Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
gene tdcA, genetic organization | Enterococcus faecalis |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | construction of enzyme knockout mutant strain V583 DELTAtdc, a non-tyramine-producing mutant that lacks the decarboxylase genes cluster. Gene expression of aguA gene is measured by quantitative RT-PCR in cultures of the wild-type and DELTAtdc knockout mutant strains | Enterococcus faecalis |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-Tyrosine | Enterococcus faecalis | - |
Tyramine + CO2 | - |
? | |
L-Tyrosine | Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 700802 / V583 | - |
Tyramine + CO2 | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Enterococcus faecalis | Q838D6 | - |
- |
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 700802 / V583 | Q838D6 | - |
- |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-Tyrosine | - |
Enterococcus faecalis | Tyramine + CO2 | - |
? | |
L-Tyrosine | - |
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 700802 / V583 | Tyramine + CO2 | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
TDC | - |
Enterococcus faecalis |
tdcA | - |
Enterococcus faecalis |
tyrosine decarboxylase | - |
Enterococcus faecalis |
Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate | - |
Enterococcus faecalis |
Organism | Comment | Expression |
---|---|---|
Enterococcus faecalis | tdc and agdi cluster genes are induced by tyrosine addition, overview | up |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
malfunction | the tyrosine modulation over AGDI route is not observed in the mutant 1tdc strain | Enterococcus faecalis |
metabolism | relationship among tyrosine decarboxylase and agmatine deiminase pathways in Enterococcus faecalis, the tdc cluster is involved in the tyrosine induction of putrescine biosynthesis, overview | Enterococcus faecalis |
physiological function | Enterococci are considered mainly responsible for the undesirable accumulation of the biogenic amines tyramine and putrescine in cheeses, especially by Enterococcus faecalis. The consumption of foods with high concentrations of tyramine can cause intoxications. Tyramine shows cytotoxicity in vitro and produces necrosis in intestinal cells. Tyramine shows a cytotoxic synergistic effect with histamine, which is also a common biogenic amine in cheeses. Tyramine is formed by the decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine, by the tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC) route encoded in the tdc cluster. Tyrosine exerts a role in the maintaining of the pH homeostasis in Enterococcus faecalis. Putrescine is formed from agmatine by the agmatine deiminase (AGDI, EC 3.5.3.12) pathway encoded in the agdi cluster. Tyrosine and agmatine transcriptionally regulate the tdc and agdi clusters. Possible coregulation among TDC and AGDI pathways in Enterococcus faecalis, overview. In the presence of agmatine, a positive correlation between putrescine biosynthesis and the tyrosine concentration occurs, tyrosine induces the transcription of putrescine biosynthesis genes and upregulates pathways involved in cell growth, e.g. the PaguB promoter of agdi catabolic genes. AguR, the transcriptional regulator of agdi, is implicated in interaction among the two clusters. The production of putrescine increases with tyrosine concentration | Enterococcus faecalis |