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
ADE
amyloid degrading enzyme
cgd6_5510
gene name. cgd6_5510 and cgd6_5520 are fragments of a full gene (cgd6_5520-5510) encoding one insulinase-like protease (INS20-19) that is similar in structure to classic insulinases
EC 3.4.22.11
IDE
insulin degrading enzyme
Insulin protease
Insulin-degrading enzyme
Insulinase
Insulysin
additional information
IDE
-
-
IDE
-
IDE
-
-
Insulin-degrading enzyme
-
-
Insulin-degrading enzyme
-
Insulin-degrading enzyme
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. No action on proteins
-
-
-
-
Degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. No action on proteins
Glu111 serves as a base to activate a catalytic water molecule within the active site of the enzyme, mediating peptide hydrolysis, mutation of this residue to glutamine renders IDE inactive, the catalytic water that is coordinated by a zinc ion also interacts with a glutamate residue, which serves as the general acid/base catalyst, catalytic mechanism
Degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. No action on proteins
ability of substrates to properly anchor their N-terminus to the exosite of IDE and undergo a conformational switch upon binding to the catalytic chamber of IDE can also contribute to the selective degradation of structurally related growth factors. The high dipole moment of substrates complements the charge distribution of the IDE catalytic chamber for the substrate selectivity
-
Degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. No action on proteins
molecular basis of catalytic chamber-assisted unfolding and cleavage of human insulin by human insulin-degrading enzyme, IDE utilizes the interaction of its exosite with the N-terminus of the insulin A chain, overview. The unique size, shape, charge distribution, and exosite of the IDE catalytic chamber contribute to its high affinity for insulin
-
Degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. No action on proteins
reaction mechanism, active-site model, detailed overview
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9013-83-6
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-KLVFFAEDK(Dnp)-OH + H2O
?
fluorogenic substrate derived from the reported Abeta1-40 core peptide cleavage sequence. The R183Q mutant enzyme exhibits significantly decreased rate of fluorogenic peptide hydrolysis, yet retains similar binding affinity by comparison with the wild-type enzyme
-
?
(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-NPPGFSAFK-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
bradykinin mimetic substrate V
-
?
(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-QKLVFFAEDVK(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-OH + H2O
?
-
-
?
(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-RPPGFSAFK(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-OH + H2O
?
-
-
?
(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-VEALYLVCGEK(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-OH + H2O
?
-
-
?
2-amino-benzoyl-GGFLRKAGQ-ethylenediamine-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
-
-
?
2-amino-benzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-ethylenediamine-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
-
-
?
2-amino-benzoyl-GGFLRKMGQ-ethylenediamine-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
-
-
?
2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-ethylenediamine-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLR + KHGQ-ethylenediamine-2,4-dinitrophenyl
-
-
-
?
7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl-acetyl-RPPGF-SAFK-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
-
?
Abz-SEKKDNYIIKGV-nitroY-OH + H2O
?
-
a substrate based on the polypeptide sequence of the yeast P2 a-factor mating propheromone
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta1-40) + H2O
?
recombinant R183Q mutant enzyme is less active than the recombinant wild-type enzyme against recombinant amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta1-40)
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide 1-42 + H2O
?
-
cleavage occurs at peptide bonds Phe19-Phe20, Phe20-Ala21, and Leu34-Met35, with the latter cleavage site being the initial and principal one
?
amyloid peptide + H2O
?
-
23 amino acid peptide resulting from internal proteolysis of wild-type type 2 transmembrane protein BRI2
-
?
amyloid peptide ABri + H2O
?
-
34 amino acid peptide resulting from internal proteolysis of genetically defect type 2 transmembrane protein BRI2 in patients with familial British dementia. Enzymic degradation of peptide is more efficient with monomeric peptide than with aggregated peptide
-
?
amyloid peptide ADan + H2O
?
-
34 amino acid peptide resulting from internal proteolysis of genetically defect type 2 transmembrane protein BRI2 in patients with familial Danish dementia
-
?
CH3NH-Ala-Ala-Ala-CONHCH3 + H2O
?
-
energetic profile of proteolysis mechanism of IDE
-
?
CH3NH-Leu-Tyr-Leu-CONHCH3 + H2O
?
-
energetic profile of proteolysis mechanism of IDE
-
?
Dabcyl-Tyr-Glu-Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe-Ala-Glu-Asp-Val-Gly-Glu(EDANS)-NH2 + H2O
?
-
fluorogenic derivative of amyloid beta containing residues 10-25
-
?
epidermal growth factor + H2O
epidermal growth factor peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry and NMR
-
?
Fragment of cytochrome c + H2O
Hydrolyzed fragment of cytochrome c
-
Ile81-Glu108
cleavage at Tyr97-Leu98 bond
?
insulin-like growth factor-II + H2O
insulin-like growth factor-II peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry and NMR
-
?
o-aminobenzoic acid-GGFLRKHGQ-ethylenediamine-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
-
?
peptide containing the mitochondrial targeting sequence of E1alpha subunit of human pyruvate dehydrogenase + H2O
?
-
hydrolysis occurs at several sites
-
?
Porcine proinsulin intermediates + H2O
?
-
cleaved proinsulin, desdipeptide-proinsulin, desnonapeptide-proinsulin, destridecapeptide-proinsulin, desalanine-insulin, monoarginine-insulin and diarginine-proinsulin are degraded at 19.8%, 25.6%, 63.5%, 73.7%, 101.5%, 98% and 98% of the activity of insulin, respectively
-
?
Proinsulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed proinsulin
-
15fold greater rate of insulin destruction over that for proinsulin
-
?
reduced amylin + H2O
reduced amylin peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry
-
?
transforming growth factor-alpha + H2O
transforming growth factor-alpha peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry
-
?
Tryptic fragment of bovine serum albumin + H2O
Hydrolyzed tryptic fragment of bovine serum albumin
-
Leu503-Lys518
cleaved at Phe506-His507
?
ubiquitin + H2O
?
-
IDE cleaves ubiquitin in a biphasic manner, first, by rapidly removing the two C-terminal glycines (kcat = 2/sec) followed by a slow cleavage between residues 72-73 (kcat = 0.07/sec), thereby producing the inactive Ub1-74 and Ub1-72
-
?
[(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH + H2O
[(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGF + SAFK(Dnp)-OH
(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-RPPGFSAFK-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
-
-
?
(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-RPPGFSAFK-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
-
?
2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine) + H2O
?
-
-
-
?
2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine) + H2O
?
-
-
-
?
7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl-acetyl-RPPGFSAFK-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
-
?
7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl-acetyl-RPPGFSAFK-2,4-dinitrophenyl + H2O
?
-
fluorogenic bradykinin-mimetic IDE substrate V
-
?
Abz-GGFLRKHGQ-EDDnp + H2O
Abz-GGFLR + KHGQ-EDDnp
-
substrate or small peptide activation occurs through a cis effect
-
?
Abz-GGFLRKHGQ-EDDnp + H2O
Abz-GGFLR + KHGQ-EDDnp
-
synthetic fluorogenic substrate
-
?
amylin + H2O
amylin peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry and NMR. The presence of a disulfide bond in amylin allows IDE to cut at an additional site in the middle of the peptide, amino acids 18-19, binding structure, overview
-
?
amyloid beta + H2O
?
role of insulin-degrading enzyme in the intracytosolic clearance of amyloid beta and other amyloid-like peptides
-
?
amyloid beta + H2O
amyloid beta peptide fragments
-
-
-
?
amyloid beta peptide + H2O
?
-
the catalytic mechanisms for the hydrolysis of the three different peptide bonds (Lys28-Gly29, Phe19-Phe20, and His14-Gln15) of amyloid beta peptide is determined: For all these peptides, the nature of the substrate is found to influence the structure of the active enzyme-substrate complex. (1) activation of the metal-bound water molecule, (2) formation of the gem-diol intermediate, and (3) cleavage of the peptide bond. The process of water activation is found to be the rate-determining step for all three substrates
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
degradation, amyloid beta-peptide is the key component of Alzheimer disease-associated senile plaques, genetic linkage and association of Alzheimer disease on chromosome 10q23-24 in the region harboring the IDE gene, chromosome 10-linked Alzheimer disease families show decreased enzyme activity, overview
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
degradation, IDE has no effect on the secreted ectodomain of the amyloid precursor protein derivative generated by alpha-secretase
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
degradation, role for insulysin in regulating amyloid beta peptide levels in the brain
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
activation in trans is observed with extended substrates that occupy both the active and distal sites
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
degradation, role for insulysin in regulating amyloid beta peptide levels in the brain
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
IDE is involved in clearance of amyloid-beta pepetide in the brain, enzyme deficiency may participate in the progression of Alzheimer's disease
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
degradation, role for insulysin in regulating amyloid beta peptide levels in the brain
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide 1-40 + H2O
?
-
cleavage occurs at peptide bonds Phe19-Phe20, Phe20-Ala21, and Leu34-Met35, with the latter cleavage site being the initial and principal one
?
amyloid beta-peptide 1-40 + H2O
?
-
76 kDa and 56 kDa fragments of IDE, derived from cleavage with proteinase K, exhibit a low level of catalytic activity but retain the ability to bind the substrate with a similar affinity as the full-length enzyme, and they retain the regulatory cationic binding site that binds ATP
-
?
amyloid beta40 + H2O
amyloid beta40 peptide fragments
Abeta40, an Alzheimer amyloid beta peptide
-
?
amyloid beta40 + H2O
amyloid beta40 peptide fragments
an Alzheimer amyloid beta peptide
-
?
amyloid beta42 + H2O
amyloid beta42 peptide fragments
Abeta42, an Alzheimer amyloid beta peptide
-
?
amyloid beta42 + H2O
amyloid beta42 peptide fragments
an Alzheimer amyloid beta peptide
-
?
amyloid-beta + H2O
?
activity is driven by the dynamic equilibrium between Abeta monomers and higher ordered aggregates. Met35-Val36 is a cleavage site in the amyloid-beta sequence. Amyloid-beta fragments resulting from cleavage by insulin-degrading enzyme form non-toxic amorphous aggregates
-
?
amyloid-beta + H2O
?
amyloid-beta monomers, either alone in solution or in dynamic equilibrium with higher aggregates, are cleaved at multiple sites by activity of insulin-degrading enzyme. Met35-Val36 is a cleavage site in the amyloid-beta sequence. Amyloid-beta fragments resulting from cleavage by insulin-degrading enzyme form non-toxic amorphous aggregates
-
?
ATP + H2O
ADP + phosphate
-
insulin-binding and degradation are dependent on ATP concentration, however, insulin does not modify the ATPase activity of IDE
-
?
ATP + H2O
ADP + phosphate
-
the enzyme contains one ATP binding site per enzyme molecule
-
?
beta-endorphin + H2O
?
-
76 kDa and 56 kDa fragments of IDE, derived from cleavage with proteinase K, exhibit a low level of catalytic activity but retain the ability to bind the substrate with a similar affinity as the full-length enzyme, and they retain the regulatory cationic binding site that binds ATP
-
?
Glucagon + H2O
?
the enzyme modulates blood glucose levels by cleaving insulin, a hormone that promotes glucose clearance. It also degrades glucagon, a hormone that elevates glucose levels and opposes the effect of insulin
-
?
Glucagon + H2O
Hydrolyzed glucagon
-
-
appearance of: tyrosine, leucine, lysine, alanine and phenylalanine
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
insulin degrading enzyme is unlikely to be the relevant enzyme for endosomal proteolysis of internalized insulin in liver parenchyma
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
implicated in the process of membrane fusion and cell development
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
the enzyme may play a general role in hormone metabolism and cellular regulation
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
insulin degrading enzyme is unlikely to be the relevant enzyme for endosomal proteolysis of internalized insulin in liver parenchyma
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
implicated in the process of membrane fusion and cell development
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
the enzyme may play a general role in hormone metabolism and cellular regulation
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, insulin internalized into Hep-G2 cells is able cross-link with intracellular insulysin
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, insulin occurs only in grade 3 tumors, whereas grade 2 carcinomas and the normal mammary gland are each insulin-negative, overview
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, reduced insulin degradation leads to type 2 diabetes, regulation, overview
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
IDE is involved in the cellular insulin metabolism, insulin inhibits protein degradation via an interaction with IDE, regulation of protein degradation by insulin-degrading enzyme, overview
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
bovine substrate, degradation, identification of clevage sites in the alpha- and beta-chains, and of the produced proteolytic fragments by AP/MALDI-mass spectrometry, method evaluation, overview
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
in HEK cells the enzyme has little impact on insulin clearance
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
the enzyme modulates blood glucose levels by cleaving insulin, a hormone that promotes glucose clearance. It also degrades glucagon, a hormone that elevates glucose levels and opposes the effect of insulin
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
implicated in the process of membrane fusion and cell development
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
the enzyme may play a general role in hormone metabolism and cellular regulation
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, insulin internalized into Hep-G2 cells is able cross-link with intracellular insulysin
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, reduced insulin degradation leads to type 2 diabetes, regulation, overview
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
the enzyme plays a critical role in both the proteolytic degradation and inactivation of insulin
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
insulin degrading enzyme is unlikely to be the relevant enzyme for endosomal proteolysis of internalized insulin in liver parenchyma
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
stepwise degradation occurs in vivo, an early step in the process is the cleavage of the B-chain between Tyr16 and Leu17, that renders the molecule susceptible to further degradation by nonspecific proteases
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
seems to be implicated in insulin metabolism to terminate the response of cells to hormone, as well as in other biological functions, including muscle differentiation, regulation of growth factor levels and antigen processing
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
implicated in the process of membrane fusion and cell development
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
the enzyme may play a general role in hormone metabolism and cellular regulation
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, insulin-binding and degradation are dependent on ATP concentration, however, insulin does not modify the ATPase activity of IDE
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, reduced insulin degradation leads to type 2 diabetes, regulation, overview
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, type 2 diabetic GK rats exhibit defects in both insulin action and insulin degradation mainly due to mutation H18R and A890V in the insulysin protein
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
76 kDa and 56 kDa fragments of IDE, derived from cleavage with proteinase K, exhibit a low level of catalytic activity but retain the ability to bind the substrate with a similar affinity as the full-length enzyme, and they retain the regulatory cationic binding site that binds ATP
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
investigation of activity of IDE regarding cleavage site's preferentiality upon modification of environmental factors by atmospheric pressure/laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry. The first insulin fragments produced by IDE are mainly [A (1-13) + B (1-9)], [A (1-14) + B (1-9)] and [A (1-14) + B (1-10)]. A second set of insulin fragments involving the C-terminal residues of the insulin A chain [A (14-21) and A (15-21)] and the fragments B (17-24) and B (17-25) are then produced, confirming a delayed action of IDE on these cleavage sites. A third set of insulin fragments at lower and higher m/z values start to appear soon after and their intensity increases as the intensity of the middle fragments intensity decreases
-
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
not: individual A and B-chains of insulin
-
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
Drosophila and rat enzyme cleave the A-chain of intact insulin between residues A13-A14 and A14-A15
-
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
the Drosophila enzyme cleaves the B-chain of intact insulin at B10-B11, B14-B15, B16-B17 and B25-B26
-
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
-
-
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
much better degradation than insulin growth factor II
-
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
specific for insulin
degradation products are smaller than the A-chain of insulin
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
-
31312, 31313, 31315, 31317, 31318, 31320, 31321, 31322, 31323, 31324, 31325, 31326, 31327, 31328, 31330, 31331, 31333, 31337, 31339, 31340
-
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
Drosophila and rat enzyme cleave the A-chain of intact insulin between residues A13-A14 and A14-A15
-
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
degradation of 4 monoiodoinsulin isomers
-
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
specific for insulin
stepwise degradation occurs in vivo, an early step in the process is the cleavage of the B-chain at Tyr16-Leu17
?
Insulin + H2O
Hydrolyzed insulin
-
the insulin protease appears to first degrade insulin to multiple products with molecular sizes slightly smaller than insulin and subsequently to small peptides (e.g. containing tyrosine A-19) and amino acids (e.g. tyrosine A-14, B-16 and B-26)
-
?
insulin + H2O
insulin peptide fragments
-
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
insulin peptide fragments
-
rapid degradation into inactive peptide fragments
-
?
insulin + H2O
insulin peptide fragments
-
IDE forms an enclosed catalytic chamber that completely engulfs and intimately interacts with a partially unfolded insulin molecule. The unique size, shape, charge distribution, and exosite of the IDE catalytic chamber contribute to its high affinity for insulin, IDE-insulin binding structure and interaction analysis, overview
-
?
insulin + H2O
insulin peptide fragments
-
IDE uses the size and charge distribution of the catalytic chamber and structural flexibility of the substrates to selectively recognize and degrade insulin
-
?
insulin + H2O
insulin peptide fragments
-
IDE uses the size and charge distribution of the catalytic chamber and structural flexibility of the substrates to selectively recognize and degrade insulin
-
?
insulin + H2O
insulin peptide fragments
-
IDE uses the size and charge distribution of the catalytic chamber and structural flexibility of the substrates to selectively recognize and degrade insulin
-
?
insulin-like growth factor I + H2O
insulin-like growth factor I peptide fragments
-
-
-
?
insulin-like growth factor I + H2O
insulin-like growth factor I peptide fragments
-
-
-
?
insulin-like growth factor II + H2O
insulin-like growth factor II peptide fragments
-
-
-
?
insulin-like growth factor II + H2O
insulin-like growth factor II peptide fragments
-
-
-
?
insulin-like peptide 3 + H2O
processed insulin-like peptide 3 + WSTEA
-
IDE cleaves the peptide bond between R26 and W27 of the B-chain, and releases a pentapeptide, WSTEA, from the C-terminal of the B-chain
-
?
insulin-like peptide 3 + H2O
processed insulin-like peptide 3 + WSTEA
-
IDE cleaves the peptide bond between R26 and W27 of the B-chain, and releases a pentapeptide, WSTEA, from the C-terminal of the B-chain, cleavage product identification by mass spectrometry, INSL-3 structure, overview
-
?
islet amyloid polypeptide + H2O
?
pitrilysin
degradation of islet amyloid polypeptide in beta-cells
-
?
islet amyloid polypeptide + H2O
?
pitrilysin
degradation of monomeric, but not oligomeric islet amyloid polypeptide in vitro
-
?
peptide V + H2O
?
-
a bradykinin-mimetic fluorogenic peptide substrate V
-
?
peptide V + H2O
?
-
a bradykinin-mimetic fluorogenic peptide substrate V
-
?
somatostatin + H2O
?
somatostatin in addition to being a substrate, is also able to bind to two additional exosites, which play different roles according to the size of the substrate and its binding mode to the catalytic cleft of the enzyme. One exosite, which displays high affinity for somatostatin, regulates only the interaction of insulin-degrading-enzyme with larger substrates (such as insulin and beta-amyloid1-40) in a differing fashion according to their various modes of binding to the enzyme. A second exosite, which is involved in the regulation of enzymatic processing by the enzyme of all substrates investigated (including a 10-25 amino acid long amyloid-like peptide, bradykinin and somatostatin itself), probably acts through the alteration of an open-closed equilibrium
-
?
[(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH + H2O
[(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGF + SAFK(Dnp)-OH
-
-
ir
[(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH + H2O
[(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGF + SAFK(Dnp)-OH
-
-
ir
additional information
?
-
-
the conserved glutamate in the zinc-binding site of human enzyme is a major catalytic residue, while a conserved cysteine in this region is not essential for catalysis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
does not act on glucagon-like peptide 1, nerve growth factor, somatostatin, bradykinin, vasopressin, platelet-derived growth factor, and vasoactive intestinal peptide, proinsulin, epidermal growth factor and IGF-I bind to the enzyme but are not efficiently degraded
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme can degrade cleaved mitochondrial targeting sequences, role of enzyme within mitochondria
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
hyperinsulinemia is probably elevated through insulin's competitition with amyloid beta-peptide for the enzyme, IDE deficiency might be involved in development of Alzheimer's disease, regulation, overview
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
membrane-bound, but not cytosolic, enzyme selectively decreases during hippocampal development from mild cognitive impairment to mild to severe Alzheimer's disease, overview
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no association of IDE haplotypes with the risk of dementia, IDE may be indirectly related to dementia via its regulation of insulin levels, but it is not a major gene for Alzheimer’s disease
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
regulation of enzyme expression in the liver, overview
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the human enzyme interacts with Varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E, gE, facilitating viral infection and cell-to-cell spread of the virus, and thus serving as a cellular receptor for the virus, the binding region of the viral protein is located at amino acids 32 to 71 of gE, deletion of this sequence leads to loss of binding ability, overview, the secondary structure of the IDE binding domain is likely important for its interaction with IDE
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the insulin-degrading enzyme is genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease in the Finnish population, overview
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
IDE has a preference for basic or hydrophobic amino acids at the carboxyl side of cleavage sites, overview, the catalytic domain of IDE is located in the amino subunit
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is a neutral thiol metalloprotease with the active site sequence HEXXH
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
IDE is involved in the clearance of many bioactive peptide substrates, including insulin and amyloid beta, peptides vital to the development of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. IDE can also rapidly degrade hormones that are held together by intramolecular disulfide bond(s) without their reduction. Furthermore, IDE exhibits a remarkable ability to preferentially degrade structurally similar peptides such as the selective degradation of insulin-like growth factor-II and transforming growth factor-alpha, TGF-alpha, over IGF-I and epidermal growth factor, respectively. IDE cleaves its substrates at multiple sites in a biased stochastic manner
-
?
additional information
?
-
active site structure of IDE, overview. Interactions of the two full-length Alzheimer amyloid beta peptides, Abeta40 and Abeta42, with the fully active form of IDE through unrestrained, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, using free and small fragment-bound, Asp1-Glu3 and Lys16-Asp23 of Abeta40 and Asp1-Glu3 and Lys16-Glu22 of Abeta42, mutated forms of IDE and NMR structures of the full-length Abeta40 and Abeta42, overview. In comparison to Abeta40, Abeta42 is more flexible and interacts through a smaller number, 17-22, of hydrogen bonds in the catalytic chamber of IDE. Both the substrates adopt more beta-sheet character in the IDE environment. Hydrogen bonding interactions between IDE and substrates amyloidbeta40 and amyloidbeta42, overview
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
IDE shows catalytic activity toward two peptides of different length, simulating a portion of B chain of insulin, analysis by density functional theory method and the hybrid exchange-correlation functional B3LYP in gas phase and in the protein environment, modelling, reaction mechanism, overview. The proteolysis reaction is exothermic and proceeds quickly as the barrier in the rate-limiting step falls widely within the range of values expected for an enzymatic catalysis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the putative ATP-binding domain is a key modulator of IDE proteolytic activity
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the substrates often possess disulfide bonds that are involved in enzyme-substrate interactions, e.g. insulin possesses three disulfide bonds. The exosite interaction serves as a molecular tether allowing the proper positioning of the C-terminal end of the substrate to the catalytic site, exosite binding ligands can activate the enzyme, the exosite has regulatory function. Tyr831 is also involved in substrate positioning, enzyme-substrate interactions required for the regulation of the enzyme with open and closed stages, mechanism, overview. The closed stage in absence of substrate is unstable. IDE is an allosteric enzyme
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme selectively degrades biologically important substrates associated with type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease
-
?
additional information
?
-
a functional requirement for active site residues F115, A140, F141, Y150, W199, F202, F820, and Y831 is established, and specific contributions of residue charge, size, and hydrophobicity to substrate binding, specificity, and proteolysis are demonstrated
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
a functional requirement for active site residues F115, A140, F141, Y150, W199, F202, F820, and Y831 is established, and specific contributions of residue charge, size, and hydrophobicity to substrate binding, specificity, and proteolysis are demonstrated
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
hyperinsulinemia is probably elevated through insulin's competition with amyloid beta-peptide for the enzyme, IDE deficiency might be involved in development of Alzheimer's disease, regulation, overview
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is a neutral thiol metalloprotease with the active site sequence HEXXH
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the substrates often possess disulfide bonds that are involved in enzyme-substrate interactions, e.g. insulin possesses three disulfide bonds. The exosite interaction serves as a molecular tether allowing the proper positioning of the C-terminal end of the substrate to the catalytic site, exosite binding ligands can activate the enzyme, the exosite has regulatory function. IDE is an allosteric enzyme
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
requirement for optimal substrate activity is the deblocking of the amino end of the A-chain
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
human growth hormone is not appreciably degraded
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
EGF and insulin C-peptide are no substrates
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
gamma-endorphin, Leu-Arg, and Leu-enkephalin are not significantly cleaved
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme may participate in prostatic and uterine growth
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
hyperinsulinemia is probably elevated through insulin's competition with amyloid beta-peptide for the enzyme, IDE deficiency might be involved in development of Alzheimer's disease, regulation, overview
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is a neutral thiol metalloprotease with the active site sequence HEXXH
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
IDE interacts with vimentin and with nestin during mitosis, vimentin binds IDE with a higher affinity than nestin in vitro. The interaction between vimentin and IDE is enhanced by vimentin phosphorylation at Ser55, the interaction between nestin and IDE is phosphorylation-independent. Nestin-mediated disassembly of vimentin IFs generates a structure capable of sequestering and modulating the activity of IDE, overview
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the substrates often possess disulfide bonds that are involved in enzyme-substrate interactions, e.g. insulin possesses three disulfide bonds. The exosite interaction serves as a molecular tether allowing the proper positioning of the C-terminal end of the substrate to the catalytic site, exosite binding ligands can activate the enzyme, the exosite has regulatory function. Regulatory mechanism, overview. IDE is an allosteric enzyme
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
IDE interacts with vimentin and nestin, vimentin binds IDE with a higher affinity than nestin in vitro. A nestin tail fragment interacts with insulin-degrading enzyme in Xenopus egg extracts, overview. The interaction between vimentin and IDE is enhanced by vimentin phosphorylation at Ser55, the interaction between nestin and IDE is phosphorylation-independent. Nestin-mediated disassembly of vimentin IFs generates a structure capable of sequestering and modulating the activity of IDE, overview
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
amyloid beta + H2O
?
role of insulin-degrading enzyme in the intracytosolic clearance of amyloid beta and other amyloid-like peptides
-
-
?
amyloid beta42 + H2O
amyloid beta42 peptide fragments
Abeta42, an Alzheimer amyloid beta peptide
-
-
?
amyloid-beta + H2O
?
activity is driven by the dynamic equilibrium between Abeta monomers and higher ordered aggregates. Met35-Val36 is a cleavage site in the amyloid-beta sequence. Amyloid-beta fragments resulting from cleavage by insulin-degrading enzyme form non-toxic amorphous aggregates
-
-
?
ATP + H2O
ADP + phosphate
-
insulin-binding and degradation are dependent on ATP concentration, however, insulin does not modify the ATPase activity of IDE
-
-
?
epidermal growth factor + H2O
epidermal growth factor peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry and NMR
-
-
?
insulin-like growth factor-II + H2O
insulin-like growth factor-II peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry and NMR
-
-
?
insulin-like peptide 3 + H2O
processed insulin-like peptide 3 + WSTEA
-
IDE cleaves the peptide bond between R26 and W27 of the B-chain, and releases a pentapeptide, WSTEA, from the C-terminal of the B-chain
-
-
?
islet amyloid polypeptide + H2O
?
pitrilysin
degradation of islet amyloid polypeptide in beta-cells
-
-
?
reduced amylin + H2O
reduced amylin peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry
-
-
?
transforming growth factor-alpha + H2O
transforming growth factor-alpha peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry
-
-
?
amylin + H2O
amylin peptide fragments
-
identification of cleavage sites by mass spectrometry and NMR. The presence of a disulfide bond in amylin allows IDE to cut at an additional site in the middle of the peptide, amino acids 18-19, binding structure, overview
-
-
?
amyloid beta + H2O
amyloid beta peptide fragments
-
-
-
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
degradation, amyloid beta-peptide is the key component of Alzheimer disease-associated senile plaques, genetic linkage and association of Alzheimer disease on chromosome 10q23-24 in the region harboring the IDE gene, chromosome 10-linked Alzheimer disease families show decreased enzyme activity, overview
-
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
degradation, IDE has no effect on the secreted ectodomain of the amyloid precursor protein derivative generated by alpha-secretase
-
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
degradation, role for insulysin in regulating amyloid beta peptide levels in the brain
-
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
degradation, role for insulysin in regulating amyloid beta peptide levels in the brain
-
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
IDE is involved in clearance of amyloid-beta pepetide in the brain, enzyme deficiency may participate in the progression of Alzheimer's disease
-
-
?
amyloid beta-peptide + H2O
?
-
degradation, role for insulysin in regulating amyloid beta peptide levels in the brain
-
-
?
amyloid beta40 + H2O
amyloid beta40 peptide fragments
Abeta40, an Alzheimer amyloid beta peptide
-
-
?
Glucagon + H2O
?
the enzyme modulates blood glucose levels by cleaving insulin, a hormone that promotes glucose clearance. It also degrades glucagon, a hormone that elevates glucose levels and opposes the effect of insulin
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
insulin degrading enzyme is unlikely to be the relevant enzyme for endosomal proteolysis of internalized insulin in liver parenchyma
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
implicated in the process of membrane fusion and cell development
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
the enzyme may play a general role in hormone metabolism and cellular regulation
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
insulin degrading enzyme is unlikely to be the relevant enzyme for endosomal proteolysis of internalized insulin in liver parenchyma
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
implicated in the process of membrane fusion and cell development
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
the enzyme may play a general role in hormone metabolism and cellular regulation
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, insulin internalized into Hep-G2 cells is able cross-link with intracellular insulysin
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, insulin occurs only in grade 3 tumors, whereas grade 2 carcinomas and the normal mammary gland are each insulin-negative, overview
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, reduced insulin degradation leads to type 2 diabetes, regulation, overview
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
IDE is involved in the cellular insulin metabolism, insulin inhibits protein degradation via an interaction with IDE, regulation of protein degradation by insulin-degrading enzyme, overview
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
in HEK cells the enzyme has little impact on insulin clearance
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
the enzyme modulates blood glucose levels by cleaving insulin, a hormone that promotes glucose clearance. It also degrades glucagon, a hormone that elevates glucose levels and opposes the effect of insulin
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
implicated in the process of membrane fusion and cell development
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
the enzyme may play a general role in hormone metabolism and cellular regulation
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, insulin internalized into Hep-G2 cells is able cross-link with intracellular insulysin
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, reduced insulin degradation leads to type 2 diabetes, regulation, overview
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
the enzyme plays a critical role in both the proteolytic degradation and inactivation of insulin
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
insulin degrading enzyme is unlikely to be the relevant enzyme for endosomal proteolysis of internalized insulin in liver parenchyma
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
stepwise degradation occurs in vivo, an early step in the process is the cleavage of the B-chain between Tyr16 and Leu17, that renders the molecule susceptible to further degradation by nonspecific proteases
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
seems to be implicated in insulin metabolism to terminate the response of cells to hormone, as well as in other biological functions, including muscle differentiation, regulation of growth factor levels and antigen processing
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
implicated in the process of membrane fusion and cell development
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
the enzyme may play a general role in hormone metabolism and cellular regulation
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, insulin-binding and degradation are dependent on ATP concentration, however, insulin does not modify the ATPase activity of IDE
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, reduced insulin degradation leads to type 2 diabetes, regulation, overview
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
?
-
degradation, type 2 diabetic GK rats exhibit defects in both insulin action and insulin degradation mainly due to mutation H18R and A890V in the insulysin protein
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
insulin peptide fragments
-
-
-
-
?
insulin + H2O
insulin peptide fragments
-
rapid degradation into inactive peptide fragments
-
-
?
insulin-like growth factor I + H2O
insulin-like growth factor I peptide fragments
-
-
-
-
?
insulin-like growth factor I + H2O
insulin-like growth factor I peptide fragments
-
-
-
-
?
insulin-like growth factor II + H2O
insulin-like growth factor II peptide fragments
-
-
-
-
?
insulin-like growth factor II + H2O
insulin-like growth factor II peptide fragments
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme can degrade cleaved mitochondrial targeting sequences, role of enzyme within mitochondria
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
hyperinsulinemia is probably elevated through insulin's competitition with amyloid beta-peptide for the enzyme, IDE deficiency might be involved in development of Alzheimer's disease, regulation, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
membrane-bound, but not cytosolic, enzyme selectively decreases during hippocampal development from mild cognitive impairment to mild to severe Alzheimer's disease, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no association of IDE haplotypes with the risk of dementia, IDE may be indirectly related to dementia via its regulation of insulin levels, but it is not a major gene for Alzheimer’s disease
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
regulation of enzyme expression in the liver, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the human enzyme interacts with Varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E, gE, facilitating viral infection and cell-to-cell spread of the virus, and thus serving as a cellular receptor for the virus, the binding region of the viral protein is located at amino acids 32 to 71 of gE, deletion of this sequence leads to loss of binding ability, overview, the secondary structure of the IDE binding domain is likely important for its interaction with IDE
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the insulin-degrading enzyme is genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease in the Finnish population, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
IDE is involved in the clearance of many bioactive peptide substrates, including insulin and amyloid beta, peptides vital to the development of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. IDE can also rapidly degrade hormones that are held together by intramolecular disulfide bond(s) without their reduction. Furthermore, IDE exhibits a remarkable ability to preferentially degrade structurally similar peptides such as the selective degradation of insulin-like growth factor-II and transforming growth factor-alpha, TGF-alpha, over IGF-I and epidermal growth factor, respectively. IDE cleaves its substrates at multiple sites in a biased stochastic manner
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme selectively degrades biologically important substrates associated with type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
hyperinsulinemia is probably elevated through insulin's competition with amyloid beta-peptide for the enzyme, IDE deficiency might be involved in development of Alzheimer's disease, regulation, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme may participate in prostatic and uterine growth
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
hyperinsulinemia is probably elevated through insulin's competition with amyloid beta-peptide for the enzyme, IDE deficiency might be involved in development of Alzheimer's disease, regulation, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
IDE interacts with vimentin and with nestin during mitosis, vimentin binds IDE with a higher affinity than nestin in vitro. The interaction between vimentin and IDE is enhanced by vimentin phosphorylation at Ser55, the interaction between nestin and IDE is phosphorylation-independent. Nestin-mediated disassembly of vimentin IFs generates a structure capable of sequestering and modulating the activity of IDE, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
IDE interacts with vimentin and nestin, vimentin binds IDE with a higher affinity than nestin in vitro. A nestin tail fragment interacts with insulin-degrading enzyme in Xenopus egg extracts, overview. The interaction between vimentin and IDE is enhanced by vimentin phosphorylation at Ser55, the interaction between nestin and IDE is phosphorylation-independent. Nestin-mediated disassembly of vimentin IFs generates a structure capable of sequestering and modulating the activity of IDE, overview
-
-
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Ca2+
Mg2+
Mn2+
thiol
Zinc
Zn2+
additional information
Mg2+
-
activates at concentration up to 0.05 mM, less active than Mn2+, inhibitory at above 0.05 mM
Mn2+
-
zinc and manganese are associated with the enzyme, with approximately 10times more zinc than manganese being present, one or both of these two metals are endogenously associated with this enzyme
Mn2+
-
zinc and manganese are associated with the enzyme, with approximately 10times more zinc than manganese being present, one or both of these two metals are endogenously associated with this enzyme
Mn2+
-
activates, best at 1 mM, preferred divalent cation for both insulin degradation and ATP hydrolysis
thiol
-
the enzyme is a neutral thiol metalloprotease requiring both free thiol and divalent cations for activity
thiol
-
the enzyme is a neutral thiol metalloprotease requiring both free thiol and divalent cations for activity
thiol
-
the enzyme is a neutral thiol metalloprotease requiring both free thiol and divalent cations for activity
Zinc
-
zinc and manganese are associated with the enzyme, with approximately 10times more zinc than manganese being present, one or both of these two metals are endogenously associated with this enzyme
Zinc
-
zinc and manganese are associated with the enzyme, with approximately 10times more zinc than manganese being present, one or both of these two metals are endogenously associated with this enzyme
Zn2+
a zinc metalloprotease, the catalytic water that is coordinated by a zinc ion also interacts with a glutamate residue, which serves as the general acid/base catalyst
Zn2+
-
the enzyme is a neutral thiol metalloprotease requiring both free thiol and divalent cations for activity
Zn2+
-
a zinc-binding protease. The metal center in human IDE is chelated by His108, His112, and Glu189. The more external residues Tyr831, Glu111, Thr220, Gly221, Glu182, and Arg824 are also determined. Among these last residues, mainly Glu182, although not directly involved as metal ligand, plays a fundamental role in influencing metal recognition and binding by zinc proteins
Zn2+
dependent on, zinc metallopeptidase, simulated structures of the Zn2+ metal center, overview
Zn2+
-
the enzyme is a neutral thiol metalloprotease requiring both free thiol and divalent cations for activity
Zn2+
-
one Zn2+ bound at the active site, with the zinc-binding motif HXXEH
Zn2+
-
the enzyme is a neutral thiol metalloprotease requiring both free thiol and divalent cations for activity
additional information
-
metalloenzyme, removal of the protein-bound metal(s) results in nearly total and irreversible loss of activity
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
((((S)-1-benzylcarbamoyl-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-(3-phenyl-propyl)-amino)-acetic acid
-
((((S)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-(3-methyl-(1,2,4)oxadiazol-5-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-(3-phenyl-propyl)-amino)-acetic acid
-
((((S)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-(3-methyl-(1,2,4)oxadiazol-5-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-(3-phenyl-propyl)-amino)-acetic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
((((S)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-methylcarbamoylethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-(3-phenyl-propyl)-amino)-acetic acid
BDM43079
((((S)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-methylcarbamoylethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-(3-phenyl-propyl)-amino)-acetic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
((((S)-2-hydroxy-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-(3-phenyl-propyl)-amino)-acetic acid
-
(11R,12S,13S)-13-(hydroxymethyl)-12-(2'-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-9-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,9-diazabicyclo[9.2.0]tridecan-2-one
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00006 mM
(3R,6S,9S,12E,16S)-9-(4-aminobutyl)-3-(4-benzoylbenzyl)-6-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxo-1,4,7,10,15-pentaazacycloicos-12-ene-16-carboxamide
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00005 mM
(7R,8S,9S)-8-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,5-diazabicyclo[5.2.0]nonan-2-one
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00012 mM
(8R,9R,10S)-N-cyclopentyl-10-(hydroxymethyl)-9-(2'-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]decane-6-carboxamide
the inhibitor fully blocks insulin degradation in a concentration-dependent manner, while only weakly and partially inhibiting glucagon degradation. It inhibits wild-type enzyme, but does not inhibit A479L exo-site variant. It displays decreased affinity
(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-10-(fluoromethyl)-6-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]decane
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000024 mM
(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-10-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]decan-2-one
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00008 mM
(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-10-(methoxymethyl)-6-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]decane
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000075 mM
(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]decane-10-carboxylic acid
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0005 mM
(9R,10S,11S)-10-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-11-(hydroxymethyl)-7-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,7-diazabicyclo[7.2.0]undecan-2-one
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0001 mM
(benzyl-(((S)-1-benzylcarbamoyl-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-amino)-acetic acid
-
(benzyl-(((S)-1-carbamoyl-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-amino)-acetic acid
-
(benzyl-(((S)-1-dimethylcarbamoyl-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-amino)-acetic acid
-
(benzyl-(((S)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-methylcarbamoylethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-amino)-acetic acid
-
(benzyl-(((S)-2-hydroxy-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-amino)-acetic acid
-
(benzyl-((2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)-amino)-acetic acid
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-((4-tert-butyl-benzyl)-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(benzoyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-N-methyl-propionamide
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-(2-carboxy-ethyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-(2-hydroxy-3,4-dioxo-cyclobut-1-enyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-carbamoylmethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid isopropyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid tert-butyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid isobutyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-phenyl-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-5-guanidino-pentanoic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-hydroxycarbamoylmethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(benzyl-methoxycarbonylmethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(benzyloxycarbonyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(1-methyl-3-phenyl-propyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(3-phenyl-propionyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(3-phenyl-propyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(3-phenyl-propyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid tert-butyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(4-fluoro-benzyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(4-methyl-benzyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(4-phenyl-butyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-(n-hexyl)-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1Himidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-methyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-phenethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-phenyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-phenylacetyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-2-(2-(carboxymethyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-amino)-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
-
(S)-2-(2-benzylamino-acetylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(S)-4-fluoro-N-((1-(4-(hydroxyamino)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-4-oxobutan-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)benzamide
i.e. BDM44768, catalytic site inhibitor, designed by kinetic target-guided synthesis. Selectively inhibits insulin-degrading enzyme. Crystallographic and small angle X-ray scattering analyses show that it locks insulin-degrading enzyme in a closed conformation. Acute treatment of mice with BDM44768 increases insulin signalling and impairs glucose tolerance in an insulin-degrading enzyme-dependent manner. The results casts doubt on the general usefulness of the inhibition of insulin-degrading enzyme catalytic activity to treat diabetes
1-[(8R,9R,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]-N,N-dimethylmethanamine
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0001 mM
1-[(8R,9R,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]-N-methylmethanamine
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000007 mM
3-(((S)-1-methoxy-1-oxo-3-imidazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-ethanoic acid
-
3-benzyl-4-((S)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-methylcarbamoylethylcarbamoyl)-butyric acid
less than 10% inhibition at 0.1 mM
4'-[(8R,9S,10S)-10-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-9-yl]biphenyl-3-ol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0073 mM
adrenocorticotropic hormone
-
competitive inhibition of amylin degradation
-
amylin
-
excess amylin inhibits amylin degradation, competitive inhibition
-
cholesterol
-
membranes isolated from mouse brain with endogenous reduced levels of cholesterol due to targeted deletion of one seladin-I allele show a reduced amount of IDE
glutathione
-
oxidized glutathione inhibits IDE through glutathionylation, which is reversible by dithiothreitol but not by ascorbic acid
InsL3
-
competitively inhibits the degradation of insulin, and crosslinking of insulin to IDE
-
insulin-like peptide 3
-
IDE degrades insulin quickly, and addition of INSL3 significantly decreases insulin degradation, competitive inhibition
-
methyl 5-[[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-10-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-6-yl]sulfonyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: above 0.005 mM
methyl [(2S)-2-(5-[5-[4-([(2S)-2-[(3S)-3-amino-2-oxopiperidin-1-yl]-2-cyclohexylacetyl]amino)phenyl]pentyl]-2-fluorophenyl)-3-(quinolin-3-yl)propyl]carbamate
-
methyl [(2S)-2-[4-([5-[4-([(2S)-2-[(3S)-3-amino-2-oxopiperidin-1-yl]-2-cyclohexylacetyl]amino)phenyl]pentyl]oxy)phenyl]-3-(quinolin-3-yl)butyl]carbamate
-
N-(4-[[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-10-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-6-yl]sulfonyl]-3-methylphenyl)acetamide
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0016 mM
N-[[(2R,3S,4S)-1-acetyl-3-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)azetidin-2-yl]methyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000115 mM
N-[[(2R,3S,4S)-3-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)azetidin-2-yl]methyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0001 mM
N-[[(2R,3S,4S)-3-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)azetidin-2-yl]methyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0006 mM
N2-[(2S)-4-(hydroxyamino)-2-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-4-oxobutanoyl]-L-arginyl-L-tryptophyl-L-glutamine
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0000006 mM
Natural inhibitor of MW 67000 or 80000-120000 MW
-
reduces activity reversibly, nonprogressively, and noncompetitively with respect to insulin
-
o-phenanthroline
-
0.1 mM, wild-type, 73% residual activity, mutants H112D, H112Q, less than 2.5% residual activity
QSLPWCYPHCVT-NH2
the substrate contains two cysteine residues, which are predicted to form a disulfide bond that cyclizes the peptide, together with 2 proline residues. By virtue of its potency, stability, specificity for insulin-degrading enzyme, low cost of synthesis, and demonstrated ability to potentiate insulin-induced processes involved in wound healing and skin health, the inhibitor holds significant therapeutic and cosmetic potential for topical applications
relaxin
-
competitively inhibits the degradation of insulin, and crosslinking of insulin to IDE
-
relaxin-3
-
competitively inhibits the degradation of insulin, and crosslinking of insulin to IDE
-
S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine
-
nitric oxide donors decrease both insulin and amyloid beta degrading activities of insulysin. Insulin-degrading activity is more sensitive to nitric oxide inhibition than amyloid beta degrading activity. Insulysin-mediated regulation of proteasome activity is affected similarly to insulin-degrading activity. S-nitrosylation of enzyme does not affect the insulin degradation products produced by the enzyme, nor does nitric oxide affect insulin binding to insulysin. Inhibition is noncompetitive
sodium nitroprusside
-
nitric oxide donors decrease both insulin and amyloid beta degrading activities of insulysin. Insulin-degrading activity is more sensitive to nitric oxide inhibition than amyloid beta degrading activity. Insulysin-mediated regulation of proteasome activity is affected similarly to insulin-degrading activity. S-nitrosylation of enzyme does not affect the insulin degradation products produced by the enzyme, nor does nitric oxide affect insulin binding to insulysin. Inhibition is noncompetitive
[(3Z,8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-imidazo[1,2-a]azepin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-3-en-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000042 mM
[(3Z,8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-3-en-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000001 mM
[(3Z,8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(1-ethyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-3-en-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000016 mM
[(3Z,8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(1-propyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-3-en-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000018 mM
[(3Z,8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-3-en-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000022 mM
[(3Z,8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[[1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-3-en-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000065 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-6-(cyclohexylsulfonyl)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00046 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-9-[2'-methyl-3'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000095 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dichlorobiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000009 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000024 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0000005 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00006 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0000015 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000032 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[[1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000015 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000001 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2',5'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000054 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2'-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00025 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(2'-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000032 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(3',4'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00014 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(3',5'-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000061 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(3'-chloro-2'-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.000035 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(3'-fluoro-2'-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00007 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(3'-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00007 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0005 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(3'-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
the inhibitor fully blocks insulin degradation in a concentration-dependent manner, while only weakly and partially inhibiting glucagon degradation. It inhibits wild-type enzyme, but does not inhibit A479L exo-site variant. It displays decreased affinity
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0004 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-[3'-fluoro-2'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.00017 mM
[(8R,9S,10S)-9-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)phenyl]-6-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-10-yl]methanol
half-maximum effective concentration in fluorogenic decapeptide ([(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH) cleavage assay: 0.0029 mM
[(Z)-1-[N-3-aminopropyl]-N-(n-propyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-dolate
-
nitric oxide donors decrease both insulin and amyloid beta degrading activities of insulysin. Insulin-degrading activity is more sensitive to nitric oxide inhibition than amyloid beta degrading activity. Insulysin-mediated regulation of proteasome activity is affected similarly to insulin-degrading activity. S-nitrosylation of enzyme does not affect the insulin degradation products produced by the enzyme, nor does nitric oxide affect insulin binding to insulysin. Inhibition is noncompetitive
1,10-phenanthroline
-
Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and to a smaller extent Cd2+ and Fe2+ are capable of preventing the inhibition
ATP
-
interacts via the phosphate moiety, inhibits IDE and shifts the oligomeric equilibrium promoting the transition from tetramer to dimer and from closed to open state
ATP
-
interacts via the phosphate moiety, inhibits IDE and shifts the oligomeric equilibrium promoting the transition from tetramer to dimer and from closed to open state
ATP
-
ATP hydrolysis is a mechanism for reversion of this inhibition, however, insulin does not modify the ATPase activity of IDE
ATP
-
interacts via the phosphate moiety, inhibits IDE and shifts the oligomeric equilibrium promoting the transition from tetramer to dimer and from closed to open state
EDTA
-
the activation of IDE disappears upon inactivation by EDTA, which chelates the catalytic Zn2+ ion
EDTA
-
0.1 mM, wild-type, 91% residual activity, mutants H112D, H112Q, less than 2.5% residual activity
hydrogen peroxide
-
the oxidative burst of BV-2 microglial cells leads to oxidation of secreted IDE at Cys residues, e.g. Cys819, Cys110, Cys257, and Cys178, leading to the reduced activity after 4 h versus amyloid beta degradation, increases IDE oligomerization, and decreases IDE thermostability. Within the first 4 h of incubation at 37°C, the control and H2O2-treated enzyme does not lose any relative activity. The inhibitory response of IDE is substrate-dependent, biphasic for amyloid beta degradation but monophasic for a shorter bradykinin-mimetic substrate, mutational analysis, overview. Only Cys819 modification plays a prominent role in the change of enzyme properties
Inhibitor from rat liver homogenate
-
purification of endogenous inhibitor from rat liver
-
Inhibitor from rat liver homogenate
-
low-molecular-weight protein, order of greatest to least activity: pancreas, liver, kidney, testes, adrenal, lung, spleen, diaphragm, heart, muscle, brain, epididymal fad pad, skin
-
Insulin
-
inhibits amylin degradation, excess insulin inhibits insulin degradation
-
nestin
-
insulin degradation activity of IDE is suppressed by about 50% by either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin, while the cleavage of bradykinin-mimetic peptide by IDE is increased 2 to 3fold
-
nestin
-
insulin degradation activity of IDE is suppressed by about 50% by either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin, while the cleavage of bradykinin-mimetic peptide by IDE is increased 2 to 3fold
-
nitric oxide
-
amyloid beta peptide degradation by IDE is inhibited by NO donor Sin-1
nitric oxide
-
incubation with NO donor Sin-1 results in a strong reduction of IDE activity. In vivo the activity of insulin-degrading enzyme is lowered in APP/PS1 mice, but not in APP/PS1/NOS2(-/-) mice
phosphorylated vimentin
-
insulin degradation activity of IDE is suppressed by about 50% by either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin, while the cleavage of bradykinin-mimetic peptide by IDE is increased 2 to 3fold
-
phosphorylated vimentin
-
insulin degradation activity of IDE is suppressed by about 50% by either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin, while the cleavage of bradykinin-mimetic peptide by IDE is increased 2 to 3fold
-
S-nitrosoglutathione
-
potent inhibition at physiologically relevant concentrations
S-nitrosoglutathione
-
the oxidative burst of BV-2 microglial cells leads nitrosylation of secreted IDE at Cys residues, e.g. Cys819, Cys110, Cys257, and Cys178, leading to the reduced activity versus amyloid beta degradation, increases IDE oligomerization, and decreases IDE thermostability. This inhibitory response of IDE is substrate-dependent, biphasic for amyloid beta degradation but monophasic for a shorter bradykinin-mimetic substrate, mutational analysis, overview. Only Cys819 modification plays a prominant role in the change of enzyme properties
S-nitrosoglutathione
-
inhibits IDE-mediated degradation of two IDE substrates, insulin and amyloid beta
sulfhydryl-modifying reagents
-
Drosophila, human and rat enzyme inhibited, bacterial enzyme not
-
sulfhydryl-modifying reagents
-
Drosophila, human and rat enzyme inhibited, bacterial enzyme not
-
sulfhydryl-modifying reagents
-
Drosophila, human and rat enzyme inhibited, bacterial enzyme not
-
additional information
-
not: the enzyme is inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors as well as metalloprotease inhibitors
-
additional information
-
not: aprotinin; not: pancreatic trypsin inhibitor
-
additional information
-
not: phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride; not: phosphoramidon
-
additional information
-
not: the enzyme is inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors as well as metalloprotease inhibitors
-
additional information
-
in patients with V97L mutation of presenilin 1, insulysin activity on the plasma membranes is reduction concomitantly with increased levels of extracellular and intracellular amyloid beta42. In the presenilin 1 V97L mutant-transfected SH-SY5Y cell line, increase of intracellular amyloid beta42 is associated with decreased expression and activity of insulysin in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum
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additional information
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amyloid beta-induced oxidation of IDE by 4-hydroxy-nonenal does not affect IDE activity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, but rapidly induces IDE expression
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additional information
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not: the enzyme is inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors as well as metalloprotease inhibitors
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additional information
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not: antipain; not: bestatine; not: chymostatin; not: elastatinal; not: leupeptin; not: pepstatin; not: phosphoramidon
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additional information
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not: overview: various amino acid derivatives, small polypeptides, indole and quinoline derivatives, dyes and dye derivatives
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additional information
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pepstatin-A, leupeptin, and calpains are ineffective as inhibitors, no competitive inhibition with EGF or insulin C-peptide
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additional information
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IDE is inhibited by metal chelators, thiol modifiers, inhibitors of cysteine protease activity and insulin, no inhibition by GTP and DMSO, poor inhibition by ATP
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additional information
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not: benzamidine; not: bestatine; not: phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate
activates, maximal 79.7fold activation
2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine triphosphate
-
about 15fold activation, 50% activation at o.0016 mM, activation is inhibited by Mg2+
2'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) adenosine triphosphate
-
ATP-derivative TNP-ATP
3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) adenosine triphosphate
-
ATP-derivative TNP-ATP
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(E)-{[(5-chloro-1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl)methoxy]imino}methyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione
-
direct stimulation of IDE, acts highly synergistically with ATP, Ia1 activates the degradation of amyloid beta by about 700% in presence other shorter substrates
5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate
activates, maximal 94.7fold activation
alpha-synuclein
a peptide with the C-terminal 44 residues of alpha-synuclein increases insulin-degrading enzyme proteolysis to the same degree as full-length alpha-synuclein. A peptide containing the first 97 residues of alpha-synuclein does not improve insulin-degrading enzyme activity. Because the alpha-synuclein C-terminus is acidic, the interaction appears to involve electrostatic attraction with basic exosite of insulin-degrading enzyme
-
Insulin B-chain
-
activation of reaction with substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine) and amyloid beta-protein
myoinositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate
i.e. phytic acid, maximal 72fold activation
myoinositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
activates, maximal 83.3fold activation
myoinositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
activates, maximal 58.6fold activation
myoinositol 1,3,5-trisphosphate
activates, maximal 12.9fold activation
myoinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
activates, maximal 30.6fold activation
N-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-[5-(furan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxamide
-
direct stimulation of IDE, acts highly synergistically with ATP, Ia2 activates the degradation of amyloid beta by about 400% in presence of other shorter substrates
resveratrol
incubation with resveratrol results in a substantial increase in Abeta42 fragmentation compared to the control, signifying that the polyphenol sustains insulin-degrading enzyme-dependent degradation of Abeta42 and its fragments
A23187
-
calcium ionophore, increases extracellular IDE activity, but only under conditions that also elicit cytotoxicity
A23187
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calcium ionophore, increases extracellular IDE activity, but only under conditions that also elicit cytotoxicity
ADP
activates, the activating effect of ATP is greater than hat of ADP, which in turn is much greater than that of AMP
ADP
-
in Tris buffer, activation for substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine). Activation in decreasing order: ATP, triphosphate, ADP, AMP
ADP
-
inhibition of binding of 2’,3’-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine triphosphate with Ki-value 2.2 mM
AMP
activates, the activating effect of ATP is greater than hat of ADP, which in turn is much greater than that of AMP
AMP
-
in Tris buffer, activation for substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine). Activation in decreasing order: ATP, triphosphate, ADP, AMP
ATP
activates the wild-type enzyme by about 300%, mutant D426C/K899C by about 50%, ATP enhances IDE activity by inducing a direct conformational change within individual IDE molecules, overview. The activating effect of ATP is greater than that of ADP, which in turn is much greater than that of AMP. The activation of IDE by ATP might be attributable to non-specific solvent effects rather than to specific interactions with a bona fide nucleotide binding domain
ATP
-
direct stimulation of IDE, acts highly synergistically with Ia1 and Ia2. The putative ATP-binding domain is a key modulator of IDE proteolytic activity
ATP
-
50% activation at 1.4 mM, activation is inhibited by Mg2+. Inhibition of binding of 2’,3’-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine triphosphate with Ki-value 1.3 mM
ATP
-
in Tris buffer, up to 20fold activation for substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine), noncompetitive activator. Activation in decreasing order: ATP, triphosphate, ADP, AMP. Up to 10fold activation with substrates bradykinin, dynorphin B-9. No activation with substrates insulin or amyloid beta-protein
ATP
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regulatory cationic binding site, 76 kDa and 56 kDa fragments of IDE, derived from cleavage with proteinase K, retain the ability to bind ATP, 4fold activation at 4 mM of 56 kDa fragment, poor activation of the 76 kDa enzyme fragment, overview
bradykinin
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activation of reaction with substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine) and amyloid beta-protein
dynorphin A-17
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activation of reaction with substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine) and amyloid beta-protein
dynorphin B-13
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activation of reaction with substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine) and amyloid beta-protein
dynorphin B-9
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activation of reaction with substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine) and amyloid beta-protein
nestin
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insulin degradation activity of IDE is suppressed by about 50% by either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin, while the cleavage of bradykinin-mimetic peptide by IDE is increased 2 to 3fold
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nestin
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insulin degradation activity of IDE is suppressed by about 50% by either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin, while the cleavage of bradykinin-mimetic peptide by IDE is increased 2 to 3fold
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phosphorylated vimentin
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insulin degradation activity of IDE is suppressed by about 50% by either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin, while the cleavage of bradykinin-mimetic peptide by IDE is increased 2 to 3fold
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phosphorylated vimentin
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insulin degradation activity of IDE is suppressed by about 50% by either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin, while the cleavage of bradykinin-mimetic peptide by IDE is increased 2 to 3fold
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Somatostatin
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somatostatin binding to IDE brings about a concentration-dependent structural change of the secondary and tertiary structure of the enzyme, revealing two possible binding sites. The higher affinity binding site disappears upon inactivation of IDE by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which chelates the catalytic Zn2+ ion
Somatostatin
enhances the proteolytic processing of a synthetic beta-amyloid-peptide. In addition to being a substrate, somatostatin is also able to bind to two additional exosites, which play different roles according to the size of the substrate and its binding mode to the catalytic cleft of the enzyme. One exosite, which displays high affinity for somatostatin, regulates only the interaction of insulin-degrading-enzyme with larger substrates (such as insulin and beta-amyloid1-40) in a differing fashion according to their various modes of binding to the enzyme. A second exosite, which is involved in the regulation of enzymatic processing by the enzyme of all substrates investigated (including a 10-25 amino acid long amyloid-like peptide, bradykinin and somatostatin itself), probably acts through the alteration of an open-closed equilibrium
Triphosphate
-
in Tris buffer, up to 20fold activation for substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-GGFLRKHGQ-(N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine), noncompetitive activator. Activation in decreasing order: ATP, triphosphate, ADP, AMP. Up to 10fold activation with substrates bradykinin, dynorphin B-9. No activation with substrates insulin or amyloid beta-protein
Triphosphate
-
inhibition of binding of 2’,3’-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine triphosphate with Ki-value 0.9 mM
additional information
purine nucleotide triphosphates are better activators than pyrimidine nucleotide triphosphates
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additional information
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purine nucleotide triphosphates are better activators than pyrimidine nucleotide triphosphates
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additional information
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amyloid beta-induced oxidation of IDE by 4-hydroxy-nonenal does not affect IDE activity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, but rapidly induces IDE expression
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additional information
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synthesis and analysis of synthetic small-molecule activators, structure-activity relationships, overview
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additional information
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fibrillar amyloid beta-peptide induces the enzyme in astrocytes through activation of a MAPK cascade via ERK1/2
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0099
(7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-RPPGFSAFK(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-OH
37°C, pH not specified in the publication