Literature summary for 6.3.1.2 extracted from

Essex-Fraser, P.A.; Steele, S.L.; Bernier, N.J.; Murray, B.W.; Stevens, E.D.; Wright, P.A.
Expression of four glutamine synthetase genes in the early stages of development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in relationship to nitrogen excretion (2005), J. Biol. Chem., 280, 20268-20273.

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Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.	Reac.
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+	Oncorhynchus mykiss	it is proposed that the induction of glutamine synthetase genes early in development and the subsequent formation of the active protein are preparatory for the increased capacity of the embryo to convert the toxic nitrogen end product, ammonia, into glutamine, which may then be utilized in the ornithine-urea cycle or other pathways	ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine	-	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Oncorhynchus mykiss	-	-	-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
brain	glutamine synthetase activity is relatively low in all adult tissues examined, except brain	Oncorhynchus mykiss	-
liver	the four genes coding for glutamine synthetase (Onmy-GS01, Onmy-GS02, Onmy-GS03 and Onmy-GS04) are expressed during early development, but only Onmy-GS01 and GS02 are expressed at appreciable levels in adult liver	Oncorhynchus mykiss	-
skeletal muscle	very low expression	Oncorhynchus mykiss	-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.	Reac.
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+	it is proposed that the induction of glutamine synthetase genes early in development and the subsequent formation of the active protein are preparatory for the increased capacity of the embryo to convert the toxic nitrogen end product, ammonia, into glutamine, which may then be utilized in the ornithine-urea cycle or other pathways	Oncorhynchus mykiss	ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine	-	?

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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)