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Literature summary extracted from

  • Fraser, P.D.; Miura, Y.; Misawa, N.
    In vitro characterization of astaxanthin biosynthetic enzymes (1997), J. Biol. Chem., 272, 6128-6135.
    View publication on PubMed

Activating Compound

EC Number Activating Compound Comment Organism Structure
1.14.11.B16 2-oxoglutarate activation Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 2-oxoglutarate activation Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 2-oxoglutarate activation Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.11.B16 ascorbate activation Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 ascorbate activation Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 ascorbate activation Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.11.B16 catalase activation Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 catalase activation Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 catalase activation Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 additional information in the case of CrtZ, about a 6fold elevation of activity is experienced when the dioxygenase mixture (Fe2+, 2-oxoglutarate, ascorbic acid, and catalase) is used Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 additional information in the case of CrtZ, about a 6fold elevation of activity is experienced when the dioxygenase mixture (Fe2+, 2-oxoglutarate, ascorbic acid, and catalase) is used, the addition of the dinucleotides NAD+, NADP+ and flavins FAD, FMN (at a concentration of 1 mM) to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 additional information in the case of CrtZ, about a 6fold elevation of activity is experienced when the dioxygenase mixture (Fe2+, 2-oxoglutarate, ascorbic acid, and catalase) is used. The addition of the dinucleotides NAD+, NADP+ and flavins FAD, FMN (at a concentration of 1 mM) to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 additional information the addition of the dinucleotides NAD+, NADP+ and flavins FAD, FMN (at a concentration of 1 mM) to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect Pantoea ananatis

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.14.11.B16 expressed in Escherichia coli Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 expressed in Escherichia coli Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 expressed in Escherichia coli Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 expressed in Escherichia coli JM101 cells Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 expressed in Escherichia coli JM101 cells Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 expressed in Escherichia coli JM101 cells Agrobacterium aurantiacum

Metals/Ions

EC Number Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
1.14.11.B16 Fe2+ activation Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 Fe2+ activation Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 Fe2+ activation Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 Fe2+ all incubations containing Fe2+ possess an activity higher than the control value, indicating that Fe2+ is the most influential effector Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 Fe2+ all incubations containing Fe2+ possess an activity higher than the control value, indicating that Fe2+ is the most influential effector Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 Fe2+ all incubations containing Fe2+ possess an activity higher than the control value, indicating that Fe2+ is the most influential effector Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 additional information the addition of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 additional information the addition of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 additional information the addition of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to the incubations individually and in combination has no stimulatory effect Agrobacterium aurantiacum

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.14.11.B16 Agrobacterium aurantiacum
-
-
-
1.14.11.B16 Alcaligenes sp.
-
-
-
1.14.11.B16 Haematococcus lacustris
-
-
-
1.14.15.24 Agrobacterium aurantiacum
-
-
-
1.14.15.24 Alcaligenes sp.
-
-
-
1.14.15.24 Pantoea ananatis
-
-
-

Reaction

EC Number Reaction Comment Organism Reaction ID
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O = canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ echinenone is an intermediary product Alcaligenes sp.
a

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

EC Number Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] Comment Organism
1.14.11.B16 0.000000083
-
 substrate beta-carotene, 30°C, 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% v/v Tween 60, 3 mM ATP, 0.5 mM FeSO4, 0.5 mM 2-oxoglutarate, 5 mM ascorbic acid Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 0.000000083
-
 substrate beta-carotene, 30°C, 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% v/v Tween 60, 3 mM ATP, 0.5 mM FeSO4, 0.5 mM 2-oxoglutarate, 5 mM ascorbic acid Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.11.B16 0.000000083
-
 substrate zeaxanthin, 30°C, 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% v/v Tween 60, 3 mM ATP, 0.5 mM FeSO4, 0.5 mM 2-oxoglutarate, 5 mM ascorbic acid Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 0.00000015
-
 substrate beta-carotene, 30°C, 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% v/v Tween 60, 3 mM ATP, 0.5 mM FeSO4, 0.5 mM 2-oxoglutarate, 5 mM ascorbic acid Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 0.00000017
-
 substrate zeaxanthin, 30°C, 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% v/v Tween 60, 3 mM ATP, 0.5 mM FeSO4, 0.5 mM 2-oxoglutarate, 5 mM ascorbic acid Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 0.0000002
-
 substrate zeaxanthin, 30°C, 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% v/v Tween 60, 3 mM ATP, 0.5 mM FeSO4, 0.5 mM 2-oxoglutarate, 5 mM ascorbic acid Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 57000
-
 using beta-carotene as substrate, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 100000
-
 using canthaxanthin as substrate, in 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 150000
-
 using beta-carotene as substrate, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 467000
-
 using canthaxanthin as substrate, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 617000
-
 using beta-carotene as substrate, in 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 1000000
-
 using canthaxanthin as substrate, at 30°C, in dark, aerobic conditions, for 3 h, pH not specified in the publication Agrobacterium aurantiacum

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
-
 Alcaligenes sp. canthaxanthin + ?
-
 ?
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
-
 Haematococcus lacustris canthaxanthin + ?
-
 ?
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum canthaxanthin + ?
-
 ?
1.14.11.B16 zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
-
 Alcaligenes sp. 4-oxozeaxanthin + ?
-
 ?
1.14.11.B16 zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
-
 Haematococcus lacustris 4-oxozeaxanthin + ?
-
 ?
1.14.11.B16 zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum 4-oxozeaxanthin + ?
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 adonirubin + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
-
 Alcaligenes sp. astaxanthin + acceptor + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 adonirubin + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
-
 Pantoea ananatis astaxanthin + acceptor + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 adonirubin + reduced acceptor + H+ + O2
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum astaxanthin + acceptor + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + 2 O2 overall reaction, the enzymes possess greater ability to convert beta-carotene to zeaxanthin than canthaxanthin to astaxanthin Pantoea ananatis zeaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + 2 O2 overall reaction, the enzymes possess smaller ability to convert beta-carotene to zeaxanthin than canthaxanthin to astaxanthin Agrobacterium aurantiacum zeaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene + NADPH + H+ + O2 overall reaction, the enzymes possess smaller ability to convert beta-carotene to zeaxanthin than canthaxanthin to astaxanthin Alcaligenes sp. zeaxanthin + NADP+ + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene + reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Alcaligenes sp. beta-cryptoxanthin + oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene + reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Pantoea ananatis beta-cryptoxanthin + oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene + reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum beta-cryptoxanthin + oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Alcaligenes sp. zeaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Pantoea ananatis zeaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum zeaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 canthaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Alcaligenes sp. adonirubin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 canthaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Pantoea ananatis adonirubin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 canthaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum adonirubin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 canthaxanthin + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + 2 O2 overall reaction, the enzymes possess greater ability to convert canthaxanthin to astaxanthin than beta-carotene to zeaxanthin Alcaligenes sp. astaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 canthaxanthin + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + 2 O2 overall reaction, the enzymes possess greater ability to convert canthaxanthin to astaxanthin than beta-carotene to zeaxanthin Agrobacterium aurantiacum astaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.15.24 canthaxanthin + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + 2 O2 overall reaction, the enzymes possess smaller ability to convert canthaxanthin to astaxanthin than beta-carotene to zeaxanthin Pantoea ananatis astaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.14.11.B16 4,(4')-beta-ionone ring oxygenase
-
 Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 4,(4')-beta-ionone ring oxygenase
-
 Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 4,(4')-beta-ionone ring oxygenase
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.11.B16 CrtW
-
 Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 CrtW
-
 Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 CrtW
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 carotenoid 3,(3')-beta-ionone ring hydroxylase
-
 Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 carotenoid 3,(3')-beta-ionone ring hydroxylase
-
 Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 carotenoid 3,(3')-beta-ionone ring hydroxylase
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 CrtZ
-
 Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 CrtZ
-
 Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 CrtZ
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
1.14.11.B16 additional information no activation by NAD*, NADP+, NADPH, FAD, FMN Haematococcus lacustris
1.14.11.B16 additional information no activation by NAD+, NADP+, NADPH, FAD, FMN Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.11.B16 additional information no activation by NAD+, NADP+, NADPH, FAD, FMN Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 FAD
-
 Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 FAD
-
 Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 FAD
-
 Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 additional information NADPH (1 mM) yields 2.5fold elevation in activity Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 additional information NADPH (1 mM) yields 2.5fold elevation in activity Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 additional information the monooxygenase cofactors consist of FAD, NADPH, and ATP. This cofactor combination increases the activity of CrtZ about 1.5fold compared to the control Alcaligenes sp.
1.14.15.24 additional information the monooxygenase cofactors consist of FAD, NADPH, and ATP. This cofactor combination increases the activity of CrtZ about 1.5fold compared to the control Pantoea ananatis
1.14.15.24 additional information the monooxygenase cofactors consist of FAD, NADPH, and ATP. This cofactor combination increases the activity of CrtZ about 1.5fold compared to the control Agrobacterium aurantiacum
1.14.15.24 NADPH NADPH (1 mM) yields 2.5fold elevation in activity Agrobacterium aurantiacum