EC Number   |
Natural Substrates |
|---|
   3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
- |
| 3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates Ig class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation by producing U:G mismatches in DNA. These mismatches also have the potential to induce DNA damage including double-stranded breaks and chromosome translocations |
| 3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates immunoglobulin class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation deaminating deoxycytidines in switch and V(D)J region DNA, respectively, to generate deoxyuracils. Processing of deoxyuracils by uracil DNA glycosylase yields abasic sites, which are excised by apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases, eventually generating double strand DNA breaks, the obligatory intermediates of class switch DNA recombination |
| 3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a mutator enzyme that initiates somatic mutation and class switch recombination in B lymphocytes by introducing uracil:guanine mismatches into DNA. Repair pathways process these mismatches to produce point mutations in the Ig variable region or double-stranded DNA breaks in the switch region DNA. The enzyme can also produce off-target DNA damage, including mutations in oncogenes |
| 3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) produces DNA breaks in immunoglobulin genes during antibody diversification. Double-stranded breaks in the switch region mediate class switch recombination, and contribute to gene conversion and somatic hypermutation in the variable regions. Among potential highly transcribed genes in mouse hybridoma cells, the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes are important AID targets, with the immunoglobulin mu switch region being preferred compared to other genomic sites |
| 3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
activation-induced deaminase (AID) is involved in processes leading to antibody diversification: somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination |
| 3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
activation-induced deaminase is the initiator for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). The enzyme targets the highly repetitive switch regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which can be rejoined, leading to switch of constant regions of antibody. When targeting to variable region exons of IgH and IgL loci, the enzyme predominantly induces point mutations, termed SHM, resulting in increased affinity of antibody for antigen. While somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination (CSR) enhance antibody diversity, activation-induced deaminase initiated double-strand breaks and mutations may predispose B cells to carcinogenesis |
| 3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
activation-induced deaminase is the initiator for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). The enzyme targets the highly repetitive switch regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which can be rejoined, leading to switch of constant regions of antibody. When targeting to variable region exons of IgH and IgL loci, the enzyme predominantly induces point mutations, termed SHM, resulting in increased affinity of antibody for antigen. While somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination (CSR) enhance antibody diversity, AID initiated double-strand breaks and mutations may predispose B cells to carcinogenesis |
| 3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
AID mediates hypermutation by deaminating single stranded DNA. In vivo, single stranded DNA may arise transiently during transcription |
| 3.5.4.38 | cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O |
in response to antigens, B cells undergo two types of genomic alterations to increase antibody diversity. Affinity for antigen can be increased by introduction of point mutations into immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and immunoglobulin light (IgL) variable regions by somatic hypermutation. Antibody effector functions can be altered by changing the expressed IgH constant region exons through IgH class switch recombination (CSR). Somatic hypermutation and CSR both require the B-cell-specific activation-induced cytidine deaminase protein (AID), which initiates these reactions through its single-stranded DNA-specific cytidine deaminase activity |
