Literature summary for 4.3.1.24 extracted from

Kong, J.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a key component used for phenylpropanoids production by metabolic engineering (2015), RSC Adv., 5, 62587-62603 .

No PubMed abstract available

Application

Application	Comment	Organism
medicine	enzyme substitution therapy for the treatment of phenylketonuria	Petroselinum crispum
medicine	enzyme substitution therapy for the treatment of phenylketonuria	Trichormus variabilis
pharmacology	enzyme substitution therapy for the treatment of phenylketonuria	Petroselinum crispum
pharmacology	enzyme substitution therapy for the treatment of phenylketonuria	Trichormus variabilis
synthesis	reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including (2S)-pinocembrin, (2S)-naringenin, p-hydroxystyrene, p-coumarate, trans-cinnamic acid	Rhodotorula glutinis
synthesis	reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including dicinnamoylmethane, 6-fluoro-dicinnamoylmethane, 6,6'-difluoro-dicinnamoylmethane or pinosylvin	Trifolium pratense
synthesis	reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including trans-cinnamic acid	Streptomyces maritimus
synthesis	reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including trans-cinnamic acid, (2RS)-pinocembrin, styrene, pinosylvin or (2S)-naringenin	Arabidopsis thaliana
synthesis	reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including trans-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, (2RS)-pinocembrin, (2RS)-naringenin, trans-resveratrol, pinosylvin, genistein	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
expression in Escherichia coli	Arabidopsis thaliana
expression in Escherichia coli	Petroselinum crispum
expression in Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

Protein Variants

Protein Variants	Comment	Organism
C503S/C565S	reduced aggregation properties of the enzyme, without significantly altered enzyme activity	Trichormus variabilis
F144H	marked reduction (30fold) in affinity for the substrate phenylalanine	Arabidopsis thaliana
F18A	modest improvements in resistance against protease inactivation	Trichormus variabilis
Q292C/C565S	displays more kinetic stability and chemical denaturation resistance	Trichormus variabilis
S202A	mutation results in lack of catalytic activity	Petroselinum crispum

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.
L-phenylalanine	Arabidopsis thaliana	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Petroselinum crispum	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Photorhabdus luminescens	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Synechocystis sp.	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Streptomyces verticillatus	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Trifolium pratense	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Oscillatoria sp.	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Streptomyces maritimus	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Rubrobacter xylanophilus	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Salvia miltiorrhiza	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Trichormus variabilis	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Rhodotorula glutinis	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Nostoc punctiforme	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Melissa officinalis	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Albuca bracteata	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	Leptolyngbya sp.	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Albuca bracteata	-	-	-
Arabidopsis thaliana	-	-	-
Leptolyngbya sp.	-	-	-
Melissa officinalis	E1UYU6	-	-
Nostoc punctiforme	B2J528	-	-
Oscillatoria sp.	-	-	-
Petroselinum crispum	-	-	-
Photorhabdus luminescens	-	-	-
Rhodotorula glutinis	V5TFQ0	-	-
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	P10248	-	-
Rubrobacter xylanophilus	-	-	-
Salvia miltiorrhiza	A9XIW5	-	-
Salvia miltiorrhiza	C7E4J2	-	-
Salvia miltiorrhiza	U3N6Q1	-	-
Streptomyces maritimus	-	-	-
Streptomyces verticillatus	-	-	-
Synechocystis sp.	-	-	-
Trichormus variabilis	Q3M5Z3	-	-
Trifolium pratense	-	-	-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
flower	highest expression of PAL1 in roots, followed by leaves, stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-
flower	PAL3 has the highest expression in leaves, less in roots, stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-
flower	SmPAL2 was predominately expressed in stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-
leaf	highest expression of PAL1 in roots, followed by leaves, stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-
leaf	PAL3 has the highest expression in leaves, less in roots, stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-
root	highest expression of PAL1 in roots, followed by leaves, stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-
root	PAL3 has the highest expression in leaves, less in roots, stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-
stem	highest expression of PAL1 in roots, followed by leaves, stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-
stem	PAL3 has the highest expression in leaves, less in roots, stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-
stem	SmPAL2 was predominately expressed in stems and flowers	Salvia miltiorrhiza	-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.
L-phenylalanine	-	Arabidopsis thaliana	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Petroselinum crispum	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Photorhabdus luminescens	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Synechocystis sp.	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Streptomyces verticillatus	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Trifolium pratense	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Oscillatoria sp.	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Streptomyces maritimus	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Rubrobacter xylanophilus	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Salvia miltiorrhiza	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Trichormus variabilis	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Rhodotorula glutinis	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Nostoc punctiforme	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Melissa officinalis	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Albuca bracteata	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	-	Leptolyngbya sp.	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Arabidopsis thaliana	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Petroselinum crispum	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Photorhabdus luminescens	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Synechocystis sp.	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Streptomyces verticillatus	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Trifolium pratense	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Oscillatoria sp.	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Streptomyces maritimus	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Rubrobacter xylanophilus	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Salvia miltiorrhiza	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Trichormus variabilis	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Rhodotorula glutinis	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Nostoc punctiforme	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Melissa officinalis	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Albuca bracteata	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
L-phenylalanine	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Leptolyngbya sp.	trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Arabidopsis thaliana	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Petroselinum crispum	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Photorhabdus luminescens	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Synechocystis sp.	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Streptomyces verticillatus	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Trifolium pratense	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Oscillatoria sp.	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Streptomyces maritimus	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Rubrobacter xylanophilus	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Salvia miltiorrhiza	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Trichormus variabilis	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Rhodotorula glutinis	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Nostoc punctiforme	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Melissa officinalis	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Albuca bracteata	L-phenylalanine	-	r
trans-cinnamate + NH3	-	Leptolyngbya sp.	L-phenylalanine	-	r

Subunits

Subunits	Comment	Organism
tetramer	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
tetramer	-	Petroselinum crispum
tetramer	-	Photorhabdus luminescens
tetramer	-	Synechocystis sp.
tetramer	-	Streptomyces verticillatus
tetramer	-	Trifolium pratense
tetramer	-	Oscillatoria sp.
tetramer	-	Streptomyces maritimus
tetramer	-	Rubrobacter xylanophilus
tetramer	-	Salvia miltiorrhiza
tetramer	-	Trichormus variabilis
tetramer	-	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
tetramer	-	Rhodotorula glutinis
tetramer	-	Nostoc punctiforme
tetramer	-	Melissa officinalis
tetramer	-	Albuca bracteata
tetramer	-	Leptolyngbya sp.

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
PAL	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
PAL	-	Petroselinum crispum
PAL	-	Photorhabdus luminescens
PAL	-	Synechocystis sp.
PAL	-	Streptomyces verticillatus
PAL	-	Trifolium pratense
PAL	-	Oscillatoria sp.
PAL	-	Streptomyces maritimus
PAL	-	Rubrobacter xylanophilus
PAL	-	Trichormus variabilis
PAL	-	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
PAL	-	Rhodotorula glutinis
PAL	-	Nostoc punctiforme
PAL	-	Melissa officinalis
PAL	-	Albuca bracteata
PAL	-	Leptolyngbya sp.
PAL1	-	Salvia miltiorrhiza
PAL2	-	Salvia miltiorrhiza
PAL3	-	Salvia miltiorrhiza

Expression

Organism	Comment	Expression
Salvia miltiorrhiza	induced by mechanical wounding	up

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Arabidopsis thaliana
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Petroselinum crispum
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Photorhabdus luminescens
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Synechocystis sp.
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Streptomyces verticillatus
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Trifolium pratense
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Oscillatoria sp.
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Streptomyces maritimus
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Rubrobacter xylanophilus
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Salvia miltiorrhiza
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Trichormus variabilis
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Rhodotorula glutinis
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Nostoc punctiforme
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Melissa officinalis
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Albuca bracteata
metabolism	key gateway enzyme linking the phenylpropanoid secondary pathway to primary metabolism	Leptolyngbya sp.