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2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
additional information
?
-
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
overall reaction
-
-
?
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
i.e. 2-methylglycine
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
i.e. 2-methylglycine
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
i.e. 2-methylglycine
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
the recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli is 3.3fold less active than the wild-type enzyme
i.e. 2-methylglycine
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
i.e. 2-methylglycine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
the recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli is 2.5fold less active than the wild-type enzyme
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme has overlapping activities with the enzyme catalyzing the following reaction steps
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in the alternate biosynthesis of betaine, which is an important osmoprotectant and is synthesized in response to abiotic stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is involved in the alternate biosynthesis of betaine, which is an important osmoprotectant and is synthesized in response to abiotic stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme shows strict substrate specificity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme shows strict substrate specificity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of glycine betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process, betaine is required for balancing osmotic pressure under high salt living conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme has overlapping activities with the enzyme catalyzing the following reaction steps
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme has overlapping activities with the enzyme catalyzing the following reaction steps
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows strict specificity for glycine and sarcosine as substrates, no activity with ethanolamine, monomethylethanolamine, nor several L-amino acid, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the broad substrate methyltransferase, glycine sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, GSDMT, purified from the halophilic methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis strain FDF1, has been shown to possess glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT), sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) and dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (DMT) activities. GSMT possesses glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT) and sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme from Methanohalophilus portucalensis possesses glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT) and sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the broad substrate methyltransferase, glycine sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, GSDMT, purified from the halophilic methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis strain FDF1, has been shown to possess glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT), sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) and dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (DMT) activities. GSMT possesses glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT) and sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme from Methanohalophilus portucalensis possesses glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT) and sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
several other amino acids tested as substrates and non of them serves as methyl group acceptor
-
-
?
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S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
additional information
?
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
i.e. 2-methylglycine
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in the alternate biosynthesis of betaine, which is an important osmoprotectant and is synthesized in response to abiotic stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is involved in the alternate biosynthesis of betaine, which is an important osmoprotectant and is synthesized in response to abiotic stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme catalyzes the first 2 steps of glycine betaine synthesis from glycine in a 3-step process, betaine is required for balancing osmotic pressure under high salt living conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the broad substrate methyltransferase, glycine sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, GSDMT, purified from the halophilic methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis strain FDF1, has been shown to possess glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT), sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) and dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (DMT) activities. GSMT possesses glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT) and sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the broad substrate methyltransferase, glycine sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, GSDMT, purified from the halophilic methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis strain FDF1, has been shown to possess glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT), sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) and dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (DMT) activities. GSMT possesses glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT) and sarcosine N-methyltransferase (SMT) activities
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
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4-chloromercuribenzoate
-
recombinant enzyme: over 95% inhibition at 1.33 mM, completely reversible by 5.3 mM DTT
acetate
80% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine
dimethylglycine
versus glycine, 65% inhibition at 250 mM
ethanolamine
45% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine
KCl/NaCl
-
recombinant enzyme: synergistic with betaine, 80% inhibition at 0.33 M KCl and 0.66M NaCl with glycine, and 66% inhibition at 0.33 M KCl and 0.66 M NaCl with sarcosine, overview
monomethyl ethanolamine
35% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine
phenylalanine
10% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine
proline
30% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
sarcosine
competitive inhibition, versus glycine, 70% inhibition at 250 mM
betaine
-
recombinant enzyme: poor inhibition, 60% inhibition at 2 M with glycine, and 70% inhibition at 2 M with sarcosine, synergistic with salts KCl and NaCl, overview
betaine
feedback inhibition
betaine
-
feedback inhibition
N,N-dimethylglycine
-
N,N-dimethylglycine
-
recombinant enzyme: poor competitive product inhibition, 50% inhibition at 38 mM with glycine, and at 49 mM with sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
product inhibition
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
-
recombinant enzyme: competitive product inhibition, 50% inhibition at 0.5 mM with glycine, and at 0.4 mM with sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
product inhibition
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
competitive
additional information
-
inhibition rates with sarcosine, overview, no feedback inhibition by betaine up to 2 M, no inhibition with glycine by serine, methionine, asparagine, glutamate, cysteine, and alanine; no inhibition with betaine
-
additional information
inhibition rates with sarcosine, overview, no feedback inhibition by betaine up to 2 M, no inhibition with glycine by serine, methionine, asparagine, glutamate, cysteine, and alanine; no inhibition with betaine
-
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0.8 - 2.94
N-methylglycine
0.28 - 75
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1
glycine
pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant R169K
1.5
glycine
pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme
5.22
glycine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
pH 8.2, 37°C
18
glycine
-
recombinant enzyme, pH 7.4, 37°C, with S-adenosyl-L-methionine
2320
glycine
pH 7.3, 37°C, recombinant enzyme
0.8
N-methylglycine
pH 8.8, 37°C
2.94
N-methylglycine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
pH 8.2, 37°C
0.28
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
recombinant enzyme, pH 7.4, 37°C, with sarcosine
0.3
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
with glycine as methyl group acceptor, pH 8.2, 37°C
0.42
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
recombinant enzyme, pH 7.4, 37°C, with glycine
0.44
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
with N-methylglycine as methyl group acceptor, pH 8.2, 37°C
0.6
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme, with sarcosine
0.6
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
with N-methylglycine as methyl group acceptor, pH 8.8, 37°C
0.7
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme, with glycine
0.7
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
with glycine as methyl group acceptor, pH 8.8, 37°C
1.78
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
pH 7.3, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, with sarcosine
8.26
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
pH 7.3, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, with glycine
50
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant R169K, with sarcosine
75
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant R169K, with glycine
0.8
sarcosine
pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme
1.1
sarcosine
pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant R169K
2.3
sarcosine
-
recombinant enzyme, pH 7.4, 37°C, with S-adenosyl-L-methionine
3020
sarcosine
pH 7.3, 37°C, recombinant enzyme
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malfunction
-
disruption of the gsmA gene, encoding Gsm homologue protein, generates a mutant that exhibits a longer lag period of growth and delayed spore germination under osmostress, it shows normal growth in CYE medium at 30°C, phenotype, overview
metabolism
-
glycine sarcosine methyltransferase and sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157, catalyze glycine betaine synthesis from glycine
physiological function
GSMT from a halophilic methanoarchaeon regulates betaine biosynthesis pathway by a distinct mechanism. GSMT catalyzes the first enzymatic step in synthesis of the osmolyte betaine in halophilic archaea, GSMT may also play a major role in coupling the salt-in and compatible solute (osmolyte) osmoadaptative strategies in halophilic methanogens for adapting to high salt environments
physiological function
-
recombinant enzyme expression in maize plays an important role in its tolerance to drought stress
physiological function
recombinant enzyme expression results in a significant increase of glycine betaine biosynthesis and enhanced tolerance to salt and cold stresses in transgenic rice plants
physiological function
the recombinant enzyme can enhance tolerance to drought and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function
-
the recombinant enzyme can enhance tolerance to drought and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
physiological function
-
GSMT from a halophilic methanoarchaeon regulates betaine biosynthesis pathway by a distinct mechanism. GSMT catalyzes the first enzymatic step in synthesis of the osmolyte betaine in halophilic archaea, GSMT may also play a major role in coupling the salt-in and compatible solute (osmolyte) osmoadaptative strategies in halophilic methanogens for adapting to high salt environments
-
additional information
conserved glycine- and sarcosine-binding residue Arg167, binding site structures, overview. The level of potassium and sodium ions may modulate the substrate binding activity of MpGSMT through the conformational change
additional information
-
conserved glycine- and sarcosine-binding residue Arg167, binding site structures, overview. The level of potassium and sodium ions may modulate the substrate binding activity of MpGSMT through the conformational change
-
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29040
2 * 29040, sequence calculation, 2 * 35000, SDS-PAGE, quaternary structure analysis of MpGSMT by analytical ultracentrifugation
29500
-
x * 29500, about, sequence calculation
31000
-
1 * 42000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 31000, about, amino acid sequence calculation
31210
calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence
34000
and 56000, gel filtration
35500
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
gel filtration
42000
-
1 * 42000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 31000, about, amino acid sequence calculation
56000
and 34000, gel filtration
32000
gel filtration
32000
recombinant enzyme, gel filtration
33000
1 * 33000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE
33000
1 * 33000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 32000, gel filtration
35000
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
1 * 38000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 35000, calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence, 1 * 35500, gel fltration
35000
2 * 29040, sequence calculation, 2 * 35000, SDS-PAGE, quaternary structure analysis of MpGSMT by analytical ultracentrifugation
38000
gel filtration
38000
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
1 * 38000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 35000, calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence, 1 * 35500, gel fltration
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DNA and amino acid sequence determination, functional coexpression in Escherichia coli with sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157, conferring betaine accumulation and increased salt tolerance to the Escherichia coli cells
DNA and amino acid sequence determination, the single gene encodes the glycine sarcosine methyltransferase as well as the sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157, the latter being probably a proteolytic processing product of the first, poor expression in Escherichia coli of the full length and the truncated enzyme
expressed as soluble His-tag fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102
expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)
expressed in Oryza sativa cultivar Nipponbare
functional overexpression in Escherichia coli strain XL-1 Blue conferring betaine accumulation and increased salt tolerance when coexpressed with the sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157
-
gene gsmA, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison
-
gene Mpgsmt, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis and sequence comparisons, phylogenetic analysis of GSMT, expression of complete gene cluster of Mpgsmt-sdmt in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) and in strain MKH13 deficient in betaine transport, the recombinant enzyme is functional to synthesize and accumulate betaine and confers elevated survival ability in betaine transport deficient mutant strain MKH13 under high salt stress. The recombinantly expressed enzyme shows 10000fold lower catalytic efficiency compared with the enzyme isolated from the original cells
orf1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis, overexpression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli, functional coexpression of the soluble enzyme with the sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157, increases the intracellular betaine level and the growth rate of Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
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Nyyssola, A.; Reinikainen, T.; Leisola, M.
Characterization of glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase and sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
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2001
Halorhodospira halochloris
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Nyyssola, A.; Kerovuo, J.; Kaukinen, P.; von Weymarn, N.; Reinikainen, T.
Extreme halophiles synthesize betaine from glycine by methylation
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Halorhodospira halochloris, Halorhodospira halochloris (Q9KJ22), Actinopolyspora halophila (Q9KJ20)
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Waditee, R.; Tanaka, Y.; Aoki, K.; Hibino, T.; Jikuya, H.; Takano, J.; Takabe, T.
Isolation and functional characterization of N-methyltransferases that catalyze betaine synthesis from glycine in a halotolerant photosynthetic organism Aphanothece halophytica
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Aphanothece halophytica, Aphanothece halophytica (Q83WC4)
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Lu, W.D.; Chi, Z.M.; Su, C.D.
Identification of glycine betaine as compatible solute in Synechococcus sp. WH8102 and characterization of its N-methyltransferase genes involved in betaine synthesis
Arch. Microbiol.
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495-506
2006
Parasynechococcus marenigrum WH 8102 (Q7U4Z8)
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Kimura, Y.; Kawasaki, S.; Yoshimoto, H.; Takegawa, K.
Glycine betaine biosynthesized from glycine provides an osmolyte for cell growth and spore germination during osmotic stress in Myxococcus xanthus
J. Bacteriol.
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2010
Myxococcus xanthus
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Lai, S.J.; Lai, M.C.
Characterization and regulation of the osmolyte betaine synthesizing enzymes GSMT and SDMT from halophilic methanogen Methanohalophilus portucalensis
PLoS ONE
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e25090
2011
Methanohalophilus portucalensis (F6KV61), Methanohalophilus portucalensis FDF1 (F6KV61)
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Niu, X.; Xiong, F.; Liu, J.; Sui, Y.; Zeng, Z.; Lu, B.; Liu, Y.
Co-expression of ApGSMT and ApDMT promotes biosynthesis of glycine betaine in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and enhances salt and cold tolerance
Environ. Exp. Bot.
104
16-25
2014
Aphanothece halophytica (Q83WC4)
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brenda
He, C.; He, Y.; Liu, Q.; Liu, T.; Liu, C.; Wang, L.; Zhang, J.
Co-expression of genes ApGSMT2 and ApDMT2 for glycinebetaine synthesis in maize enhances the drought tolerance of plants
Mol. Breed.
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559-573
2013
Aphanothece halophytica
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Lai, S.J.; Lai, M.C.; Lee, R.J.; Chen, Y.H.; Yen, H.E.
Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing osmolyte glycine betaine synthesizing enzymes from halophilic methanogen promote tolerance to drought and salt stress
Plant Mol. Biol.
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429-441
2014
Methanohalophilus portucalensis (F6KV61), Methanohalophilus portucalensis, Methanohalophilus portucalensis FDF-1 (F6KV61)
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Lai, S.J.; Deng, Y.C.; Lai, M.C.
Comparison of enzymatic traits between native and recombinant Glycine Sarcosine N-Methyltransferase from Methanohalophilus portucalensis FDF1T
PLoS ONE
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e0168666
2016
Methanohalophilus portucalensis (F6KV61), Methanohalophilus portucalensis, Methanohalophilus portucalensis FDF-1 (F6KV61)
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Wu, W.L.; Lai, S.J.; Yang, J.T.; Chern, J.; Liang, S.Y.; Chou, C.C.; Kuo, C.H.; Lai, M.C.; Wu, S.H.
Phosphoproteomic analysis of Methanohalophilus portucalensis FDF1(T) identified the role of protein phosphorylation in methanogenesis and osmoregulation
Sci. Rep.
6
29013
2016
Methanohalophilus portucalensis (F6KV61), Methanohalophilus portucalensis, Methanohalophilus portucalensis FDF-1 (F6KV61)
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