Any feedback?
Literature summary for 2.7.1.91 extracted from
- The role of sphingosine and ceramide kinases in inflammatory responses (2005), Immunol. Lett., 96, 175-185.
Activating Compound
| Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| G-protein-coupled receptor agonists | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| growth factors | platelet- and nerve-derived growth factors | Homo sapiens | |
| immunoglobulins E and G | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| additional information | selective activation mechanism of isozymes, overview, isozyme SPHK2 is activated by high ionic strength | Homo sapiens | |
| muscarinic acetylcholine agonists | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| sphingosine 1-phosphate | - |
Homo sapiens |  |
| TNF-alpha | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Triton X-100 | isozyme SPHK1 | Homo sapiens | |
Application
| Application | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| medicine | isozyme SPHK1 is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases | Homo sapiens |
Cloned(Commentary)
| Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis | Homo sapiens |
| overexpression of isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 in cytosol of HEK293 cells | Mus musculus |
Inhibitors
| Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | isozyme SPHK2 is inhibited by high ionic strength | Homo sapiens | |
| Triton X-100 | isozyme SPHK2 | Homo sapiens | |
KM Value [mM]
| KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0034 | 0.0138 | D-erythro-sphingosine | isozyme SPHK2 | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.005 | 0.0156 | D-erythro-sphingosine | isozyme SPHK1 | Homo sapiens | |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| membrane | subcellular localization depends on the tissue type | Homo sapiens | 16020 | - |
| membrane | subcellular localization depends on the tissue type | Mus musculus | 16020 | - |
| nucleus | isozyme SPHK2 | Homo sapiens | 5634 | - |
| nucleus | isozyme SPHK2 | Mus musculus | 5634 | - |
| soluble | subcellular localization depends on the tissue type | Homo sapiens | - |
- |
| soluble | subcellular localization depends on the tissue type | Mus musculus | - |
- |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP + D-erythro-sphingosine | Homo sapiens | major substrate of isozyme SPHK1, also active with isozyme SPHK2 | ADP + D-erythro-sphingosine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + sphinganine | Homo sapiens | the lipid phosphate acts as a pleiotropic agent in cell signalling pathways, acts often in concert with ceramide 1-phosphate, enzyme is involved in the sphingomyelid pathway, overview | ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + sphinganine | Mus musculus | the lipid phosphate acts as a pleiotropic agent in cell signalling pathways, enzyme is involved in the sphingomyelid pathway, overview | ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| additional information | Homo sapiens | isozyme SPHK1 is involved in responses to macrophages, the enzyme is involved in mast cell signalling, in neutrophil priming, and in prostaglandin biosynthesis via arachidonic acid production, overview, sphinganine 1-phosphate acts as an extracellular mediator by binding to specific members of the EDG-family of G-protein coupled receptors, and intracellularly as a messenger | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | Mus musculus | sphinganine 1-phosphate acts as an extracellular mediator by binding to specific members of the EDG-family of G-protein coupled receptors, and intracellularly as a messenger | ? | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | - |
2 isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2, several splicing variants exist, overview | - |
| Mus musculus | - |
2 isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 | - |
Posttranslational Modification
| Posttranslational Modification | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| phosphoprotein | isozyme SPHK1 is phosphorylated at Ser225 by extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, i.e. ERK1 and 2, and by cyclin dependent kinase 2, i.e. CDK2, recombinant isozyme SPHK1 in HEK293 cells is phosphorylated by ERK1 after stimulation with TNF-alpha, mechanism, overview, phosphorylation activates the enzyme by up to 14fold | Homo sapiens |
Reaction
| Reaction | Comment | Organism | Reaction ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATP + a sphingoid base = ADP + a sphingoid base 1-phosphate | Lys103 is important in catalysis | Homo sapiens |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| blood | isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 | Mus musculus | - |
| blood platelet | secretion of sphinganine 1-phosphate | Homo sapiens | - |
| brain | isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 | Mus musculus | - |
| kidney | isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 | Mus musculus | - |
| liver | low activity of isozyme SPHK1, high activity of isozyme SPHK2 | Mus musculus | - |
| lung | high activity, isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 | Mus musculus | - |
| lymph node | isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 | Mus musculus | - |
| mast cell | secretion of sphinganine 1-phosphate | Homo sapiens | - |
| monocyte | secretion of sphinganine 1-phosphate | Homo sapiens | - |
| skeletal muscle | low activity, isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 | Mus musculus | - |
| small intestine | low activity, isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 | Mus musculus | - |
| spleen | high activity, isozymes SPHK1 and SPHK2 | Mus musculus | - |
Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]
| Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | - |
- |
Homo sapiens |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP + 1-O-hexadecyl-2-deoxy-2-amino-sn-glycerol | isozyme SPHK2, 10fold lower activity with isozyme SPHK1 | Homo sapiens | ADP + 1-O-hexadecyl-2-deoxy-2-amino-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + D-erythro-sphingosine | major substrate of isozyme SPHK1, also active with isozyme SPHK2 | Homo sapiens | ADP + D-erythro-sphingosine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + D-erythro-sphingosine | - |
Homo sapiens | ADP + D-erythro-sphingosine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + DL-threo-dihydrosphingosine | isozyme SPHK2, no activity with isozyme SPHK1 | Homo sapiens | ADP + DL-threo-dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + phytosphingosine | isozyme SPHK2, no activity with isozyme SPHK1 | Homo sapiens | ADP + phytosphingosine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + sphinganine | the lipid phosphate acts as a pleiotropic agent in cell signalling pathways, acts often in concert with ceramide 1-phosphate, enzyme is involved in the sphingomyelid pathway, overview | Homo sapiens | ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + sphinganine | the lipid phosphate acts as a pleiotropic agent in cell signalling pathways, enzyme is involved in the sphingomyelid pathway, overview | Mus musculus | ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + sphinganine | - |
Homo sapiens | ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + sphinganine | - |
Mus musculus | ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| GTP + sphinganine | isozyme SPHK1 | Homo sapiens | GDP + sphinganine 1-phosphate | - |
? | |
| additional information | isozyme SPHK1 is involved in responses to macrophages, the enzyme is involved in mast cell signalling, in neutrophil priming, and in prostaglandin biosynthesis via arachidonic acid production, overview, sphinganine 1-phosphate acts as an extracellular mediator by binding to specific members of the EDG-family of G-protein coupled receptors, and intracellularly as a messenger | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | sphinganine 1-phosphate acts as an extracellular mediator by binding to specific members of the EDG-family of G-protein coupled receptors, and intracellularly as a messenger | Mus musculus | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | no activity with ceramide, the 2 isozymes interact with a number of proteins, overview | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | no activity with ceramide | Mus musculus | ? | - |
? | |
Subunits
| Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | structure analysis of the 2 isozymes, schematic map, the enzyme contains 5 sequences stretches C1-C5 typical for lipid kinases, but the enzyme does not contain distinct domains for catalysis or substrate binding, overview | Homo sapiens |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | the enzyme belongs to the subfamily of diacylglyceride kinases DAGKs | Homo sapiens |
| additional information | the enzyme belongs to the subfamily of diacylglyceride kinases DAGKs | Mus musculus |
| sphinganine kinase | - |
Homo sapiens |
| sphinganine kinase | - |
Mus musculus |
| SPHK | - |
Homo sapiens |
| SPHK | - |
Mus musculus |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATP | binding site of SPHK1: involves Gly82, nucleotide binding also involved the SGDGX17-21K motif in the C2-region | Homo sapiens | |
| ATP | - |
Mus musculus | |
| GTP | utilized by isozyme SPHK1 | Homo sapiens | |
Use of this online version of BRENDA is free under the CC BY 4.0 license. See terms of use for full details.
Release 2026.1 (March 2026)
Legal
Curated at
Member of
![DSMZ Digital Diversity]()
![Global Core Biodata Resource]()
![ELIXIR Core Data Resource]()
![German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure]()
