Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
TIP5 | DHX9 associates with TIP5 independently of RNA. DHX9 requires the association of TIP5 with mature pRNA to bind to rRNA genes. DHX9 binds to rRNA genes only upon ESC differentiation and its activity guides TIP5 to rRNA genes and establishes heterochromatin | Mus musculus |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | plasmids and siRNAs are transfected in HEK-293T cells using calcium phosphate protocol. NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, U2OS, and murine embryonic stem cells are transfected with the siRNA, siRNA-mediated depletions and synthetic RNA levels are monitored by quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis 3-4 days post transfection | Mus musculus |
Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|---|
additional information | upon differentiation DHX9 drastically changes its position within the nucleus, and all cells show DHX9 with an exclusive localization within nucleoli and a weak signal in the rest of nucleoplasm | Mus musculus | - |
- |
nucleolus | accumulation of DHX9 in nucleoli and its association with rRNA genes only upon ESC | Mus musculus | 5730 | - |
ribosome | - |
Mus musculus | 5840 | - |
Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Mg2+ | required | Mus musculus |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATP + H2O | Mus musculus | - |
ADP + phosphate | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Mus musculus | O70133 | - |
- |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
fibroblast | - |
Mus musculus | - |
additional information | DHX9 is expressed in both ESCs and differentiated cells, the latter showing a slight increase at mRNA and protein levels | Mus musculus | - |
NIH-3T3 cell | - |
Mus musculus | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATP + H2O | - |
Mus musculus | ADP + phosphate | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
DHX9 | - |
Mus musculus |
RNA helicase DHX9 | - |
Mus musculus |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
evolution | DHX9 belongs to the DExH/RHA family of helicase superfamily 2 | Mus musculus |
malfunction | embryonic stem cells (ESCs) depleted of DHX9 are unable to differentiate, and this phenotype is reverted by the addition of pRNA, whereas providing IGS-rRNA and pRNA mutants deficient for TIP5 binding are not sufficient. Knockdown of TIP5 does not affect DHX9 levels. NIH 3T3 cells depleted of DHX9 show a reduction in rRNA gene silencing | Mus musculus |
metabolism | analysis of lncRNA biogenesis during development and support of a model in which the state of rRNA gene chromatin is part of the regulatory network that controls exit from pluripotency and initiation of differentiation pathways. Critical role of pRNA biogenesis in the establishment of rRNA gene heterochromatin. DHX9 is required for the formation of heterochromatin at rRNA genes through processing of IGS-rRNA into pRNA | Mus musculus |
additional information | DHX9 is characterized by two copies of a double-stranded RNA binding domain (DSRM) at the N-terminus, a helicase core domain (HrpA) in the central region, and an RGG-rich region at the carboxyl terminus, which confers both RNA and DNA helicase activities | Mus musculus |
physiological function | rRNA genes undergo chromatin changes during mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. The establishment of heterochromatin at rRNA genes depends on the processing of IGS-rRNA into pRNA. The RNA helicase DHX9 is a regulator of pRNA processing. DHX9 binds to rRNA genes only upon ESC differentiation and its activity guides TIP5 to rRNA genes and establishes heterochromatin. The production of mature pRNA is essential since it guides the repressor TIP5 to rRNA genes. The processing of IGS-rRNA into pRNA is impaired in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and activated only upon differentiation. IGS-rRNA abolishes the process of guiding of repressor TIP5 to rRNA genes. The RNA helicase DHX9 associates with IGS-rRNA and TIP5. DHX9 is required for the formation of heterochromatin at rRNA genes through processing of IGS-rRNA into pRNA. DHX9 requires the association of TIP5 with mature pRNA to bind to rRNA genes | Mus musculus |