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Literature summary for 2.7.7.7 extracted from
- Cellular and viral-induced eukaryotic polymerases (1981), The Enzymes,3rd Ed. (Boyer,P. D. ,ed. ), 14, 67-86.
No PubMed abstract available
Activating Compound
| Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| DTT | 3fold stimulation at 5 mM | Herpes simplex virus |  |
| spermidine | up to 10 mM, polymerase beta | Homo sapiens | |
Inhibitors
| Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| aphidicolin | - |
Bos taurus | |
| aphidicolin | - |
Gallus gallus | |
| aphidicolin | - |
Herpes simplex virus | |
| aphidicolin | DNA polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens | |
| aphidicolin | - |
Mammalia | |
| aphidicolin | - |
Mus musculus | |
| aphidicolin | - |
Vaccinia virus | |
| ara-ATP | - |
Herpes simplex virus | |
| ara-ATP | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Ca2+ | polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens | |
| Dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate | - |
Bos taurus | |
| Dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate | - |
Gallus gallus | |
| Dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate | - |
Herpes simplex virus | |
| Dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate | - |
Mammalia | |
| Dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate | - |
Mus musculus | |
| Dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate | - |
Vaccinia virus | |
| diphosphate | DNA polymerase beta | Mammalia | |
| iodoacetate | DNA polymerase beta | Mammalia | |
| Li+ | polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens | |
| N-ethylmaleimide | - |
Bos taurus | |
| N-ethylmaleimide | polymerase gamma | Gallus gallus | |
| N-ethylmaleimide | - |
Herpes simplex virus | |
| N-ethylmaleimide | DNA polymerase | Homo sapiens | |
| N-ethylmaleimide | - |
Mammalia | |
| N-ethylmaleimide | - |
Mus musculus | |
| N-ethylmaleimide | - |
Vaccinia virus | |
| NaCl | enzyme is inhibited 50% by 200 mM | Vaccinia virus | |
| phosphate | DNA polymerase beta | Mammalia | |
| Phosphoformate | - |
Herpes simplex virus | |
| Phosphonoacetate | - |
Herpes simplex virus | |
| Phosphonoacetate | - |
Vaccinia virus | |
| Salt | concentrations above 50 mM inhibit: human KB cell polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens | |
| Salt | - |
Vaccinia virus | |
| Zn2+ | - |
Herpes simplex virus | |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cytoplasm | - |
Homo sapiens | 5737 | - |
| cytoplasm | - |
Bos taurus | 5737 | - |
| nucleus | DNA polymerase gamma | Gallus gallus | 5634 | - |
| nucleus | DNA polymerase gamma | Homo sapiens | 5634 | - |
| nucleus | DNA polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens | 5634 | - |
| nucleus | DNA polymerase beta | Mammalia | 5634 | - |
Metals/Ions
| Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| K+ | - |
Mus musculus | |
| K+ | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| K+ | - |
Bos taurus | |
| K+ | - |
Vaccinia virus | |
| K+ | - |
Herpes simplex virus | |
| K+ | optimal concentration: 0.22 mM, DNA polymerase gamma | Gallus gallus | |
| K+ | 100-200 mM KCl, stimulates Novikoff hepatoma DNA polymerase beta 2fold | Mammalia | |
| Mg2+ | - |
Mus musculus | |
| Mg2+ | - |
Bos taurus | |
| Mg2+ | - |
Vaccinia virus | |
| Mg2+ | stimulates at 5-10 mM, polymerase beta | Mammalia | |
| Mg2+ | stimulates at 4-8 mM | Homo sapiens | |
| Mg2+ | stimulates at 3 mM | Herpes simplex virus | |
| Mg2+ | stimulates at 12 mM, DNA polymerase gamma | Gallus gallus | |
| Mn2+ | - |
Mus musculus | |
| Mn2+ | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Mn2+ | - |
Bos taurus | |
| Mn2+ | - |
Vaccinia virus | |
| Mn2+ | - |
Herpes simplex virus | |
| Mn2+ | optimal concentration: 1 mM, DNA polymerase beta | Mammalia | |
| Mn2+ | stimulates at 0.5-0.6 mM, 5fold more effective than optimal Mg2+ concentration | Gallus gallus | |
| Mn2+ | activates DNA polymerase beta | Mammalia | |
| Na+ | 50 mM stimulates DNA polymerase beta 2fold | Mammalia | |
Molecular Weight [Da]
| Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31000 | - |
DNA polymerase beta | Mammalia |
| 47000 | - |
4 * 47000, heterotetramer, DNA polymerase gamma | Gallus gallus |
| 60000 | - |
polymerase gamma, sedimentation experiments | Rattus norvegicus |
| 66000 | - |
1 * 66000 + 1 * 76000, DNA polymerase alpha, SDS-PAGE | Homo sapiens |
| 76000 | - |
1 * 66000 + 1 * 76000, DNA polymerase alpha, SDS-PAGE | Homo sapiens |
| 110000 | - |
polymerase gamma, HeLa cell line | Homo sapiens |
| 110000 | 150000 | - |
Vaccinia virus |
| 115000 | - |
- |
Vaccinia virus |
| 120000 | - |
polymerase gamma, lymphoblast | Homo sapiens |
| 144000 | - |
SDS-PAGE | Herpes simplex virus |
| 150000 | - |
polymerase alpha, catalytic polypeptide | Rattus norvegicus |
| 150000 | - |
polymerase alpha, catalytic polypeptide | Bos taurus |
| 180000 | - |
DNA polymerase gamma, gel filtration and sedimentation experiments | Gallus gallus |
| 265000 | 280000 | dimeric form, polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | Gallus gallus | - |
diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | Mammalia | - |
diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | Mus musculus | - |
diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | Vaccinia virus | - |
diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | Herpes simplex virus | - |
diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | Homo sapiens | polymerase alpha: role in DNA replication | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | Rattus norvegicus | polymerase alpha: role in DNA replication | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | Bos taurus | polymerase alpha: role in DNA replication | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | Homo sapiens | polymerase beta: role in DNA repair | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bos taurus | - |
- |
- |
| Gallus gallus | - |
- |
- |
| Herpes simplex virus | - |
HeLa cells infected with | - |
| Homo sapiens | - |
5 cellular DNA template-dependent DNA polymerases are encoded by distinct genes: polymerase alpha, i.e. pol I, polymerase beta, only in vertebrates, polymerase gamma, required for mitochondrial DNA replication but encoded in the nucleus, polymerase delta, enzymes in mammalian cell contain tightly associated 3'-5'-exonuclease activities, 2 forms: proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent and a proliferating cell nuclear antigen-independent, also called DNA polymerase delta II, now named DNA polymerase epsilon, polymerase epsilon, tightly associated 3'-5'-exonuclease activity, formerly named DNA polymerase delta II | - |
| Mammalia | - |
- |
- |
| Mus musculus | - |
- |
- |
| Rattus norvegicus | - |
- |
- |
| Vaccinia virus | - |
HeLa cells infected with | - |
Purification (Commentary)
| Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
- |
Mammalia |
- |
Vaccinia virus |
| calf | Bos taurus |
| DNA polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens |
| DNA polymerase gamma | Gallus gallus |
| from infected RC-37 cells | Herpes simplex virus |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| embryo | - |
Gallus gallus | - |
| HeLa cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| KB cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| liver | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| lymphoblast | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| Novikoff hepatoma cell | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| thymus | - |
Bos taurus | - |
Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]
| Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.633 | - |
- |
Vaccinia virus |
| 0.795 | - |
- |
Herpes simplex virus |
| 0.968 | - |
polymerase beta | Homo sapiens |
| 3.43 | - |
polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens |
| 5.83 | - |
polymerase gamma | Gallus gallus |
Storage Stability
| Storage Stability | Organism |
|---|---|
| -20°C or -70°C, 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 50% glycerol, stable | Herpes simplex virus |
| -20°C, stable for months | Vaccinia virus |
| 0°C, in concentrated form in the presence of sucrose and potassium phosphate, half-life: 1.5 months, human KB cell DNA polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | - |
Gallus gallus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | - |
Mammalia | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | - |
Mus musculus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | - |
Rattus norvegicus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | - |
Vaccinia virus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | - |
Herpes simplex virus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | beta-polymerase can copy a synthetic ribohomopolymer such as (A)n*(dT)12 as well as the corresponding deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*(dT)12 or activated DNA, alpha-polymerase utilizes the deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*dT12-18 eight times better than (A)n*dT12 | Gallus gallus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | beta-polymerase can copy a synthetic ribohomopolymer such as (A)n*(dT)12 as well as the corresponding deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*(dT)12 or activated DNA, alpha-polymerase utilizes the deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*dT12-18 eight times better than (A)n*dT12 | Mammalia | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | beta-polymerase can copy a synthetic ribohomopolymer such as (A)n*(dT)12 as well as the corresponding deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*(dT)12 or activated DNA, alpha-polymerase utilizes the deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*dT12-18 eight times better than (A)n*dT12 | Mus musculus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | beta-polymerase can copy a synthetic ribohomopolymer such as (A)n*(dT)12 as well as the corresponding deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*(dT)12 or activated DNA, alpha-polymerase utilizes the deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*dT12-18 eight times better than (A)n*dT12 | Homo sapiens | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | beta-polymerase can copy a synthetic ribohomopolymer such as (A)n*(dT)12 as well as the corresponding deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*(dT)12 or activated DNA, alpha-polymerase utilizes the deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*dT12-18 eight times better than (A)n*dT12 | Bos taurus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | beta-polymerase can copy a synthetic ribohomopolymer such as (A)n*(dT)12 as well as the corresponding deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*(dT)12 or activated DNA, alpha-polymerase utilizes the deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*dT12-18 eight times better than (A)n*dT12 | Vaccinia virus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | beta-polymerase can copy a synthetic ribohomopolymer such as (A)n*(dT)12 as well as the corresponding deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*(dT)12 or activated DNA, alpha-polymerase utilizes the deoxyribohomopolymer (dA)n*dT12-18 eight times better than (A)n*dT12 | Herpes simplex virus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | polymerase alpha: role in DNA replication | Homo sapiens | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | polymerase alpha: role in DNA replication | Rattus norvegicus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | polymerase alpha: role in DNA replication | Bos taurus | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
| deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn | polymerase beta: role in DNA repair | Homo sapiens | diphosphate + DNAn+1 | - |
? | |
Subunits
| Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| dimer | - |
Mus musculus |
| dimer | - |
Bos taurus |
| dimer | 1 * 66000 + 1 * 76000, DNA polymerase alpha, SDS-PAGE | Homo sapiens |
| tetramer | 4 * 47000, heterotetramer, DNA polymerase gamma | Gallus gallus |
pH Optimum
| pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7.5 | 8.5 | KB cell DNA polymerase alpha | Homo sapiens |
| 8 | 8.5 | - |
Herpes simplex virus |
| 8 | 9 | - |
Vaccinia virus |
| 8.5 | 9 | DNA polymerase gamma | Gallus gallus |
pI Value
| Organism | Comment | pI Value Maximum | pI Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | polymerase alpha | - |
5 |
| Homo sapiens | polymerase beta | - |
8.5 |
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