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E213A
kcat highly decreased compared to wild-type, Km similar to wild-type
E215A
kcat highly decreased compared to wild-type, Km (ADP-D-ribosyl)n-actin similar to wild-type, Km (NAD+) increased compared to wild-type
N86A
kcat moderately decreased compared to wild-type, Km decreased compared to wild-type
S178A
kcat decreased compared to wild-type, Km increased compared to wild-type
Y77A
kcat decreased compared to wild-type, Km increased compared to wild-type
Y82A
kcat decreased compared to wild-type, Km increased compared to wild-type
C19A
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 118% of the wild-type activity
E185Q
-
no ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
Q183E
-
no ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
R155E
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 0.2% of the wild-type activity
R59K
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 1.1% of the wild-type activity
R59K/R97K
-
no ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
R97K
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 1.9% of the wild-type activity
T178A
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 1.3% of the wild-type activity
T178A/Q183E
-
no ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
Y151V
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 1.6% of the wild-type activity
Y180T
-
no ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
C19A
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 118% of the wild-type activity
-
R155E
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 0.2% of the wild-type activity
-
R59K
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 1.1% of the wild-type activity
-
R59K/R97K
-
no ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
-
R97K
-
ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is 1.9% of the wild-type activity
-
D187A
-
catalytically inactive
E219Q
-
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant
Q217E
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the point mutation alters the asparagine-specificity of the enzyme to an arginie-specificity, the mutant does not show ADP-ribosyltransferase activity towards RhoA, but is still capable of NAD-binding and possesses NAD+ glycohydrolase activity, the mutant exoenzyme C3 is capable of ADP-ribosylation of poly-arginine, but not poly-asparagine, and shows high activity with Arg residues of soybean trypsin inhibitor
R151A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation does not alter the enzyme activity or its potential as substrate for the C3 mutant Q217E
R61A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation does not alter the enzyme activity or its potential as substrate for the C3 mutant Q217E
R86A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation does not alter the enzyme activity but its potential as substrate for the C3 mutant Q217E, which cannot ADP-ribosylate this mutant
I163A
the enzyme shows wild type activity
DELTA106-288
-
mutant enzyme has NADase activity, lack of transferase activity
DELTA24288
-
signal sequences necessary for export from the ER (at the amino terminus) and addition of a GPI-anchor (at the carboxyl terminus) are deleted. The resulting mutants retain the catalytic properties of the mature wild-type ART1. Their NADase activities relative to transferase activities are very low, and nicotinamide release is enhanced in the presence of the ADP-ribose acceptor, agmatine
DELTA24293
-
signal sequences necessary for export from the ER (at the amino terminus) and addition of a GPI-anchor (at the carboxyl terminus) are deleted. The resulting mutants retain the catalytic properties of the mature wild-type ART1. Their NADase activities relative to transferase activities are very low, and nicotinamide release is enhanced in the presence of the ADP-ribose acceptor, agmatine
E111D
-
catalytic activity close to wild-type
E120D
-
catalytic activity highly decreased
A425K
-
site-directed mutagenesis, phenotypic analysis
D424A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, phenotypic analysis
D424A/D427A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, reduced interaction with 14-3-3, phenotypic analysis
D424A/L426A/D427A/L428A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows a highly reduced expression level, phenotypic analysis
D427A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows a reduced expression level, phenotypic analysis
DELTAN222/E381A
-
possesses 0.02% of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of DELTAN222. KM-value for (ADP-D-ribosyl)n-soybean-trypsin-inhibitor is 8.7fold higher than the KM-value for DELTAN222
DELTAN222/E381D
-
possesses 0.6% of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of DELTAN222. KM-value for (ADP-D-ribosyl)n-soybean-trypsin-inhibitor is 7.9fold higher than the KM-value for DELTAN222
DELTAN222/E381S
-
possesses 0.01% of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of DELTAN222. KM-value for (ADP-D-ribosyl)n-soybean-trypsin-inhibitor is 4.7fold higher than the KM-value for DELTAN222
DELTAN222/E387A
-
possesses 31% of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of DELTAN222
DELTAN222/E399A
-
possesses 28% of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of DELTAN222
DELTAN222/E414A
-
possesses 20% of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of DELTAN222
E379D
-
mutation inhibits expression of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, but has little effect on the expression of NAD glycohydrolase activity
G421A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, phenotypic analysis
L422A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, phenotypic analysis
L423A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, phenotypic analysis
L426A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, phenotypic analysis
L426A/D427A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows a highly reduced expression level and slightly reduced cytotoxicity, no interaction with 14-3-3, phenotypic analysis
L426A/D427A/L428A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows a highly reduced expression level and cytotoxicity, no interaction with 14-3-3, phenotypic analysis
L428A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, reduced interaction with 14-3-3, the mutant shows highly reduced cytotoxicity, phenotypic analysis
Q420A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, phenotypic analysis
R146K
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation within the active site for the RhoGAP domain
R146K/E379/381D
-
inactive mutant, does not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization into ExoS-transfected HeLa cells in contrast to the wild-type enzyme
S419I
-
site-directed mutagenesis, phenotypic analysis
Y426H
-
in native conformation, CRM66 shows limited ability to modify EF-2 covalently. Upon activation with urea and dithiothreitol CRM66 loses ADP-ribosylation activity entirely, yet it retains the ability to bind NAD+. Replacement of Tyr-426 with histidine in CRM66 completely restores cytotoxicity and ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
R146K
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation within the active site for the RhoGAP domain
-
R146K/E379/381D
-
inactive mutant, does not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization into ExoS-transfected HeLa cells in contrast to the wild-type enzyme
-
E189A
-
about 5200fold decrease in NAD+ hydrolysis activity
E189I
-
20000fold decrease in NAD+ hydrolysis activity
E189S
-
about 5200fold decrease in NAD+ hydrolysis activity
Q187A/E189A
-
50000fold decrease in NAD+ hydrolysis activity
E118A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation reduces the toxicity of the enzyme and still allows small colonies to grow
E163A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation reduces toxicity of ModA to a minor extent
E165A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation in ModA reduces the toxicity to colony growth
E171A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation reduces the toxicity of the enzyme and still allows small colonies to grow
E173A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation largly abolishes enzyme activity
F127A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation in ModA reduces the toxicity to colony growth
I176A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation reduces the toxicity of the enzyme and still allows small colonies to grow
L71A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation largly abolishes enzyme activity
N128A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation reduces toxicity of ModA to a minor extent
N130A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutant enzyme with toxicity close to that of wild-type enzyme
Q116A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation reduces toxicity of ModA to a minor extent
Q164A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation reduces toxicity of ModA to a minor extent
Q172A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutant enzyme with toxicity close to that of wild-type enzyme
R72A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation in ModA reduces the toxicity to colony growth
R73A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation largly abolishes enzyme activity
S109A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation in ModA reduces the toxicity to colony growth
S111A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutant enzyme with toxicity close to that of wild-type enzyme
Y131A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation largly abolishes enzyme activity
E118A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModA
-
mutation reduces the toxicity of the enzyme and still allows small colonies to grow
-
E173A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModA
-
mutation largly abolishes enzyme activity
-
Q116A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModA
-
mutation reduces toxicity of ModA to a minor extent
-
R72A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModA
-
mutation in ModA reduces the toxicity to colony growth
-
Y131A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModA
-
mutation largly abolishes enzyme activity
-
E118A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModB
-
mutation reduces the toxicity of the enzyme and still allows small colonies to grow
-
E173A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModB
-
mutation largly abolishes enzyme activity
-
Q116A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModB
-
mutation reduces toxicity of ModA to a minor extent
-
R72A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModB
-
mutation in ModA reduces the toxicity to colony growth
-
Y131A
Tequatrovirus T4 ModB
-
mutation largly abolishes enzyme activity
-
Q127D/E129D
the mutant shows drastically diminished activity compared to the wild type enzyme
Q127D/E129D
-
the mutant shows drastically diminished activity compared to the wild type enzyme
-
G888W
inactive
R7K
inactive
R7K
-
catalytic activity highly decreased
DELTAN222
-
carboxyl-terminal 222 amino acids of exoenzyme S, catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of soybean trypsin inhibitor at a rate sixfold greater than rHisExoS. Relative to rHisExoS, DN222 has a similar affinity for NAD, a threefold greater affinity for soybean trypsin inhibitor, and a four- to eight-fold greater turnover number for the ADP-ribosylation of soybean trypsin inhibitor. DN222 does not chromatograph as an aggregate, which shows that the amino-terminal 99 amino acids of exoenzyme S are responsible for the aggregation phenotype
DELTAN222
-
the carboxy-terminal 222 amino acids, catalytic domain
E381D
-
mutant deficient in ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, possesses pI heterogeneity that is different than that of auto-ADP-ribosylated wild-type ExoS
E381D
-
mutation inhibits expression of both ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and NAD glycohydrolase activity
E381D
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation within the active site for the ADPr domain
E381D
-
mutant deficient in ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, possesses pI heterogeneity that is different than that of auto-ADP-ribosylated wild-type ExoS
-
E381D
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation within the active site for the ADPr domain
-
Q158A/E160A
the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild type enzyme
Q158A/E160A
-
the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild type enzyme
-
F129A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation in ModA reduces the toxicity to colony growth
F129A
Tequatrovirus T4
mutation largly abolishes enzyme activity
additional information
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phenotypes of isozyme-deficient mutant mice, overview
additional information
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analysis of polymorphisms of PARP-1 promoter sequence in Parkinson patients, variations in the regulatory region are probably involved in increased risk for the disease, overview
additional information
-
stable expression of the transcription factor tonicity-responsive enhancer/osmotic response element-binding protein, TonEBP/OREBP, amino acids 1-547, in HEK-293 cells increases the expression of the enzyme
additional information
-
construction of parp-1-knockout mice
additional information
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downregulatory effect of PARP-1 on the p53-dependent regulation of recombination between SV40 minichromosomes in primate cell lines conditionally expressing exogenous PARP-1 in a wild-type p53-positive or -negative background, respectively, overview
additional information
-
effects of ADP-ribosylation of integrin alpha7 on the expression of the monoclonal anti-integrin antibody 9EG7 epitope in intact differentiated C2C12 cells in presence or absene of NAD+ and Mn2+, overview
additional information
-
establishment of an immortalized PARP-1-/- murine endothelial cell line HYKO6 by transfection of primary cells with a plasmid containing the SV40 genome, expression of epitopes for detection by antibodies, phenotype, overview
additional information
-
knockout mice show increased inflammatory response in PARP-1 -/- compared to wild-type animals, characterized by neutrophil infiltration and increased IL-6 levels in broncho-alveolar lavages, the lesions are reversible, since the extent of the hyperplastic regions is reduced after 21 days of recovery and do not result in fibrosis, phenotype, overview
additional information
-
PARP-1 knockout mice are much less sensitive to inflammatory stress as a result of a diminished release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, parp-1 knockout mice show reduced NO-induced oxidative injury and response to genotoxic damage during carcinogenesis and inflammation
additional information
-
PARP-1 knockout mice are viable, fertile and do not develop early onset tumors, cells isolated from these mice show an increased level of homologous recombination
additional information
-
phenotypes of isozyme-deficient mutant mice, overview
additional information
-
establishment of an immortalized PARP-1-/- murine endothelial cell line HYKO6 by transfection of primary cells with a plasmid containing the SV40 genome, expression of epitopes for detection by antibodies, phenotype, overview
-
additional information
-
knockout mice show increased inflammatory response in PARP-1 -/- compared to wild-type animals, characterized by neutrophil infiltration and increased IL-6 levels in broncho-alveolar lavages, the lesions are reversible, since the extent of the hyperplastic regions is reduced after 21 days of recovery and do not result in fibrosis, phenotype, overview
-
additional information
-
enzyme is comprised of an N-terminal domain with GTPase activating protein activity towards Rho family GTPases and a C-terminal ADP ribosyl-transferase (ADPRT) domain with minimal activity towards a synthetic substrate in vitro. Deletion of a majority of the ADPRT domain (residues 234 to 438) or point mutations of the ADPRT catalytic site (residues 383 to 385) leads to distinct changes in host cell morphology and substantially reduces the ability of ExoT to inhibit in vitro epithelial wound healing over a 24-h period. In contrast, only subtle effects on the efficiency of ExoT-induced bacterial internalization are observed in the ADPRT mutant forms
additional information
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the recombinant deletion protein N223-53 which contains the catalytic domain of Exo53, comprising its 223 carboxyl-terminal residues catalyzes the FAS-dependent ADP-ribosylation of soybean trypsin inhibitor at 0.4% and of the Ras protein at 1.0% of the rates of catalysis by N222-49 (a protein comprising the 222 carboxyl-terminal residues of ExoS, which represent its catalytic domain). N223-53 possesesses binding affinities for NAD+ and SBTI similar to those of N222-49 but shows a lower rate for the ADP-ribosylation of SBTI
additional information
-
the recombinant deletion protein N223-53 which contains the catalytic domain of Exo53, comprising its 223 carboxyl-terminal residues catalyzes the FAS-dependent ADP-ribosylation of soybean trypsin inhibitor at 0.4% and of the Ras protein at 1.0% of the rates of catalysis by N222-49 (a protein comprising the 222 carboxyl-terminal residues of ExoS, which represent its catalytic domain). N223-53 possesesses binding affinities for NAD+ and SBTI similar to those of N222-49 but shows a lower velocity rate for the ADP-ribosylation of SBTI
additional information
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construction of a truncated ExoS mutant DELTA51-72
additional information
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construction of an enzyme-deficient strain 388DELTAexoS
additional information
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construction of an enzyme-deficient strain 388DELTAexoS
-