2.4.1.15 evolution Adineta vaga likely has acquired its trehalose biosynthesis and hydrolysis genes by horizontal gene transfers. The four trehalose-6-phosphate synthase TPS copies of Adineta vaga appear more closely related to plant and fungi proteins, as well as to some protists, whereas the seven TRE copies of the gene encoding trehalase fall in bacterial clades 737083 2.4.1.15 evolution Arabidopsis thaliana has 11 TPS or TPS-like proteins, which belong to two distinct clades: class I (AtTPS1-AtTPS4) and class II (AtTPS5-AtTPS11) 735637 2.4.1.15 evolution Arthrobacter strain A3 has only two trehalose synthesis pathways (OtsA/B and TreS), while other Arthrobacter spp. have three -, 719430 2.4.1.15 evolution the enzyme belongs to the glucosyltransferase-GTB-type superfamily 736579 2.4.1.15 malfunction an otsA deletion mutant has significantly reduced intracellular trehalose levels compared to the wild-type strain and exhibits an apparent markedly slower growth rate in low osmolarity medium 743566 2.4.1.15 malfunction DELTAtps1 strains have reduced NADPH levels during growth on nitrate-containing media due to decreased G6PDH activity 720510 2.4.1.15 malfunction enzyme knockdown decreases hemolymph trehalose content and causes larval and pupal lethality. Enzyme knockdown survivors have a smaller amount of chitin and show elevated feeding on foliage 756912 2.4.1.15 malfunction enzyme knockdown results in optimal interference at 24 h and 36 h postinjection and causes a sharp decline in the survival rate during the 5th instar larval-pupal stage and obviously abnormal or lethal phenotypes. Silencing of the enzyme inhibits chitin biosynthesis. Furthermore, the expression levels of two genes associated with lipid biosynthesis are upregulated 756918 2.4.1.15 malfunction expression inhibition of isoform TPS3 leads to molting and wing deformity 758351 2.4.1.15 malfunction expression of TPS1 driven by the ABI3 promoter rescues the severe embryo phenotype but not the vegetative phenotype of tps1. tps1 exhibits a severe phenotype in vegetative tissue, consistent with the role played in embryo development 720705