Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Mg2+ | required | Homo sapiens |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 | Homo sapiens | - |
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine | - |
r |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | - |
- |
- |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
astrocyte | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
glioblastoma cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
glioma cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 | - |
Homo sapiens | ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine | - |
r |
Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
ATP | - |
Homo sapiens |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
malfunction | astrocytes enable the proliferation of GS-negative LN18 iRFP4 cells without Gln supplementation | Homo sapiens |
metabolism | glutamine-starved GBM cells feed on astrocyte-derived glutamine. Only astrocytes demonstrate no net Gln consumption but rather, rapid Glu uptake, in line with the expression of excitatory amino acids transporters (EAAT) in this cell type. Under Gln starvation, Glu consumption is unaffected and paralleled by an equimolar net Gln efflux. The absence of Gln in the medium reduces intracellular Gln, but not Glu. Only 30-40% of both intracellular Glu and Gln are glucose-derived. Astrocytes maintain about 30% of the control level of intracellular Gln under Gln starvation, fitting with high enzyme expression. Astrocyte-derived Gln is the growth-supporting factor for Gln-starved glioblastoma cells | Homo sapiens |