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Information on EC 3.4.24.42 - atrolysin C
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3.4.24.42 atrolysin CSpecify your search results
Word Map
- 3.4.24.42
- cartilage
-
articular
- osteoarthritis
- joint
- chondrocytes
- proteoglycans
-
explants
- metalloproteinases
- collagen
- adamts-4
- glycosaminoglycans
- thrombospondin
- synovial
-
disintegrin
- knee
-
neoepitope
-
interglobular
-
arthritic
- mmp-1
-
aggrecanolysis
- chondroitin
-
aggrecan-degrading
- timp-3
-
nitege
- versican
-
disintegrin-like
- interleukin-1alpha
-
chondroprotective
- igd
-
matrix-degrading
- adamalysin
-
subchondral
-
meniscal
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Crotalus
Reaction Schemes
Cleavage of His5-/-Leu, His10-/-Leu, Ala14-/-Leu, Tyr16-/-Leu and Gly23-/-Phe bonds in B chain of insulin. With small molecule substrates prefers hydrophobic residue at P2' and small residue such as Ala, Gly at P1
Synonyms
aggrecanase, atrolysin c, atrolysin, 
more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
atrolysin
Crotalus atrox metalloendopeptidase c
-
-
-
-
Hemorrhagic toxin c and d
Ruberlysin
-
-
-
-
Hemorrhagic toxin c and d
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Cleavage of His5-/-Leu, His10-/-Leu, Ala14-/-Leu, Tyr16-/-Leu and Gly23-/-Phe bonds in B chain of insulin. With small molecule substrates prefers hydrophobic residue at P2' and small residue such as Ala, Gly at P1
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-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of peptide bond
-
-
-
-
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
158886-17-0
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2-Aminobenzoyl-Ala-Gly-Leu-Ala 4-nitrobenzyl amide + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
Acetyl-Val-Ala-Leu-Leu-Ala + H2O
?
-
best substrate of synthetic acetylated pentapeptides
-
-
?
angiotensin I + H2O
Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His + Pro + Phe-His-Leu
-
i.e. Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu, cleaved at His-Pro and Pro-Phe
-
?
Gelatin of collagen type V + H2O
Hydrolyzed gelatin of collagen type V
-
i.e. denatured collagen, hydrolysis at 38øC and above, not below
MW 130000, MW 118000, MW 93000 and MW 85000 fragments
?
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone + H2O
?
-
cleavage sites: Trp3-Ser4, Gly6-Leu7
-
-
?
Met-enkephalin + H2O
Tyr-Gly-Gly + Phe-Met
-
i.e. Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met, cleavage site: Gly3-Phe4
-
-
?
Basement membrane preparation + H2O
Soluble peptides
-
poor substrate: component band a
-
?
Basement membranes surrounding capillaries + H2O
?
-
involved in disruption of capillary membranes causing hemorrhage in surrounding tissue
-
-
?
Basement membranes surrounding capillaries + H2O
?
-
together with hemorrhagic toxins a, b, e and f responsible for hemorrhage
-
-
?
Basement membranes surrounding capillaries + H2O
?
-
together with atrolysins B and E member of the class P-I hemorrhagic toxins
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-
?
Basement membranes surrounding capillaries + H2O
?
-
less potent hemorrhagic toxins of Crotalus atrox venom
-
-
?
bovine aggrecan monomer + H2O
?
-
purified atrolysin C can cleave at the cleavage sites VIPEN + FFBVG and ITEGE + ARGSV independently
-
-
?
Collagen type IV + H2O
Hydrolyzed collagen type IV
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basement membrane component, alpha1 (MW 185000) and alpha2 (MW 170000) chain
-
-
?
Collagen type IV + H2O
Hydrolyzed collagen type IV
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basement membrane component, alpha1 (MW 185000) and alpha2 (MW 170000) chain
MW 170000, MW 164000, MW 125000, MW 110000, MW 940000 and MW 64000 fragments
?
Gelatin of collagen type I + H2O
Hydrolyzed gelatin of collagen type I
-
i.e. denatured collagen
-
-
?
Gelatin of collagen type I + H2O
Hydrolyzed gelatin of collagen type I
-
i.e. denatured collagen
MW 60000 and MW 50000 fragments
?
Leu-Val-Glu-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu + H2O
Leu-Val-Glu-Ala + Leu-Tyr-Leu
-
cleavage at Ala-Leu
-
-
?
Leu-Val-Glu-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu + H2O
Leu-Val-Glu-Ala + Leu-Tyr-Leu
-
peptide derived from insulin B-chain, best substrate
-
-
?
Oxidized insulin B-chain + H2O
?
-
cleavage at His5-Leu6, His10-Leu11, Ala14-Leu15 (most rapidly cleaved bond)
-
-
?
Oxidized insulin B-chain + H2O
?
-
cleaves the same bonds as atrolysin B and A (the latter except Gly23-Phe24)
-
-
?
Oxidized insulin B-chain + H2O
?
-
cleavage at Tyr16-Leu17 (slightly less rapidly cleaved bond)
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-
?
Oxidized insulin B-chain + H2O
?
-
Crotalus ruber ruber toxin HT-3 does not cleave the His5-Leu6 bond which is cleaved by HT-2
-
-
?
von Willebrand factor + H2O
?
-
VWF is a large, multidomain glycoprotein present in human blood and in the secretory granules of endothelial cells and platelets
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-
?
von Willebrand factor + H2O
?
-
i.e. VWF, is a large, multidomain glycoprotein, atrolysin C does not require specific interaction with the VWA1 domain and likely cleaves VWF in a nonlocalized manner, cleavage in sequences MSMG-/-VSG, MSMG(C)V-/-G, LVPDS-/-H, and MSMG(C)VSG, after the D domain and the cystine knot-like domain, atrolysin C cleaves VWF at widely distributed sites identified next to VWD3 and VWD4 domains, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no hydrolysis of interstitial collagen, native type I collagen
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
cleavage specificity, compared to hemorrhagic toxins a and b
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-
?
additional information
?
-
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substrate requirements: small aliphatic residues at P1 (Ala or Gly) and Leu at P2
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-
?
additional information
?
-
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substrate digestion patterns differ from those of atrolysins A and E
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
peptides of four residues or less are not hydrolyzed, no significant degradation of fibrin
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
von Willebrand factor + H2O
?
-
VWF is a large, multidomain glycoprotein present in human blood and in the secretory granules of endothelial cells and platelets
-
-
?
Basement membranes surrounding capillaries + H2O
?
-
involved in disruption of capillary membranes causing hemorrhage in surrounding tissue
-
-
?
Basement membranes surrounding capillaries + H2O
?
-
together with hemorrhagic toxins a, b, e and f responsible for hemorrhage
-
-
?
Basement membranes surrounding capillaries + H2O
?
-
together with atrolysins B and E member of the class P-I hemorrhagic toxins
-
-
?
Basement membranes surrounding capillaries + H2O
?
-
less potent hemorrhagic toxins of Crotalus atrox venom
-
-
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Zn2+
additional information
-
less than 0.3 mol Mg2+/mol toxin, less than 0.8 mol K+/mol toxin HT-3 and less than 0.9 mol K+/mol toxin HT-2
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3
-
N-terminal domain of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 is a potent inhibitor
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1,10-phenanthroline
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inhibits proteolytic and hemorrhagic activity of atrolysin C
alpha2-Macroglobulin
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inhibits proteolytic and hemorrhagic activity of atrolysin C
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phosphoramidon
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i.e. N-[L-rhamnopyranosyl-oxyhydroxyphosphinyl]-L-leucyl-L-tryptophan, isozyme Ht-c
additional information
-
acetyl-Ala-Val-Leu-Gly-Ala, acetyl-Val-Glu-Leu-Gly-Ala, acetyl-Val-Lys-Leu-Gly-Ala, acetyl-Lys-Ala-Leu-Gly-Ala, acetyl-Val-Ala-Ile-Gly-Ala, furylacryloyl-Gly-L-Leu-NH2
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additional information
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tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 have no inhibitory activity
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additional information
-
inhibitory protein in the serum of Bothrops jararaca
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additional information
-
the isolated recombinant cysteine-rich domain of atrolysin A does not inhibit full-length atrolysin activity, overview
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additional information
-
benzamidine, tosyl-L-Phe chloromethyl ketone, soybean or egg white trypsin inhibitor or PCMB
-
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Arthritis
Aggrecan is degraded by matrix metalloproteinases in human arthritis. Evidence that matrix metalloproteinase and aggrecanase activities can be independent.
Arthritis
Aggrecanase and metalloproteinase-specific aggrecan neo-epitopes are induced in the articular cartilage of mice with collagen II-induced arthritis.
Arthritis
Aggrecanase cleavage in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients is minimally detected in the aggrecan interglobular domain but robust at the aggrecan C-terminus.
Arthritis
Association between synovial fluid levels of aggrecan ARGS fragments and radiographic progression in knee osteoarthritis.
Arthritis
Current and emerging therapeutic strategies for preventing inflammation and aggrecanase-mediated cartilage destruction in arthritis.
Arthritis
Experimental arthritis: Oral aggrecanase inhibitor may slow postinjury cartilage breakdown.
Arthritis
Interleukin-1 Induction of Aggrecanase Gene Expression in Human Articular Chondrocytes is Mediated by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases.
Arthritis
Mannosamine inhibits aggrecanase-mediated changes in the physical properties and biochemical composition of articular cartilage.
Arthritis
Mechanisms of proteoglycan metabolism that lead to cartilage destruction in the pathogenesis of arthritis.
Arthritis
Synovial fluid level of aggrecan ARGS fragments is a more sensitive marker of joint disease than glycosaminoglycan or aggrecan levels: a cross-sectional study.
Arthritis
TGF-beta-induced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 gene in chondrocytes is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and Sp1 transcription factor.
Arthritis
TIMP-3 is a potent inhibitor of aggrecanase 1 (ADAM-TS4) and aggrecanase 2 (ADAM-TS5).
Arthritis, Juvenile
Aggrecanase cleavage in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients is minimally detected in the aggrecan interglobular domain but robust at the aggrecan C-terminus.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
Expression of a wide range of extracellular matrix molecules in the tendon and trochlea of the human superior oblique muscle.
Carcinoma
Expression and distribution of aggrecanases in human larynx: ADAMTS-5/aggrecanase-2 is the main aggrecanase in laryngeal carcinoma.
Chondrosarcoma
The intermediates of aggrecanase-dependent cleavage of aggrecan in rat chondrosarcoma cells treated with interleukin-1.
Chondrosarcoma
Truncation of the amino-terminus of the recombinant aggrecan rAgg1mut leads to reduced cleavage at the aggrecanase site. Efficient aggrecanase catabolism may depend on multiple substrate interactions.
Chondrosarcoma
Utilization of a recombinant substrate rAgg1 to study the biochemical properties of aggrecanase in cell culture systems.
Endometrial Neoplasms
The investigation of serum levels of ADAMTS 5 and 8 (the A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) in the etiology of endometrial cancer.
Infections
Borrelia burgdorferi aggrecanase activity: more evidence for persistent infection in Lyme disease.
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase: their role in disorders of the human intervertebral disc.
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Region-Dependent Aggrecan Degradation Patterns in the Rat Intervertebral Disc Are Affected by Mechanical Loading In Vivo.
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase: their role in disorders of the human intervertebral disc.
Joint Diseases
Association of serum levels of aggrecan ARGS, NITEGE fragments and radiologic knee osteoarthritis in Tunisian patients.
Joint Diseases
Development and characterization of a highly specific and sensitive sandwich ELISA for detection of aggrecanase-generated aggrecan fragments.
Joint Diseases
Release of hyaluronan and hyaladherins (aggrecan G1 domain and link proteins) from articular cartilage exposed to ADAMTS-4 (aggrecanase 1) or ADAMTS-5 (aggrecanase 2).
Joint Diseases
Synovial fluid level of aggrecan ARGS fragments is a more sensitive marker of joint disease than glycosaminoglycan or aggrecan levels: a cross-sectional study.
Joint Diseases
The structure of aggrecan fragments in human synovial fluid. Evidence that aggrecanase mediates cartilage degradation in inflammatory joint disease, joint injury, and osteoarthritis.
Leukemia
Interleukin 17 induced nitric oxide suppresses matrix synthesis and protects cartilage from matrix breakdown.
Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi aggrecanase activity: more evidence for persistent infection in Lyme disease.
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease spirochaetes possess an aggrecan-binding protease with aggrecanase activity.
Melanoma
Application of topologically constrained mini-proteins as ligands, substrates, and inhibitors.
Neoplasms
"Aggrecanase" activity is implicated in tumour necrosis factor alpha mediated cartilage aggrecan breakdown but is not detected by an in vitro assay.
Neoplasms
ADAMTS-9 is synergistically induced by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in OUMS-27 chondrosarcoma cells and in human chondrocytes.
Neoplasms
Effect of intra-articular administration of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist on cartilage repair in temporomandibular joint.
Neoplasms
Effect of low molecular weight heparin and different heparin molecular weight fractions on the activity of the matrix-degrading enzyme aggrecanase: structure-function relationship.
Neoplasms
Elevated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha regulated catabolic factors during intervertebral disc degeneration.
Neoplasms
Expression and distribution of aggrecanases in human larynx: ADAMTS-5/aggrecanase-2 is the main aggrecanase in laryngeal carcinoma.
Neoplasms
Increased type II collagen degradation and very early focal cartilage degeneration is associated with upregulation of chondrocyte differentiation related genes in early human articular cartilage lesions.
Neoplasms
Interleukin 17 induced nitric oxide suppresses matrix synthesis and protects cartilage from matrix breakdown.
Neoplasms
Oncostatin M in combination with tumour necrosis factor {alpha} induces a chondrocyte membrane associated aggrecanase that is distinct from ADAMTS aggrecanase-1 or -2.
Neoplasms
The intermediates of aggrecanase-dependent cleavage of aggrecan in rat chondrosarcoma cells treated with interleukin-1.
Neoplasms
The investigation of serum levels of ADAMTS 5 and 8 (the A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) in the etiology of endometrial cancer.
Neoplasms
Tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent aggrecan cleavage and release of glycosaminoglycans in the meniscus is mediated by nitrous oxide-independent aggrecanase activity in vitro.
Oligodendroglioma
Microvesicles shed by oligodendroglioma cells and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts contain aggrecanase activity.
Osteoarthritis
10mM glucosamine prevents activation of proADAMTS5 (aggrecanase-2) in transfected cells by interference with post-translational modification of furin.
Osteoarthritis
A short-term pharmacodynamic model for monitoring aggrecanase activity: injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) in rats and assessment of aggrecan neoepitope release in synovial fluid using novel ELISAs.
Osteoarthritis
Animal models of osteoarthritis: lessons learned while seeking the 'Holy Grail'.
Osteoarthritis
Anti-ADAMTS5 monoclonal antibodies: implications for aggrecanase inhibition in osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis
Arylsulfonamide inhibitors of aggrecanases as potential therapeutic agents for osteoarthritis: Synthesis and biological evaluation.
Osteoarthritis
CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis Regulates Aggrecanase Activation and Cartilage Degradation in a Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Rat Model.
Osteoarthritis
Development of human neutralizing antibody to ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase-1) and ADAMTS5 (aggrecanase-2).
Osteoarthritis
Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on aggrecanase expression in articular cartilage in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis
Effects of hexosamines and omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids on pH regulation by interleukin 1-treated isolated bovine articular chondrocytes.
Osteoarthritis
Genetic variation including nonsynonymous polymorphisms of a major aggrecanase, ADAMTS-5, in susceptibility to osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis
Inhibition of ADAM-TS4 and ADAM-TS5 prevents aggrecan degradation in osteoarthritic cartilage.
Osteoarthritis
Knockout of ADAMTS5 does not eliminate cartilage aggrecanase activity but abrogates joint fibrosis and promotes cartilage aggrecan deposition in murine osteoarthritis models.
Osteoarthritis
Release of hyaluronan and hyaladherins (aggrecan G1 domain and link proteins) from articular cartilage exposed to ADAMTS-4 (aggrecanase 1) or ADAMTS-5 (aggrecanase 2).
Osteoarthritis
Synthesis and biological evaluation of biphenylsulfonamide carboxylate aggrecanase-1 inhibitors.
Osteoarthritis
The regulation of the ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 aggrecanases in osteoarthritis: a review.
Osteoarthritis
The structure of aggrecan fragments in human synovial fluid. Evidence that aggrecanase mediates cartilage degradation in inflammatory joint disease, joint injury, and osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis
Translational development of an ADAMTS-5 antibody for osteoarthritis disease modification.
Osteoarthritis
Will the real aggrecanase(s) step up: evaluating the criteria that define aggrecanase activity in osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis, Knee
The association between changes in synovial fluid levels of ARGS-aggrecan fragments, progression of radiographic osteoarthritis and self-reported outcomes: a cohort study.
Persistent Infection
Borrelia burgdorferi aggrecanase activity: more evidence for persistent infection in Lyme disease.
Post-Lyme Disease Syndrome
Borrelia burgdorferi aggrecanase activity: more evidence for persistent infection in Lyme disease.
Spondylolisthesis
Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase: their role in disorders of the human intervertebral disc.
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Aggrecanase analysis of synovial fluid of temporomandibular joint disorders.
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase in the synovial fluids of patients with symptomatic temporomandibular disorders.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.31
acetyl-Val-Ala-Leu-Gly-Gly
-
isozyme c, acetyl-Val-Ala-Leu-Gly-Ala, 2-aminobenzoyl-Ala-Gly-Leu-Ala 4-nitrobenzyl amide
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Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information