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Literature summary extracted from
- Mammalian aldehyde oxidases: genetics, evolution and biochemistry (2008), Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 65, 1019-1048.
Activating Compound
| EC Number | Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | 1-hydroxyphthalazine | administration to female rabbits causes an increase in the specific activity of liver aldehyde oxidase | Oryctolagus cuniculus |  |
| 1.2.3.1 | dioxin | induces AOX1 in mouse hepatoma cells | Mus musculus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | methyl methanesulfonate | causes induction of liver aldehyde oxidase | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | aldehyde oxidase activity rapidly increases with age up to about one year after birth | Homo sapiens | |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | fatty liver disease is associated with elevated hepatic AOX1 | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine | causes induction of liver aldehyde oxidase | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | N-methyl-N-nitrosourea | causes induction of liver aldehyde oxidase | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | phenethyl isothiocyanate | induces AOX1 transcript through a transcriptional mechanism | Mus musculus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | Phthalazine | administration to female rabbits causes an increase in the specific activity of liver aldehyde oxidase | Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | testosterone | significantly increases activity in castrated males and normal female mice | Mus musculus | |
Application
| EC Number | Application | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | medicine | aldehyde oxidases represent an important drug-metabolizing system in the cytosol of the hepatic cell. AOX1 is potentially useful in the bioactivation of pro-drugs in human liver and lung, given that the two tissues are the only ones reported to express significant amounts of this enzymatic activity. Variability in the levels of liver aldehyde oxidase in the human population | Homo sapiens |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | aldehyde oxidase is involved in the chemo-reception of pheromonal stimuli in the antennae | Mamestra brassicae |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals | Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals. Gender-specific regulation of AOH1 by androgens and estrogens | Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals. Gender-specific regulation of AOX1 and AOH1 by androgens and estrogens | Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals. Gender-specific regulation of AOX1 by androgens and estrogens | Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals. Rat strains with low aldehyde oxidase activity lack the ability to produce the catalytically active dimer and express only the monomeric form of the enzyme | Rattus norvegicus |
Cloned(Commentary)
| EC Number | Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 expressed in Escherichia coli | Mus musculus |
Protein Variants
| EC Number | Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | AOH2 knock-out mice are viable and transmit the genetic deficit in a mendelian fashion | Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | missense mutations in the coding exons of AOX1, reported in the population of the Churchill County of Nevada and in the Italian population, negatively affect catalytic activity of AOX1 | Homo sapiens |
Inhibitors
| EC Number | Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | adiponectin | downregulates AOX1 expression by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | aspartate | neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels; neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels; neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels; neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels; neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels | Mus musculus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | beta-carboline | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.2.3.1 | beta-carboline | a far better inhibitor of mouse AOH1 than AOX1; a far better inhibitor of mouse AOH1 than AOX1 | Mus musculus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | chlorpromazine | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.2.3.1 | estradiol | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.2.3.1 | estrogen | reduces liver aldehyde oxidase activity of male animals; reduces liver aldehyde oxidase activity of male animals; reduces liver aldehyde oxidase activity of male animals; reduces liver aldehyde oxidase activity of male animals; reduces liver aldehyde oxidase activity of male animals | Mus musculus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | ethinyl estradiol | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.2.3.1 | glutamate | neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels; neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels; neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels; neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels; neonatal pretreatment, which reduces circulating growth hormone levels, decreases male aldehyde oxidase activity to female levels | Mus musculus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | menadione | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | activity is significantly reduced by castration of adult males. Hypophysectomy markedly decreases hepatic activity in male and to a lesser extent in female mice; activity is significantly reduced by castration of adult males. Hypophysectomy markedly decreases hepatic activity in male and to a lesser extent in female mice; activity is significantly reduced by castration of adult males. Hypophysectomy markedly decreases hepatic activity in male and to a lesser extent in female mice; activity is significantly reduced by castration of adult males. Hypophysectomy markedly decreases hepatic activity in male and to a lesser extent in female mice; activity is significantly reduced by castration of adult males. Hypophysectomy markedly decreases hepatic activity in male and to a lesser extent in female mice | Mus musculus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | raloxifene | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.2.3.1 | tamoxifen | - |
Homo sapiens | |
KM Value [mM]
| EC Number | KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | 0.031 | - |
all-trans retinaldehyde | - |
Mus musculus | |
| 1.2.3.1 | 0.07 | - |
all-trans retinaldehyde | - |
Mus musculus | |
Localization
| EC Number | Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | cytosol | - |
Mus musculus | 5829 | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | cytosol | - |
Rattus norvegicus | 5829 | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | cytosol | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | 5829 | - |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Q7G191 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Q7G192 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Q7G193 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Bos taurus | P48034 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Caenorhabditis elegans | O61198 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Caenorhabditis elegans | Q960A1 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Canis lupus familiaris | Q2QB47 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Canis lupus familiaris | Q2QB48 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Danio rerio | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Drosophila melanogaster | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Drosophila melanogaster | Q9VF53 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Equus caballus | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Gallus gallus | Q2QB49 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Gallus gallus | Q2QB50 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Homo sapiens | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Macaca fascicularis | Q5FB27 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Macaca mulatta | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Mamestra brassicae | Q4VGM3 | fragment | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Monodelphis domestica | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Mus musculus | - |
DBA/2, CBA/2 C57Bl/6J and CD1 mice | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Mus musculus | O54754 | DBA/2, CBA/2 C57Bl/6J and CD1 mice | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Mus musculus | Q5SGK3 | DBA/2, CBA/2 C57Bl/6J and CD1 mice | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Mus musculus | Q6V956 | DBA/2, CBA/2 C57Bl/6J and CD1 mice | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Mus musculus | Q8VJ15 | DBA/2, CBA/2 C57Bl/6J and CD1 mice | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | no activity in Aspergillus nidulans | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Oryctolagus cuniculus | P80456 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Pan troglodytes | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Pongo pygmaeus | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Rattus norvegicus | - |
Wistar rats and Donryu rats | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Rattus norvegicus | Q5QE78 | Wistar rats and Donryu rats | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Rattus norvegicus | Q5QE79 | Wistar rats and Donryu rats | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Rattus norvegicus | Q5QE80 | Wistar rats and Donryu rats | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Rattus norvegicus | Q9Z0U5 | Wistar rats and Donryu rats | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | Solanum lycopersicum | Q9FV23 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Solanum lycopersicum | Q9FV24 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Solanum lycopersicum | Q9FV25 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Takifugu rubripes | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Tetraodon nigroviridis | - |
- |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Xenopus laevis | Q6GMC5 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Zea mays | O23887 | - |
- |
| 1.2.3.1 | Zea mays | O23888 | - |
- |
Purification (Commentary)
| EC Number | Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | - |
Homo sapiens |
| 1.2.3.1 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
Source Tissue
| EC Number | Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | antenna | - |
Mamestra brassicae | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | brain | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | brain | AOH2 and AOH3 mRNAs are expressed in the brain at much lower levels than AOX1 and AOH1 | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | central nervous system | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | central nervous system | presence of the AOX1 transcript in the glial cell population of the spinal cord | Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | ear | richest source of AOH2 mRNA in the adult mouse is the inner ear | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | esophagus | AOH2 is also present | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | esophagus | AOX1 mRNA is particularly abundant in the epithelial layer | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | eye | AOH2 | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | head | AOH2 and AOH3 | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | heart | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | kidney | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | liver | - |
Equus caballus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | liver | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | liver | AOH2 is also present. Aldehyde oxidase activity shows higher levels in male than female adult mice | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | liver | AOX1 is expressed at high levels | Bos taurus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | liver | distribution of the activity is uneven, being seen mainly in the pericentral rather than the periportal area | Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | liver | high amounts | Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | liver | only trace amounts of AOX1 activity | Gallus gallus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | liver | the AOH1 transcript is already detectable in newborn mice | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | liver | the AOX1 transcript takes time to appear and is measurable only in the fully developed animal | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | lung | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | lung | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | lung | AOX1 is expressed at high levels | Bos taurus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | lung | high amounts | Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | AOH2 is abundant in the Harderian gland. AOH3 is restricted to the Bowman's gland | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | completely devoid of liver aldehyde oxidase activity | Canis lupus familiaris | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | neck | AOH2 and AOH3 | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | pancreas | AOH2 | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | respiratory system | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | skin | AOH2 | Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | spleen | AOX1 is expressed at high levels | Bos taurus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | testis | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| 1.2.3.1 | zygote | very large amounts of AOH2 are predicted to be present during the early stages of development and specifically in the zygote | Mus musculus | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | (S)-RS-8359 + H2O + O2 | Donryu rats show a dimorphic pattern for the 2-oxidation activity of RS-8359 | Rattus norvegicus | 2-keto-(S)-RS-8359 + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | 1-nitropyrene + H2O + O2 | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | 6-deoxypenciclovir | is catalyzed by AOX1 | Homo sapiens | penciclovir | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | 6-mercaptopurine + H2O + O2 | - |
Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | acetaldehyde + H2O + O2 | is a poor substrate of AOH1 | Mus musculus | acetate + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | acetaldehyde + H2O + O2 | is a poor substrate of AOX1 | Mus musculus | acetate + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | all-trans retinaldehyde + H2O + O2 | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | all-trans retinoic acid + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | all-trans retinaldehyde + H2O + O2 | - |
Mus musculus | all-trans retinoic acid + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | all-trans retinaldehyde + H2O + O2 | AOH1 from the liver of CD1 mice is capable of oxidizing all-trans retinaldehyde | Mus musculus | all-trans retinoic acid + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | all-trans retinaldehyde + H2O + O2 | AOH2 from the mouse Harderian gland and AOH3 from the mouse Bowman's gland are all capable of oxidizing all-trans retinaldehyde with equal efficiency | Mus musculus | all-trans retinoic acid + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | benzaldehyde + H2O + O2 | - |
Homo sapiens | benzoate + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | benzaldehyde + H2O + O2 | - |
Rattus norvegicus | benzoate + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | methotrexate + H2O + O2 | - |
Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | low and negligible quinine-oxidizing activity | Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | low and negligible quinine-oxidizing activity | Canis lupus familiaris | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | additional information | pyridoxal is not recognized by mouse AOH2 | Mus musculus | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | N1-methylnicotinamide + H2O + O2 | - |
Homo sapiens | N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide + N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | N1-methylnicotinamide + H2O + O2 | - |
Rattus norvegicus | N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide + N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | N1-methylnicotinamide + H2O + O2 | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide + N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | pyridoxal + H2O + O2 | - |
Mus musculus | 4-pyridoxic acid + H2O2 | - |
? | |
| 1.2.3.1 | quinine + H2O + O2 | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | ? | - |
? | |
Subunits
| EC Number | Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | dimer | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | monomer | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 1 | - |
Homo sapiens |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 1 | - |
Danio rerio |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 1 | - |
Monodelphis domestica |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 1 | - |
Gallus gallus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 1 | - |
Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 1 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 1 | - |
Bos taurus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 2 | - |
Gallus gallus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 2 | - |
Canis lupus familiaris |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 2 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 3 | - |
Equus caballus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 3 | - |
Canis lupus familiaris |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 3 | - |
Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 3 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 3-like 1 | - |
Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 4 | - |
Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | aldehyde oxidase 4 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH | - |
Gallus gallus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH1 | - |
Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH1 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH2 | - |
Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH2 | - |
Macaca mulatta |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH2 | - |
Canis lupus familiaris |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH2 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH3 | - |
Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH3 | - |
Equus caballus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH3 | - |
Macaca mulatta |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH3 | - |
Canis lupus familiaris |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOH3 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Homo sapiens |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Macaca mulatta |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Danio rerio |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Pan troglodytes |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Pongo pygmaeus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Takifugu rubripes |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Monodelphis domestica |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Gallus gallus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Tetraodon nigroviridis |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Macaca fascicularis |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Mus musculus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Bos taurus |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Xenopus laevis |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Drosophila melanogaster |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Caenorhabditis elegans |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX1 | - |
Zea mays |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX2 | - |
Drosophila melanogaster |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX2 | - |
Caenorhabditis elegans |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX2 | - |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX2 | - |
Zea mays |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX3 | - |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX4 | - |
Drosophila melanogaster |
| 1.2.3.1 | AOX4 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
IC50 Value
| EC Number | IC50 Value | IC50 Value Maximum | Comment | Organism | Inhibitor | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3.1 | 0.0000029 | - |
- |
Homo sapiens | raloxifene | |
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