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Information on EC 1.14.18.5 - sphingolipid C4-monooxygenase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.14.18.5
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EC Tree 1 Oxidoreductases
1.14 Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
1.14.18 With another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor
1.14.18.5 sphingolipid C4-monooxygenase
IUBMB Comments
The enzyme, which belongs to the familiy of endoplasmic reticular cytochrome b5-dependent enzymes, is involved in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids in eukaryotes. Some enzymes are bifunctional and also catalyse EC 1.14.19.17, sphingolipid 4-desaturase .
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
- 1.14.18.5
- sphingolipids
-
sphingoid
- phytosphingosine
- phytoceramide
-
oxygen-dependent
-
inositolphosphorylceramide
-
c4-hydroxylation
- nidulans
- dihydrosphingosine
Reaction Schemes
showSynonyms
sur2p, sphingolipid c4-hydroxylase, syr2p, sphinganine c4-hydroxylase, sphingolipid hydroxylase, sphingolipid delta(4)-desaturase/c4-monooxygenase, more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
DES2
DHS hydroxylase
dihydroceramide hydrolase
EC 1.14.13.169
-
-
formerly
-
SBH1
SBH2
sphinganine C4-monooxygenase
-
-
-
-
sphingolipid C4-hydroxylase
SUR2
Sur2p
SYR2
Syr2p
SBH1
-
-
-
-
SBH2
-
-
-
-
sphingolipid C4-hydroxylase
-
-
-
-
SUR2
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
a dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ = a (4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
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-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
MetaCyc
sphingolipid biosynthesis (plants), sphingolipid biosynthesis (yeast)
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
dihydroceramide,ferrocytochrome b5:oxygen oxidoreductase (C4-hydroxylating)
The enzyme, which belongs to the familiy of endoplasmic reticular cytochrome b5-dependent enzymes, is involved in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids in eukaryotes. Some enzymes are bifunctional and also catalyse EC 1.14.19.17, sphingolipid 4-desaturase [4].
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
D-erythro-eicosasphinganine + NADH + H+ + O2
4-hydroxyeicosasphinganine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
D-erythro-sphinganine + NADH + H+ + O2
4-hydroxysphinganine + NAD+ + H2O
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Substrates: -
Products: free 4-hydroxysphinganine is produced in excised corn shoots by the direct hydroxylation of sphinganine and not from the breakdown of complex sphingolipids
Products: free 4-hydroxysphinganine is produced in excised corn shoots by the direct hydroxylation of sphinganine and not from the breakdown of complex sphingolipids
?
D-erythro-sphinganine + NADPH + H+ + O2
4-hydroxysphinganine + NADP+ + H2O
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Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
dihydroceramide + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
phytoceramide + acceptor + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydrosphingosine + NADPH + H+ + O2
phytosphingosine + NADP+ + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
DL-erythro-dihydrosphingosine + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
phytosphingosine + acceptor + H2O
N-acetylsphinganine + NADPH + H+ + O2
N-acetyl-4-hydroxysphinganine + NADP+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
N-hexanoylsphinganine + NADPH + H+ + O2
N-hexanoyl-4-hydroxysphinganine + NADP+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
N-octanoyl-D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
?
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
N-octanoylsphinganine + NADPH + H+ + O2
N-octanoyl-4-hydroxysphinganine + NADP+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
sphinganine ceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: plus (E)-sphing-4-enine ceramide, the (E)-sphing-4-enine/4-hydroxysphinganine ratio is 2.5:1
Products: plus (E)-sphing-4-enine ceramide, the (E)-sphing-4-enine/4-hydroxysphinganine ratio is 2.5:1
?
sphingosine + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
phytosphingosine + acceptor + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
DL-erythro-dihydrosphingosine + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
phytosphingosine + acceptor + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
DL-erythro-dihydrosphingosine + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
phytosphingosine + acceptor + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
sphinganine + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
phytosphinganine + acceptor + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
sphinganine + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
phytosphinganine + acceptor + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: enzyme is a bifunctional sphingolipid DELTA4-desaturase/C4-hydroxylase, with the desaturase activity being one order of magnitude higher than the hydroxylase activity
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the enzyme is converting dihydroxy-C18:0-LCBs and dihydroxy-C20:0-LCBs into trihydroxy-C18:0-LCBs and trihydroxy-C20:0-LCBs, repsectively
Products: -
Products: -
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+
(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganine ceramide + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
cytochrome b5
the cytochrome b5 contains an oxo-diiron catalytic center
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Fe2+
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
Leishmania major has four genes occurring in tandem arrays, with at least three of them encoding active bifunctional enzymes
UniProt
brenda
bifunctional sphingolipid delta(4)-desaturase/C4-monooxygenase
UniProt
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
phytosphingosine biosynthesis does occur in some tissues such as the skin by mammalian C4-hydroxylase activity encoded by the DEGS2 gene
brenda
additional information
enhanced expression of SBH1 over SBH2 in stem, leaf, root, seedling, silique and flower
brenda
additional information
enhanced expression of SBH1 over SBH2 in stem, leaf, root, seedling, silique and flower
brenda
additional information
not detected in heart, liver, spleen, skeletal muscle, thymus or placenta
brenda
additional information
-
not detected in heart, liver, spleen, skeletal muscle, thymus or placenta
brenda
additional information
-
expression patterns of DSH isozymes in rice, overview
brenda
additional information
expression patterns of DSH isozymes in rice, overview
brenda
additional information
-
expression patterns of DSH isozymes in rice, and histochemic analysis of expression of DSH5 on the cellular level, overview
brenda
additional information
expression patterns of DSH isozymes in rice, and histochemic analysis of expression of DSH5 on the cellular level, overview
brenda
additional information
-
expression patterns of DSH isozymes in rice, no transcript of DSH3 is detected, overview
brenda
additional information
expression patterns of DSH isozymes in rice, no transcript of DSH3 is detected, overview
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
malfunction
metabolism
-
the enzyme is part of the sphingolipid pathway controlling the plant sphingolipidome, overview
physiological function
additional information
evolution
Oryza sativa has two types of DSH homologues: general DSHs, namely DSH1, DSH2 and DSH4, and others that show spatial expression profiles, namely DSH3 and DSH5. The general DSHs exist in many plant species while homologues of DSH3 and DSH5 are found only in monocot plants. Phylogenetic analysis placed these DSHs in different clades that are evolutionarily divergent from those of the general DSHs
evolution
Arabidopsis thaliana has two distinct C4-hydroxylase isozymes possibly due to genome duplication
malfunction
-
deleting the SUR2 gene reduces hydroxylation of ceramides and suppresses Ca2+ sensitivity of csg2 mutants
malfunction
-
yeast strains deficient in Syr2 lack the sphingoid long chain base phytosphingosine
malfunction
-
s4h mutants lost the hydroxyl group at the C-4 position of their LCB moiety. Loss of this hydroxyl group caused global changes in the moss sphingolipidome and in SG composition. Changes in membrane lipid composition may trigger growth defects by interfering with the localisation of membrane-associated proteins that are crucial for growth processes such as signalling receptors or callose-modifying enzymes. Loss of LCB-C4 hydroxylation substantially changes the Physcomitrium patens sphingolipidome and reveals a key role for S4H during development of nonvascular plants. Physcomitrium patens s4h mutants show severely stunted growth in all developmental stages. This growth phenotype might be attributed to impaired cytokinesis, as indicated by altered deposition of the cell plate marker callose. Imbalance of sphingolipid metabolism alters callose deposition at protonema cross-walls. Loss of trihydroxy LCBs reshapes sphingolipid metabolism in Physcomitrium patens. Loss of trihydroxy LCBs causes a change in the composition of conjugated sterols
malfunction
the missense mutation in the sur2+ gene, which encodes a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae sphingolipid C4-hydroxylase in fission yeast, causes the loss of sur2 function which results in an extended chronological lifespan. The effect of caloric restriction, a well-known signal for extending lifespan, is thought to be dependent on the sur2+ gene. The sur2-L1 mutation is almost a loss-of-function mutation
malfunction
the sbh1 null mutant exhibits an enhanced accumulation of total LCB content compared with sbh2 null mutant. A complete loss of C4-hydroxylase activity in double mutants and a partial loss in sbh1 null mutant result in activity-dependent reduction of size due to defective cell expansion and division. Under these conditions, the genes involved in programmed-cell death are highly expressed, suggesting that ceramide with dihydrosphingosine and sphingosine may induce apoptotic signals
malfunction
the deletion of SUR2 gene in yeast suppresses the Ca2+-sensitivity phenotype
malfunction
DEGS2 polymorphism is linked to schizophrenia, raising a possibility that pathogenic alteration of sphingolipid metabolism could be linked to the neurological phenotype that is also observed with DEGS1
malfunction
DSH5, a dihydrosphingosine C4 hydroxylase gene family member, shows spatially restricted expression in rice and is lethal when expressed ectopically
malfunction
-
the missense mutation in the sur2+ gene, which encodes a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae sphingolipid C4-hydroxylase in fission yeast, causes the loss of sur2 function which results in an extended chronological lifespan. The effect of caloric restriction, a well-known signal for extending lifespan, is thought to be dependent on the sur2+ gene. The sur2-L1 mutation is almost a loss-of-function mutation
-
malfunction
-
the missense mutation in the sur2+ gene, which encodes a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae sphingolipid C4-hydroxylase in fission yeast, causes the loss of sur2 function which results in an extended chronological lifespan. The effect of caloric restriction, a well-known signal for extending lifespan, is thought to be dependent on the sur2+ gene. The sur2-L1 mutation is almost a loss-of-function mutation
-
malfunction
-
yeast strains deficient in Syr2 lack the sphingoid long chain base phytosphingosine
-
physiological function
the enzyme plays an essential role in phytosphingolipid synthesis in human skin and other phytosphingolipid-containing tissues
physiological function
-
sphingolipid C4 hydroxylation by the enzyme influences properties of detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched membranes
physiological function
-
Sur2p is required for the hydroxylation of C-4 of the sphingoid moiety of ceramide. The enzyme is not essential for growth
physiological function
-
SYR2 is necessary for growth inhibition by the cyclic lipodepsipeptide syringomycin E. The SYR2 gene is required for the 4-hydroxylation reaction of sphingolipid long chain bases and is not essential for growth. SYR2 does not play a role in sterol biosynthesis
physiological function
C-4 hydroxylation of sphingolipids is important for the antifungal action of syringomycin E. Mutants with defects in C-4 hydroxylated sphingoid base biosynthesis are resistant to this antifungal agent
physiological function
dC4 hydroxylase (DSH), a diiron-binding membrane enzyme, catalyzes the hydration of dihydrosphingosine and acyl-sphinganine to produce phytosphingosine and phytoceramide, respectively
physiological function
-
sphingolipids are enriched in microdomains in the plant plasma membrane (PM). Hydroxyl groups in the characteristic long-chain base (LCB) moiety might be essential for the interaction between sphingolipids and sterols during microdomain formation. Role of certain plant sphingolipids in the formation of PM subdomains. Key role for LCB C-4 hydroxylase S4H during development of nonvascular plants. Physcomitrium patens is a valuable model for studying the diversification of plant sphingolipids. The simple anatomy of Physcomitrium patens facilitates visualisation of physiological processes in biological membranes
physiological function
normal amount of Sur2 protein is required to maintain a normal lifespan, and that imbalance due to decreased or increased Sur2 activity may extend lifespan
physiological function
Roles of SUR2 protein in yeast include an increase in resistance of cells to the Pseudomonas syringae cyclic lipodepsipeptide syngomyocin, an inhibitor for ergosterol synthesis pathway. C4-OH mediates membrane fluidity
physiological function
-
normal amount of Sur2 protein is required to maintain a normal lifespan, and that imbalance due to decreased or increased Sur2 activity may extend lifespan
-
physiological function
-
normal amount of Sur2 protein is required to maintain a normal lifespan, and that imbalance due to decreased or increased Sur2 activity may extend lifespan
-
physiological function
-
SYR2 is necessary for growth inhibition by the cyclic lipodepsipeptide syringomycin E. The SYR2 gene is required for the 4-hydroxylation reaction of sphingolipid long chain bases and is not essential for growth. SYR2 does not play a role in sterol biosynthesis
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additional information
-
sphingolipid content of wild-type and mutants, overview
additional information
comparisons of composition of sphingolipids in wild-type and mutant cells
additional information
-
comparisons of composition of sphingolipids in wild-type and mutant cells
-
additional information
-
comparisons of composition of sphingolipids in wild-type and mutant cells
-
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). DEGS2_CAEEL
362
3
42316
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 2)
DEGS2_RAT
323
5
37441
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
SUR2_SCHPO
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / ATCC 24843)
293
0
34191
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 3)
SUR2_YEAST
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)
349
0
40734
Swiss-Prot
-
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
enzyme downregulation of deletion causes reduced size, cell expansion, and cell division in double knockout, increased dwarfing, and reduced transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, as well as increased levels of sphingolipids
additional information
enzyme downregulation of deletion causes reduced size, cell expansion, and cell division in double knockout, increased dwarfing, and reduced transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, as well as increased levels of sphingolipids
additional information
-
recombinant expression of Oryza sativa gene DSH1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2D mutant does not complement the mutant and does not lead to phytosphinganine production
additional information
recombinant expression of Oryza sativa gene DSH1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2D mutant does not complement the mutant and does not lead to phytosphinganine production
additional information
-
recombinant expression of Oryza sative gene DSH5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2D mutant does not complement the mutant and does not lead to phytosphinganine production. Ectopic expression of DSH5 leads to a lethal phenotype. DSH5-overexpressing transformants show a dwarf phenotype and their mature leaves are small. Growth of the plants is severely reduced. Most of them stop gaining height, and die during the vegetative stage. Plant height of the DSH5 transformants is severely reduced
additional information
recombinant expression of Oryza sative gene DSH5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2D mutant does not complement the mutant and does not lead to phytosphinganine production. Ectopic expression of DSH5 leads to a lethal phenotype. DSH5-overexpressing transformants show a dwarf phenotype and their mature leaves are small. Growth of the plants is severely reduced. Most of them stop gaining height, and die during the vegetative stage. Plant height of the DSH5 transformants is severely reduced
additional information
-
recombinant expression of Oryza sativa gene DSH4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2D mutant complements the mutant and leads to phytosphinganine production
additional information
recombinant expression of Oryza sativa gene DSH4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2D mutant complements the mutant and leads to phytosphinganine production
additional information
-
recombinant expression of Oryza sativa gene DSH2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2D mutant complements the mutant and leads to phytosphinganine production
additional information
recombinant expression of Oryza sativa gene DSH2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2D mutant complements the mutant and leads to phytosphinganine production
additional information
-
Physcomitrium patens mutants for the LCB C-4 hydroxylase S4H are generated by homologous recombination, generation of targeted knockout plasmids. Plants are characterised by analysing their sphingolipid and steryl glycoside (SG) profiles and by investigating different gametophyte stages. Physcomitrium patens s4h mutants show severely stunted growth in all developmental stages. This growth phenotype might be attributed to impaired cytokinesis, as indicated by altered deposition of the cell plate marker callose
additional information
the replacement of any one of conserved His residues of three histidine-rich motifs with an alanine eliminates hydroxylase activity in vivo and in vitro. Residues Phe 174, Asn 182, Ser 191, Leu 196, Pro 199, Asn 266, Tyr 269, Asp 271 and Gln 275 appear to be additionally important elements of the active site but their conversion into corresponding yeast DELTA7-sterol-C5(6)-desaturase Erg3p residues does not lead to a gain in desaturase activity
additional information
-
the replacement of any one of conserved His residues of three histidine-rich motifs with an alanine eliminates hydroxylase activity in vivo and in vitro. Residues Phe 174, Asn 182, Ser 191, Leu 196, Pro 199, Asn 266, Tyr 269, Asp 271 and Gln 275 appear to be additionally important elements of the active site but their conversion into corresponding yeast DELTA7-sterol-C5(6)-desaturase Erg3p residues does not lead to a gain in desaturase activity
additional information
the naturally occuring sur2-L1 mutation in the L1 mutant causes a long-lived phenotype, the sur2-L1 mutation is almost a loss-of-function mutation. Construction of a sur2-L1::kanR mutant. The wild-type and sur2DELTA mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used as controls for the composition of sphingolipids, comparisons of composition of sphingolipids in wild-type and mutant cells
additional information
-
the naturally occuring sur2-L1 mutation in the L1 mutant causes a long-lived phenotype, the sur2-L1 mutation is almost a loss-of-function mutation. Construction of a sur2-L1::kanR mutant. The wild-type and sur2DELTA mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used as controls for the composition of sphingolipids, comparisons of composition of sphingolipids in wild-type and mutant cells
-
additional information
-
the naturally occuring sur2-L1 mutation in the L1 mutant causes a long-lived phenotype, the sur2-L1 mutation is almost a loss-of-function mutation. Construction of a sur2-L1::kanR mutant. The wild-type and sur2DELTA mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used as controls for the composition of sphingolipids, comparisons of composition of sphingolipids in wild-type and mutant cells
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
gene DSH1, a conserved gene, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time RT-PCR isozyme expression analysis
gene DSH2, a conserved gene, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time RT-PCR isozyme expression analysis
gene DSH3, a monocot-specific gene, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time RT-PCR isozyme expression analysis, no transcript of DSH3 is detected
gene DSH4, a conserved gene, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time RT-PCR isozyme expression analysis
gene DSH5, a monocot-specific gene, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time RT-PCR isozyme expression analysis, recombinant expression in Oryza sativa surD2 deletion mutant plants driven by the CaMV 35S promoter
gene sur2, genotyping, recombinant expression of GST-tagged enzyme in enzyme-deficient Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain JY333
the S4H-containing plasmid is transformed into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2DELTA-null mutant derived from wild-type strain BY4741. The C-terminally eYFP-tagged PpS4H shows colocalisation to the cerulean-tagged ER marker KDEL
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
sphinganine hydroxylase activity in microsomes isolated from corn shoots treated with fumonisin B1 increases more than 3fold compared to controls
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Sperling, P.; Ternes, P.; Moll, H.; Franke, S.; Zaehringer, U.; Heinz, E.
Functional characterization of sphingolipid C4-hydroxylase genes from Arabidopsis thaliana
FEBS Lett.
494
90-94
2001
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9AST3), Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Mizutani, Y.; Kihara, A.; Igarashi, Y.
Identification of the human sphingolipid C4-hydroxylase, hDES2, and its up-regulation during keratinocyte differentiation
FEBS Lett.
563
93-97
2004
Homo sapiens (Q6QHC5), Homo sapiens
brenda
Idkowiak-Baldys, J.; Grilley, M.; Takemoto, J.
Sphingolipid C4 hydroxylation influences properties of yeast detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched membranes
FEBS Lett.
569
272-276
2004
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
brenda
Haak, D.; Gable, K.; Beeler, T.; Dunn, T.
Hydroxylation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ceramides requires Sur2p and Scs7p
J. Biol. Chem.
272
29704-29710
1997
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
brenda
Grilley, M.; Stock, S.; Dickson, R.; Lester, R.; Takemoto, J.
Syringomycin action gene SYR2 is essential for sphingolipid 4-hydroxylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
J. Biol. Chem.
273
11062-11068
1998
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303C
brenda
Moreno-Perez, A.J.; Martinez-Force, E.; Garces, R.; Salas, J.J.
Sphingolipid base modifying enzymes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus): cloning and characterization of a C4-hydroxylase gene and a new paralogous DELTA8-desaturase gene
J. Plant Physiol.
168
831-839
2011
Helianthus annuus
brenda
Bae, J.H.; Sohn, J.H.; Park, C.S.; Rhee, J.S.; Choi, E.S.
Cloning and functional characterization of the SUR2/SYR2 gene encoding sphinganine hydroxylase in Pichia ciferrii
Yeast
21
437-443
2004
Wickerhamomyces ciferrii (Q6YGT5), Wickerhamomyces ciferrii
brenda
Wright, B.S.; Snow, J.W.; OBrien, T.C.; Lynch, D.V.
Synthesis of 4-hydroxysphinganine and characterization of sphinganine hydroxylase activity in corn
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
415
184-192
2003
Zea mays
brenda
Idkowiak-Baldys, J.; Takemoto, J.Y.; Grilley, M.M.
Structure-function studies of yeast C-4 sphingolipid long chain base hydroxylase
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1618
17-24
2003
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P38992), Saccharomyces cerevisiae
brenda
Ternes, P.; Franke, S.; Zaehringer, U.; Sperling, P.; Heinz, E.
Identification and characterization of a sphingolipid delta 4-desaturase family
J. Biol. Chem.
277
25512-25518
2002
Mus musculus (Q8R2F2)
brenda
Vacchina, P.; Tripodi, K.E.; Escalante, A.M.; Uttaro, A.D.
Characterization of bifunctional sphingolipid DELTA4-desaturases/C4-hydroxylases of trypanosomatids by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.
184
29-38
2012
Leishmania major (G3FCJ2)
brenda
Kurauchi, T.; Matsui, K.; Shimasaki, T.; Ohtsuka, H.; Tsubouchi, S.; Ihara, K.; Tani, M.; Aiba, H.
Identification of sur2 mutation affecting the lifespan of fission yeast
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
368
0000
2021
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (O94298), Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972 (O94298), Schizosaccharomyces pombe ATCC 24843 (O94298)
brenda
Mashima, R.; Okuyama, T.; Ohira, M.
Biosynthesis of long chain base in sphingolipids in animals, plants and fungi
Future Sci. OA
6
FSO434
2019
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9AST3), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8VYI1), Homo sapiens (Q6QHC5), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P38992)
brenda
Imamura, T.; Obata, C.; Yoneyama, K.; Ichikawa, M.; Ikura, A.; Mutsuro-Aoki, H.; Ishikawa, T.; Kawai-Yamada, M.; Sasaki, T.; Kusano, H.; Shimada, H.
DSH5, a dihydrosphingosine C4 hydroxylase gene family member, shows spatially restricted expression in rice and is lethal when expressed ectopically
Genes Genet. Syst.
93
135-142
2018
Oryza sativa Japonica Group, Oryza sativa Japonica Group (A0A0P0WU71)
brenda
Goemann, J.; Herrfurth, C.; Zienkiewicz, A.; Ischebeck, T.; Haslam, T.M.; Hornung, E.; Feussner, I.
Sphingolipid long-chain base hydroxylation influences plant growth and callose deposition in Physcomitrium patens
New Phytol.
231
297-314
2021
Physcomitrium patens
brenda
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