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Literature summary extracted from
- Human choline dehydrogenase medical promises and biochemical challenges (2013), Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 537, 243-252 .
Application
| EC Number | Application | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | diagnostics | study of prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer identifies the expression of CHD among three human genes controlled by estrogens, and shows that this is a strong predictor of the outcome of treatment with tamoxifen in early-stage (ER)-positive breast cancer patients | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | diagnostics | study of prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer identifies the expression of CHD among three human genes controlled by estrogens, and shows that this is a strong predictor of the outcome of treatment with tamoxifen in early-stage (ER)-positive breast cancer patients | Homo sapiens |
Cloned(Commentary)
| EC Number | Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | gene Chdh, phylogenetic tree | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | gene CHDH, phylogenetic tree, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli | Homo sapiens |
Protein Variants
| EC Number | Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | L78X | localization of Leu78, which is relevant to the polymorphism rs12676 associated with male infertility and increased risk factor for breast cancer, on the surface of the enzyme. Such a replacement of a hydrophobic residue with a positively charge one would locally alter the polarity of the enzyme surface, perhaps decreasing the stability of the enzyme | Homo sapiens |
General Stability
| EC Number | General Stability | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | high instability of the enzyme once it is removed from the inner mitochondrial membrane | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | high instability of the enzyme once it is removed from the inner mitochondrial membrane | Homo sapiens |
Localization
| EC Number | Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | mitochondrial inner membrane | a nuclear-encoded, membrane-located, mitochondrial enzyme | Rattus norvegicus | 5743 | - |
| 1.1.99.1 | mitochondrial inner membrane | a nuclear-encoded, membrane-located, mitochondrial enzyme. Human CHD is not an integral membrane protein, but associated to the membrane | Homo sapiens | 5743 | - |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | choline + acceptor | Rattus norvegicus | - |
betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor | - |
r |  |
| 1.1.99.1 | choline + acceptor | Homo sapiens | - |
betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor | - |
? | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | Homo sapiens | Q8NE62 | - |
- |
| 1.1.99.1 | Rattus norvegicus | Q6UPE0 | - |
- |
Posttranslational Modification
| EC Number | Posttranslational Modification | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | proteolytic modification | CHD contains an N-terminal cleavable mitochondrial targeting presequence of 34 amino acids and two cleavage sites may be present for recognition and processing by mitochondrial processing protease and inner membrane protease, mature CHD begins with amino acid 35 | Rattus norvegicus |
Purification (Commentary)
| EC Number | Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | from rat liver mitochondria, purification methods, overview | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli | Homo sapiens |
Reaction
| EC Number | Reaction | Comment | Organism | Reaction ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | choline + acceptor = betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor | pingpong BiBi steady state kinetic mechanism of partially purified rat CHD | Rattus norvegicus |
Source Tissue
| EC Number | Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | kidney | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.1.99.1 | kidney | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.99.1 | liver | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.1.99.1 | liver | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.99.1 | additional information | CHD is predominantly active in the two main detoxifying organs liver and kidney | Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.1.99.1 | additional information | CHD is predominantly active in the two main detoxifying organs liver and kidney | Homo sapiens | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | choline + acceptor | - |
Rattus norvegicus | betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor | - |
r | |
| 1.1.99.1 | choline + acceptor | - |
Homo sapiens | betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor | - |
? | |
| 1.1.99.1 | additional information | the enzyme is specific for choline or betaine aldehyde as substrate, substrate specificity, overview | Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? | |
Subunits
| EC Number | Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | More | structure homology modeling | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | More | structure homology modeling | Homo sapiens |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | CHD | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | CHD | - |
Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.99.1 | CHDH | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | CHDH | - |
Homo sapiens |
pH Range
| EC Number | pH Minimum | pH Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | additional information | - |
increase in the specific activity of the enzyme with choline at alkaline pH | Rattus norvegicus |
Cofactor
| EC Number | Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | additional information | oxygen is not the preferred electron acceptor even though the enzyme is able to utilize it. Phenazine methosulfate can act as artificial cofactor. Cytochrome c and ferricyanide give poor activity | Rattus norvegicus |
General Information
| EC Number | General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.99.1 | evolution | the enzyme belongs to the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) enzyme oxidoreductase enzyme superfamily, members of the family contain a glycine box. Other members of the family all use FAD as cofactor, overall structures and active sites of members of the GMC oxidoreductase enzyme superfamily, overview | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | evolution | the enzyme belongs to the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) enzyme oxidoreductase enzyme superfamily, members of the family contain a glycine box. Other members of the family all use FAD as cofactor, overall structures and active sites of members of the GMC oxidoreductase enzyme superfamily, overview | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.99.1 | malfunction | the enzyme is associated with male infertility. Absence of CHD enzyme activity causes diminished sperm motility, and mitochondrial alterations are described in testis as well as liver, kidney and heart. Impairments in human CHD activity are associated with homocysteinuria, an accumulation of homocysteine that represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It exists a correlation between high concentrations of choline, low concentrations of glycine betaine in blood and a high-risk profile for cardiovascular disease. Choline deficiency the brain may degrade the membrane phospholipids of the neurons in order to recycle choline for the production of acetylcholine. Choline is involved in the global hypomethylation of hepatic DNA of rats fed a low choline diet, different rate of development of the hippocampus in the fetal brains of rodent models in the case of low and high maternal choline intake. The folate content in the liver of choline deficient rats decreases by 31% compared to control rats | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | malfunction | the enzyme is associated with male infertility. Absence of CHD enzyme activity causes diminished sperm motility, and mitochondrial alterations are described in testis as well as liver, kidney and heart. Impairments in human CHD activity are associated with homocysteinuria, an accumulation of homocysteine that represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It exists a correlation between high concentrations of choline, low concentrations of glycine betaine in blood and a high-risk profile for cardiovascular disease. Choline deficiency the brain may degrade the membrane phospholipids of the neurons in order to recycle choline for the production of acetylcholine. Localization of Leu78 is relevant to the polymorphism rs12676 associated with male infertility and increased risk factor for breast cancer, on the surface of the enzyme | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.99.1 | additional information | rapid turnover of choline when administered as a drug, about 50% of injected choline are directly eliminated via liver and kidney. Structure homology modeling | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | additional information | rapid turnover of choline when administered as a drug, about 50% of injected choline are directly eliminated via liver and kidney. Structure homology modeling | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.99.1 | physiological function | the enzyme oxidizes choline. The regulation of the concentration of choline in tissues and blood is very important as choline plays key roles in different pathways. Choline is involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression through DNA methylation, in the biosynthesis of lipoproteins and membrane phospholipids and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It is therefore important for the integrity of cell membranes, lipid metabolism and nerve function. Choline is considered an important nutrient for fetal and brain development, and choline is a constituent of phospholipids involved in signal transduction, such as phosphatidylcholine and plasmalogen, and of the phospholipid platelet activating factor. The metabolism of choline is also interrelated with the metabolism of folate. CHD is important for the catabolic utilization of choline when the latter is administered as a pharmacological agent, because choline is involved in the stimulation of cholinergic neuronal activity and in restoring phosphatidylcholine levels in the neuronal membrane, thus displaying a neuroprotective action relevant for diseases such as memory and cognitive deficits. CHD, predominantly active in the two main detoxifying organs liver and kidney, determines the half-life of choline in blood. The metabolic oxidation of choline is related to the risk of developing breast cancer | Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.1.99.1 | physiological function | the enzyme oxidizes choline. The regulation of the concentration of choline in tissues and blood is very important as choline plays key roles in different pathways. Choline is involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression through DNA methylation, in the biosynthesis of lipoproteins and membrane phospholipids and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It is therefore important for the integrity of cell membranes, lipid metabolism and nerve function. Choline is considered an important nutrient for fetal and brain development, and choline is a constituent of phospholipids involved in signal transduction, such as phosphatidylcholine and plasmalogen, and of the phospholipid platelet activating factor. The metabolism of choline is also interrelated with the metabolism of folate. CHD is important for the catabolic utilization of choline when the latter is administered as a pharmacological agent, because choline is involved in the stimulation of cholinergic neuronal activity and in restoring phosphatidylcholine levels in the neuronal membrane, thus displaying a neuroprotective action relevant for diseases such as memory and cognitive deficits. CHD, predominantly active in the two main detoxifying organs liver and kidney, determines the half-life of choline in blood. The metabolic oxidation of choline is related to the risk of developing breast cancer | Homo sapiens |
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