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Literature summary for 3.6.1.5 extracted from
- Biochemical characterization of Arabidopsis APYRASE family reveals their roles in regulating endomembrane NDP/NMP homoeostasis (2015), Biochem. J., 472, 43-54 .
Cloned(Commentary)
| Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| gene AtAPY1, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| gene AtAPY2, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| gene AtAPY3, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, apyrase members AtAPY3, AtAPY4 and AtAPY5 are recurrent tandem gene duplications on chromosome 1, recombinant expression of C-terminally YFP-tagged isozyme AtAPY3 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulting in an internal punctate signal with minimal cis-Golgi marker overlap | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| gene AtAPY4, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, apyrase members AtAPY3, AtAPY4 and AtAPY5 are recurrent tandem gene duplications on chromosome 1, recombinant expression of YFP-tagged isozyme AtAPY4 in Arabidopsis thaliana in the cis-Golgi of rosette leaves | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| gene AtAPY5, apyrase members AtAPY3, AtAPY4 and AtAPY5 are recurrent tandem gene duplications on chromosome 1, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| gene AtAPY6, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis. recombinant expression of C-terminally YFP-tagged isozyme AtAPY6 in Arabidopsis thaliana in colocalization with the endoplasmic reticulum marker | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Protein Variants
| Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | AtAPY4 is able to complement the growth defect phenotype of the DELTAynd1DELTAgda1 dKO Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. The ability to recover mannose in cell wall extracts of the DELTAynd1DELTAgda1 dKO mutant probably reflects the activity of the apyrase with respect to the substrate GDP (derived from lumenal GDP-mannose) | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | AtAPY6 is able to complement the growth defect phenotype of the DELTAynd1DELTAgda1 dKO Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. Construction of atapy6 mutants. dKO mutants lacking both isozymes AtAPY6 and AtAPY7 produce relatively normal plants but with low male fertility from collapsed pollen which further results in reduced seed set. Synergistic effects observed in atapy6atapy7 double mutant | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | heterologous expression of the clade II Arabidopsis apyrase members (AtAPY3-6) in the DELTAynd1DELTAgda1 dKO Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant reveals that AtAPY3 exhibits relatively weak complementation compared with other members of this clade. The AtAPY3 construct is the least able to recover cell wall mannose, reflecting the reduced growth phenotype | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | heterologous expression of the clade II Arabidopsis apyrase members (AtAPY3-6) in the DELTAynd1DELTAgda1 dKO Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. AtAPY5 is able to complement the growth defect phenotype of the mutant. The proportion of mannose in cell wall extracts significantly increases in all the complemented strains with the AtAPY5 construct resulting in near wild-type levels | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | when clade I Arabidopsis apyrases are expressed in the DELTAynd1DELTAgda1 dKO Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant, both AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 are able to complement the growth phenotype compared to the yeast mutant harbouring the empty vector | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| endoplasmic reticulum | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 5783 | - |
| endosome | AtAPY3 probably localizes to the endosome | Arabidopsis thaliana | 5768 | - |
| Golgi lumen | cis-Golgi localization. Isozymes AtAPY1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 are probably cis-Golgi resident proteins | Arabidopsis thaliana | 5796 | - |
| Golgi lumen | isozyme AtAPY1 is able to function as internal Golgi lumenal NDPase. Isozymes AtAPY1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 are probably cis-Golgi resident proteins | Arabidopsis thaliana | 5796 | - |
| Golgi lumen | isozyme AtAPY2 is able to function as internal Golgi lumenal NDPase. Isozymes AtAPY1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 are probably cis-Golgi resident proteins | Arabidopsis thaliana | 5796 | - |
| Golgi lumen | isozymes AtAPY1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 are probably cis-Golgi resident proteins | Arabidopsis thaliana | 5796 | - |
| membrane | AtAPY3 contains a single putative N-terminal transmembrane domain typical of type II membrane proteins | Arabidopsis thaliana | 16020 | - |
| membrane | AtAPY6 (clade II) appears to be type a IV-A membrane protein, AtAPY6 appears to possess both an N- and a C-terminal transmembrane domain | Arabidopsis thaliana | 16020 | - |
| membrane | isozyme AtAPY5 contains a single putative N-terminal transmembrane domain typical of type II membrane proteins | Arabidopsis thaliana | 16020 | - |
| membrane | plant members of the GDA-like clade, such as isozymes AtAPY1 and AtAPY2, are typical type II membrane proteins | Arabidopsis thaliana | 16020 | - |
| membrane | the isozyme contains a single putative N-terminal transmembrane domain typical of type II membrane proteins | Arabidopsis thaliana | 16020 | - |
| microsome | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
- |
| additional information | neither the AtAPY3 nor the AtAPY6 constructs significantly overlap with the cis-Golgi marker | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
- |
| additional information | the AtAPY3 C-terminal YFP construct results in an internal punctate signal with minimal cis-Golgi marker overlap. Neither the AtAPY3 nor the AtAPY6 constructs significantly overlap with the cis-Golgi marker | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
- |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADP + H2O | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
AMP + phosphate | - |
? |  |
| ATP + 2 H2O | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
AMP + 2 phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + H2O | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
ADP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| CTP + H2O | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
CDP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| GDP + H2O | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
GMP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| GTP + H2O | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
GDP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| UDP + H2O | Arabidopsis thaliana | very low activity with UDP | UMP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| UTP + H2O | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
UDP + phosphate | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis thaliana | O80612 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q6NQA8 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q8H1D8 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9SPM5 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9SQG2 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9XI62 | - |
- |
| no activity by Arabidopsis thaliana isozyme AtAPY7 | - |
UniProt ID F4JSH1, clade III apyrase enzyme, no NTPase and NDPase activity | - |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| guard cell | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
| leaf | vegetative rosette | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
| pollen | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
| pollen | AtAPY6 exhibits a defined expression pattern during Arabidopsis thaliana development, namely mature pollen, high expression in mature pollen | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
| root | predominantly | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADP + H2O | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | AMP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + 2 H2O | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | AMP + 2 phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + H2O | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | ADP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| ATP + H2O | high activity | Arabidopsis thaliana | ADP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| CDP + H2O | best substrate | Arabidopsis thaliana | CMP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| CTP + 2 H2O | two steps, very low activity with CDP | Arabidopsis thaliana | CMP + 2 phosphate | - |
? | |
| CTP + H2O | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | CDP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| GDP + H2O | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | GMP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| GTP + H2O | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | GDP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| GTP + H2O | best substrate | Arabidopsis thaliana | GDP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| additional information | isozymes AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 appear to have a substrate preference for NDPs. AtAPY1 exhibits a clear preference towards substrate UDP , supporting previous reports indicating that it functions as UDP/GDPase, see also EC 3.6.1.6 | Arabidopsis thaliana | ? | - |
- |
|
| additional information | isozymes AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 appear to have a substrate preference for NDPs. AtAPY2 exhibits a clear preference towards the substrate UDP/GDP, supporting previous reports indicating that it functions as UDP/GDPase, see also EC 3.6.1.6 | Arabidopsis thaliana | ? | - |
- |
|
| additional information | no significant NTPase or NDPase activity is detected for AtAPY4 except for a slight affinity for CTP. The ability to recover mannose in cell wall extracts of the DELTAynd1DELTAgda1 dKO Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant probably reflects the activity of the apyrase with respect to the substrate GDP (derived from lumenal GDP-mannose) | Arabidopsis thaliana | ? | - |
- |
|
| additional information | the clade II member AtAPY3 has a strong preference toward NTPs but also has significant activities toward ADP and GDP. No activity with CDP, CMP, and GMP | Arabidopsis thaliana | ? | - |
- |
|
| additional information | the clade II member AtAPY6 significantly prefers NDPs but also has significant activities toward NTPs. No activity with CMP and GMP. Broad substrate specificity | Arabidopsis thaliana | ? | - |
- |
|
| UDP + H2O | very low activity with UDP | Arabidopsis thaliana | UMP + phosphate | - |
? | |
| UTP + H2O | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | UDP + phosphate | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| At1g14230 | locus name | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| At1g14240 | locus name | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| At1g14250 | locus name | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| At2g02970 | locus name | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| At3g04080 | locus name | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| At5g18280 | locus name | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtAPY1 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtAPY2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtAPY3 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtAPY4 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtAPY5 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtAPY6 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| lumenal NDPase | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| More | see also EC 3.6.1.6 | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| NTPDase | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
Temperature Optimum [°C]
| Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22 | - |
assay at room temperature | Arabidopsis thaliana |
pH Optimum
| pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6.5 | - |
assay at | Arabidopsis thaliana |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| evolution | the seven member Arabidopsis apyrase family contains representatives in each clade and are clustered into the AtAPY1-2 clade I (GDA1-like), the AtAPY3-6 (clade II) and AtAPY7 in clade III. Isozymes AtAPY3, AtAPY4, and AtAPY5 occur as recurrent tandem duplications and share 68% identity, all three are expressed during Arabidopsis thaliana development with AtAPY3 predominately in the roots and both AtAPY4/AtAPY5 in the vegetative rosette. The protein structure of the seven Arabidopsis apyrase proteins outline the apyrase conserved domain GDA1_CD39 and predicted transmembrane helices | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| evolution | the seven member Arabidopsis apyrase family contains representatives in each clade and are clustered into the AtAPY1-2 clade I (GDA1-like), the AtAPY3-6 (clade II) and AtAPY7 in clade III. The clade I (GDA-like) Arabidopsis members (AtAPY1 andAtAPY2) form a distinct clade with the other characterized plant apyrases, human apyrases and the yeast GDA1 enzyme. The protein structure of the seven Arabidopsis apyrase proteins outline the apyrase conserved domain GDA1_CD39 and predicted transmembrane helices | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| evolution | the seven member Arabidopsis apyrase family contains representatives in each clade and are clustered into the AtAPY1-2 clade I (GDA1-like), the AtAPY3-6 (clade II) and AtAPY7 in clade III. The protein structure of the seven Arabidopsis apyrase proteins outline the apyrase conserved domain GDA1_CD39 and predicted transmembrane helices | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunction | immunochemical and genetic suppression of AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 results in an increase in extracellular ATP | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| metabolism | roles of the Arabidopsis thaliana apyrase family in regulating endomembrane NDP/NMP homoeostasis, overview. The AtAPY1-6 Arabidopsis thaliana enzymes all exhibit classic apyrase-like NTPase and/or NDPases activities, with an absence of NMP activity | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | biochemical analysis of AtAPY4 results in the lowest NDPase activates measured, exhibiting a substrate preference for CTP. But even with this reduced NDPase activity, the isozyme's localization to the Golgi lumen probably assists in the positive complementation phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae DELTAgda1DELTAynd1 dKO. The Arabidopsis apyrases family members have possible roles in regulating endomembrane NDP/NMP (nucleoside monophosphate) homoeostasis | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | both AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 have been shown to play numerous physiological roles in pollen development, vegetative growth and stomata opening/closure. AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 function as plant endo-apyrases and are necessary for lumenal glycosylation. The Arabidopsis apyrases family members have possible roles in regulating endomembrane NDP/NMP (nucleoside monophosphate) homoeostasis. AtAPY 1 and AtAPY2 are able to function as internal Golgi lumenal NDPases | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | isozyme AtAPY6 is able to complement the growth defect phenotype of the DELTAynd1DELTAgda1 dKO Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant, demonstrating that the enzyme is also able to function as internal Golgi lumenal NDPases. Analysis of atapy6 mutants indicate a minor role in pollen development associated with abnormal exine patterning. An endoapyrase role for AtAPY6. The Arabidopsis apyrases family members have possible roles in regulating endomembrane NDP/NMP (nucleoside monophosphate) homoeostasis | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | the Arabidopsis apyrases family members have possible roles in regulating endomembrane NDP/NMP (nucleoside monophosphate) homoeostasis | Arabidopsis thaliana |
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