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Literature summary for 4.2.1.91 extracted from
- Arogenate dehydratase isoforms differentially regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (2016), Mol. Plant, 9, 1609-1619 .
Protein Variants
| Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | construction of double, triple, and quadruple mutants of different isozymes by T-DNA insertion. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Inhibitors
| Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| L-Phe | dramatically inhibits ADT2 activity | Arabidopsis thaliana |  |
| additional information | L-Phe does not inhibit ADT4 activity | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chloroplast | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 9507 | - |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L-arogenate | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
L-phenylalanine + H2O + CO2 | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis thaliana | O22241 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9FNJ8 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9SA96 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9SGD6 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9SSE7 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9ZUY3 | - |
- |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| seedling | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L-arogenate | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | L-phenylalanine + H2O + CO2 | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| ADT1 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ADT2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ADT3 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ADT4 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ADT5 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ADT6 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| malfunction | addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants and rescues the phenotype of the adt1 adt3 double mutant regarding the anthocyanin accumulation. mRNA levels of ADTs ae dramatically increased in transgenic plants. ADT1/3 mutation greatly affects cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunction | addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants and rescues the phenotype of the adt1 adt3 double mutant regarding the anthocyanin accumulation. mRNA levels of ADTs are dramatically increased in transgenic plants. ADT1/3 mutation greatly affects cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozyme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunction | ADT4/5 mutation greatly affects cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation. mRNA levels of ADTs are dramatically increased in transgenic plants. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozyme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview. The leaves of ADT4/ADT5 overexpressing plants are yellow/white, narrow, small, and upwardly curled. Some ADT4/ADT5 overexpression lines are dwarf and sterile | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunction | mRNA levels of ADTs ae dramatically increased in transgenic plants. Transgenic plants overexpressing ADT2 are very sensitive to L-Phe. Analysis of the role of ADT2 in anthocyanin biosynthesis of transgenic plants, designated adt2-amiR, in which expression of ADT2 is significantly downregulated by artificial microRNA interference, quantitative PCR analysis reveals that in the two adt2-amiR lines, the level of ADT2 mRNA is about 10% of the wild-type level, whereas expression of other ADTs is not dramatically altered despite statistically significant changes detected in some ADTs. Similar to other single mutants, adt2-amiR plants have no obvious phenotypes in growth compared with wild-type. The two adt2-amiR lines produce about 35% of wild-type anthocyanin content in the sucrose-induced system | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunction | mRNA levels of ADTs are dramatically increased in transgenic plants. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunction | transgenic plants overexpressing ADT4, which appears to be less sensitive to L-Phe than plants overexpressing ADT2, hyperaccumulate Phe and produce elevated level of anthocyanins. ADT4/5 mutation greatly affects cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation. mRNA levels of ADTs are dramatically increased in transgenic plants. Single mutants have no obvious defects in plant growth compared with the wild-type, except for isozyme ADT2, whereas the adt4/5 double mutant and adt4/5 combined with other mutants including adt1, adt3, adt1/3, adt3/6, and adt1/3/6 display a dwarf phenotype. In all triple mutants, the mutants with adt1/3 produce the lowest levels of anthocyanin, about 40%-55% of wild-type, compared with other triple mutants such as adt1/4/5. Although the quintuple adt1/3/4/5/6 mutant produce the lowest level (about 35% of the wild-type level) of anthocyanin, no significant difference is detected between the quintuple and quadruple mutants (adt1/3/4/5, adt1/3/4/6, and adt1/3/5/6). The anthocyanin profile is not altered in adt mutants, the adt1/3/4/5/6 quintuple mutant still produces about 30% of wild-type anthocyanin content, overview. The leaves of ADT4/ADT5 overexpressing plants are yellow/white, narrow, small, and upwardly curled. Some ADT4/ADT5 overexpression lines are dwarf and sterile | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | all six ADT isoforms function redundantly in anthocyanin biosynthesis but have differential contributions. ADT isoforms regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as lignin content and composition in a redundant and differential manner. ADT2 contributes the most to anthocyanin accumulation and plays the most important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, followed by ADT1 and ADT3, and ADT4-ADT6. ADT4 and ADT5 play a dominant role in plant growth. ADT4-ADT6 act synergistically with ADT1 and ADT3 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the levels of Phe and sucrose-induced ADT transcripts in seedlings. Consistently, addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants. The level of Phe is an important regulatory factor for sustaining anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid pigments synthesized from Phe in higher plants. They have important biological functions, including defense against UV-B radiation, attracting pollinators and scavenging reactive oxygen species. ADT4 and ADT5 may not be allosterically regulated by the product Phe, ADT4 is not feedback regulated by Phe | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | all six ADT isoforms function redundantly in anthocyanin biosynthesis but have differential contributions. ADT isoforms regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as lignin content and composition in a redundant and differential manner. ADT2 contributes the most to anthocyanin accumulation and plays the most important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, followed by ADT1 and ADT3, and ADT4-ADT6. ADT4 and ADT5 play a dominant role in plant growth. ADT4-ADT6 act synergistically with ADT1 and ADT3 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the levels of Phe and sucrose-induced ADT transcripts in seedlings. Consistently, addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants. The level of Phe is an important regulatory factor for sustaining anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid pigments synthesized from Phe in higher plants. They have important biological functions, including defense against UV-B radiation, attracting pollinators and scavenging reactive oxygen species. ADT4 and ADT5 may not be allosterically regulated by the product Phe | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | all six ADT isoforms function redundantly in anthocyanin biosynthesis but have differential contributions. ADT isoforms regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as lignin content and composition in a redundant and differential manner. ADT2 contributes the most to anthocyanin accumulation and plays the most important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, followed by ADT1 and ADT3, and ADT4-ADT6. ADT4 and ADT5 play a dominant role in plant growth. ADT4-ADT6 act synergistically with ADT1 and ADT3 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the levels of Phe and sucrose-induced ADT transcripts in seedlings. Consistently, addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants. The level of Phe is an important regulatory factor for sustaining anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid pigments synthesized from Phe in higher plants. They have important biological functions, including defense against UV-B radiation, attracting pollinators and scavenging reactive oxygen species | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | all six ADT isoforms function redundantly in anthocyanin biosynthesis but have differential contributions. ADT isoforms regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as lignin content and composition in a redundant and differential manner. ADT2 contributes the most to anthocyanin accumulation and plays the most important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, followed by ADT1 and ADT3, and ADT4-ADT6. ADT4 and ADT5 play a dominant role in plant growth. ADT4-ADT6 act synergistically with ADT1 and ADT3 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the levels of Phe and sucrose-induced ADT transcripts in seedlings. Consistently, addition of Phe to the medium dramatically increases anthocyanin content in the wild-type plants. The level of Phe is an important regulatory factor for sustaining anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid pigments synthesized from Phe in higher plants. They have important biological functions, including defense against UV-B radiation, attracting pollinators and scavenging reactive oxygen species. ADT2 is feedback regulated by L-Phe | Arabidopsis thaliana |
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