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Literature summary for 6.3.1.2 extracted from

  • Guan, M.; de Bang, T.C.; Pedersen, C.; Schjoerring, J.K.
    Cytosolic glutamine synthetase Gln1;2 is the main isozyme contributing to GS1 activity and can be up-regulated to relieve ammonium toxicity (2016), Plant Physiol., 171, 1921-1933 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment) Organism
gene gln1;1, GS1 isogene Gln-1;2 encodes a high-affinity low-capacity GS1 protein, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis Arabidopsis thaliana
gene gln1;2, GS1 isogene Gln-1;2 encodes a low-affinity high-capacity GS1 protein, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis, recombinant expression of GFP-tagged isogene gln1;2 in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana
gene gln1;3, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis Arabidopsis thaliana
gene gln1;4, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis Arabidopsis thaliana
gene gln1;5, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis Arabidopsis thaliana
gene gln2, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis Arabidopsis thaliana

Protein Variants

Protein Variants Comment Organism
additional information the phenotype of the single mutant gln1;1 is similar to the wild-type, while the double mutant gln1;1:gln1;2 shows a growth that is significantly impaired irrespective of N regime Arabidopsis thaliana
additional information the phenotype of the single mutant gln1;2 and double mutant gln1;1:gln1;2 shows a growth that is significantly impaired irrespective of N regime. The GS1 enzyme activity is significantly reduced in both gln1;2 and gln1;1:gln1;2. Along with this, the ammonium content increases while that of Gln decreases Arabidopsis thaliana

Localization

Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
chloroplast
-
Arabidopsis thaliana 9507
-
cytosol
-
Arabidopsis thaliana 5829
-

Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
Mg2+ required Arabidopsis thaliana

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 Arabidopsis thaliana
-
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
?

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
-
Arabidopsis thaliana Q43127
-
-
Arabidopsis thaliana Q56WN1
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

Purification (Comment) Organism
from leaves, separation of GS1 and GS2 proteins by ion exchange chromatography Arabidopsis thaliana

Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
leaf
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
-
leaf expression of GFP driven by the Gln-1;2 promoter occurs in both developed and developing new leaves of plants in the vegetative growth stage. Bright GFP signals are detected in mesophyll cells within the margins of developed leaves. Fluorescence is also recorded in the cells of vascular bundles along the veins in developed leaves. In the developing new leaves, fluorescence is weak and signals are confined to the trichomes Arabidopsis thaliana
-
additional information Gln-1;4 isogene expression is very low Arabidopsis thaliana
-
additional information Gln-1;5 isogene expression is very low Arabidopsis thaliana
-
additional information Gln2 expression is high in shoots, but low in roots Arabidopsis thaliana
-
root
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
-
shoot
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
-
Arabidopsis thaliana ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
?

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
Gln synthetase
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
Gln1;1
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
Gln1;2
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
Gln1;3
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
Gln1;4
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
Gln1;5
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
GLN2
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
GS1
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
GS12
-
Arabidopsis thaliana

Cofactor

Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
ATP
-
Arabidopsis thaliana

Expression

Organism Comment Expression
Arabidopsis thaliana the expression of the high-affinity low-capacity isoform Gln-1;1 is reduced under high ammonium treatment conditions down
Arabidopsis thaliana Gln-1;4 isogene expression is very low under all conditions, the isogene expression is induced at high ammonium condition in roots additional information
Arabidopsis thaliana Gln-1;5 isogene expression is very low under all conditions additional information
Arabidopsis thaliana Gln2 isozyme expression is induced at high ammonium condition. The expression of GS2 isozyme is reduced in a double mutant gln1;1:gln1;2, especially under high ammonium condition additional information
Arabidopsis thaliana the expression of Gln-1;3 does not respond to ammonium treatment and is only poorly affected by mutation of isogene gln1;2 and double mutation gln1;1-gln1;2 additional information
Arabidopsis thaliana high ammonium treatment enhances the expression of the GS1 isogene Gln-1;2 encoding a low-affinity high-capacity GS1 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana shoots up

General Information

General Information Comment Organism
evolution two GS isoforms are encoded in the genome of higher plants: the cytosolic Gln synthetase isoform (GS1) and the chloroplastic Gln synthetase isoform (GS2). GS2 is encoded by a single gene (Gln-2), whereas GS1 is encoded by a multigene family, suggesting a complex role of GS1 with respect to plant N assimilation Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function Gln synthetase catalyzes the assimilation of ammonium into Gln and constitutes as such a central component of the N assimilatory pathway in plants. GS2 is the predominant GS isoform in leaves of vegetatively growing plants. In shoots, both GS1 and GS2 contribute to ammonium assimilation into Gln Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function Gln synthetase catalyzes the assimilation of ammonium into Gln and constitutes as such a central component of the N assimilatory pathway in plants. In shoots, both GS1 and GS2 contribute to ammonium assimilation into Gln Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function Gln synthetase catalyzes the assimilation of ammonium into Gln and constitutes as such a central component of the N assimilatory pathway in plants. In shoots, both GS1 and GS2 contribute to ammonium assimilation into Gln. Isozyme Gln-1;2 is essential for ammonium assimilation and amino acid synthesis. Gln-1;2 is the main isozyme contributing to shoot GS1 activity in vegetative growth stages and can be up-regulated to relieve ammonium toxicity Arabidopsis thaliana