Literature summary for 2.7.7.4 extracted from

Anjum, N.A.; Gill, R.; Kaushik, M.; Hasanuzzaman, M.; Pereira, E.; Ahmad, I.; Tuteja, N.; Gill, S.S.
ATP-sulfurylase, sulfur-compounds, and plant stress tolerance (2015), Front. Plant Sci., 6, 210.

Activating Compound

Activating Compound	Comment	Organism
additional information	the enzyme in cultured cells responds to sulfate starvation	Nicotiana tabacum
additional information	the enzyme responds to chilling or cold stress	Glycine max
additional information	the enzyme responds to increased cadmium level	Lepidium sativum
additional information	the enzyme responds to increased cadmium level	Noccaea caerulescens
additional information	the enzyme responds to increased cadmium level	Sedum alfredii
additional information	the enzyme responds to increased cadmium level, increased salinity, and infection by Phytopthorainfestans and/or Botrytiscinerea	Brassica juncea
additional information	the enzyme responds to increased glutathione level	Lemna gibba
additional information	the enzyme responds to increased glutathione level	Salvinia minima
additional information	the enzyme responds to increased light irradiation	Hordeum vulgare
additional information	the enzyme responds to increased light irradiation	Avena sativa
additional information	the enzyme responds to sulfate starvation, and increased salinity, but not to increased light irradiation, H2O2, and glutathione level	Brassica napus
additional information	the enzyme responds to sulfate starvation, increased cadmium level, increased salinity, and infection by Phytopthorainfestans and/or Botrytiscinerea, but not to increased light irradiation	Arabidopsis thaliana
additional information	the enzyme responds to sulfate starvation, increased light irradiation, and chilling o cold stress	Zea mays

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
the four ATP-S genes ATPS1,-2,-3, and -4 have N-terminal extensions typ ical of plastid-transit peptides, and are located on different chromosomes	Arabidopsis thaliana
the four ATP-S genes ATPS1,-2,-3, and -4 have N-terminal extensions typical of plastid-transit peptides, and are located on different chromosomes	Arabidopsis thaliana

Localization

Localization	Comment	Organism	GeneOntology No.	Textmining
chloroplast	-	Glycine max	9507	-
chloroplast	Arabidopsis thaliana has isozymes with N'-terminal extensions typical of plastid-transit-peptides	Arabidopsis thaliana	9507	-
chloroplast	Arabidopsis thaliana has isozymes with N-terminal extensions typical of plastid-transit-peptides	Arabidopsis thaliana	9507	-
chloroplast	isozyme ATPS2 is dually encoded in plastidic and cytosolic forms, where translational initiation at AUGMet1 and AUGMet52 or AUGMet58 produce ATPS2 in plastid and cytosol, respectively	Arabidopsis thaliana	9507	-
cytosol	isozyme ATPS2 is dually encoded in plastidic and cytosolic forms, where translational initiation at AUGMet1 and AUGMet52 or AUGMet58 produce ATPS2 in plastid and cytosol, respectively	Arabidopsis thaliana	5829	-
mitochondrion	-	Glycine max	5739	-
additional information	Arabidopsis thaliana has isozymes with N'-terminal extensions typical of plastid-transit-peptides	Arabidopsis thaliana	-	-

Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions	Comment	Organism
Mg2+	required	Triticum aestivum
Mg2+	required	Hordeum vulgare
Mg2+	required	Zea mays
Mg2+	required	Nicotiana tabacum
Mg2+	required	Avena sativa
Mg2+	required	Brassica napus
Mg2+	required	Oryza sativa
Mg2+	required	Lemna gibba
Mg2+	required	Lepidium sativum
Mg2+	required	Brassica juncea
Mg2+	required	Glycine max
Mg2+	required	Noccaea caerulescens
Mg2+	required	Camellia sinensis
Mg2+	required	Sedum alfredii
Mg2+	required	Stanleya pinnata
Mg2+	required	Arabidopsis thaliana
Mg2+	required	Salvinia minima

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.
ATP + sulfate	Triticum aestivum	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Hordeum vulgare	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Zea mays	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Nicotiana tabacum	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Avena sativa	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Brassica napus	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Oryza sativa	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Lemna gibba	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Lepidium sativum	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Brassica juncea	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Glycine max	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Noccaea caerulescens	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Camellia sinensis	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Sedum alfredii	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Stanleya pinnata	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Arabidopsis thaliana	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	Salvinia minima	-	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Arabidopsis thaliana	O23324	APS3; gene APS3	-
Arabidopsis thaliana	Q43870	APS2; gene APS2	-
Arabidopsis thaliana	Q9LIK9	APS1; gene APS1	-
Arabidopsis thaliana	Q9S7D8	APS4; gene APS4	-
Avena sativa	-	-	-
Brassica juncea	-	-	-
Brassica napus	-	-	-
Camellia sinensis	Q1HL01	APS2; isozyme APS2, gene sat	-
Camellia sinensis	Q1HL02	APS1; isozyme APS1, gene sat	-
Glycine max	I1LWX5	gene Glyma13g06940; gene Glyma13g06940	-
Glycine max	I1N6H7	gene Glyma19g05020; gene Glyma19g05020	-
Glycine max	I1NGL3	gene Glyma20g28980; gene Glyma20g28980	-
Glycine max	Q8SAG1	gene Glyma10g38760; gene Glyma10g38760	-
Hordeum vulgare	-	-	-
Lemna gibba	-	-	-
Lepidium sativum	-	-	-
Nicotiana tabacum	-	-	-
Noccaea caerulescens	-	-	-
Oryza sativa	-	gene sat, two isozymes	-
Salvinia minima	-	-	-
Sedum alfredii	-	-	-
Stanleya pinnata	-	isozymes APS1, APS2, and APS4	-
Triticum aestivum	-	-	-
Zea mays	-	-	-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
cell culture	-	Nicotiana tabacum	-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.
ATP + sulfate	-	Triticum aestivum	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Hordeum vulgare	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Zea mays	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Nicotiana tabacum	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Avena sativa	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Brassica napus	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Oryza sativa	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Lemna gibba	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Lepidium sativum	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Brassica juncea	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Glycine max	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Noccaea caerulescens	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Camellia sinensis	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Sedum alfredii	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Stanleya pinnata	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Arabidopsis thaliana	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?
ATP + sulfate	-	Salvinia minima	diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate	-	?

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
APS1	-	Camellia sinensis
APS2	-	Camellia sinensis
ATP sulfurylase 1	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
ATP sulfurylase 2	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
ATP sulfurylase 3	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
ATP sulfurylase 4	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
ATP-S	-	Triticum aestivum
ATP-S	-	Hordeum vulgare
ATP-S	-	Zea mays
ATP-S	-	Nicotiana tabacum
ATP-S	-	Avena sativa
ATP-S	-	Brassica napus
ATP-S	-	Oryza sativa
ATP-S	-	Lemna gibba
ATP-S	-	Lepidium sativum
ATP-S	-	Brassica juncea
ATP-S	-	Glycine max
ATP-S	-	Noccaea caerulescens
ATP-S	-	Camellia sinensis
ATP-S	-	Sedum alfredii
ATP-S	-	Stanleya pinnata
ATP-S	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
ATP-S	-	Salvinia minima
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Triticum aestivum
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Hordeum vulgare
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Zea mays
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Nicotiana tabacum
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Avena sativa
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Brassica napus
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Oryza sativa
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Lemna gibba
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Lepidium sativum
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Brassica juncea
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Glycine max
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Noccaea caerulescens
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Camellia sinensis
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Sedum alfredii
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Stanleya pinnata
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
ATP-sulfurylase	-	Salvinia minima

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism
ATP	-	Triticum aestivum
ATP	-	Hordeum vulgare
ATP	-	Zea mays
ATP	-	Nicotiana tabacum
ATP	-	Avena sativa
ATP	-	Brassica napus
ATP	-	Oryza sativa
ATP	-	Lemna gibba
ATP	-	Lepidium sativum
ATP	-	Brassica juncea
ATP	-	Glycine max
ATP	-	Noccaea caerulescens
ATP	-	Camellia sinensis
ATP	-	Sedum alfredii
ATP	-	Stanleya pinnata
ATP	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
ATP	-	Salvinia minima

Expression

Organism	Comment	Expression
Camellia sinensis	growth on Se enriched soil, suppresses APS1 expression levels in young (or mature) leaves and roots in Camellia sinensis	down
Arabidopsis thaliana	ATP-S activity/expression can also be controlled/modulated by S-limitation1 (SLIM1), a transcription factor identical to ethylene-insensitive3-like (EIL3) transcription factor in Arabidopsis and the regulator of many S-deficiency responsive genes	additional information
Stanleya pinnata	under Se-exposure and S-deficiency, Stanleya pinnata hyperaccumulates and tolerates selenium due to its ability to convert SeO24- to non-toxic organic-seleno-compounds by downregulating isozymes APS1, APS2, and APS4. Under S-sufficient and Se-exposure, adoption of different types of regulatory mechanisms and subcellular localization are revealed in Stanleya pinnata, where Se upregulates APS1 and APS4 but is not able to affect APS2 in Stanleya pinnata	additional information
Camellia sinensis	growth on Se enriched soil, induces APS2 expression levels in young (or mature) leaves and roots in Camellia sinensis	up
Nicotiana tabacum	the enzyme in cultured cells responds to sulfate starvation	up
Glycine max	the enzyme responds to chilling or cold stress	up
Lepidium sativum	the enzyme responds to increased cadmium level	up
Noccaea caerulescens	the enzyme responds to increased cadmium level	up
Sedum alfredii	the enzyme responds to increased cadmium level	up
Brassica juncea	the enzyme responds to increased cadmium level, increased salinity, and infection by Phytopthorainfestans and/or Botrytiscinerea	up
Lemna gibba	the enzyme responds to increased glutathione level	up
Salvinia minima	the enzyme responds to increased glutathione level	up
Hordeum vulgare	the enzyme responds to increased light irradiation	up
Avena sativa	the enzyme responds to increased light irradiation	up
Brassica napus	the enzyme responds to sulfate starvation, and increased salinity, but not to increased light irradiation, H2O2, and glutathione level	up
Arabidopsis thaliana	the enzyme responds to sulfate starvation, increased cadmium level, increased salinity, and infection by Phytopthora infestans and/or Botrytiscinerea, but not to increased light irradiation. S-depletion mediates regulation of ATP-S activity/expression. ATP-S isoforms can be differentially expressed by S-depletion, e.g. isozyme APS3, while isozyme APS2 is insensitive to S-depletion. Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing or disruption in MYB51-gene shows alterations in ATP-S-transcript levels and activity. Transcription regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana APS genes by external factors, detailed overview	up
Arabidopsis thaliana	the enzyme responds to sulfate starvation, increased cadmium level, increased salinity, and infection by Phytopthora infestans and/or Botrytiscinerea, but not to increased light irradiation. S-depletion mediates regulation of ATP-S activity/expression. ATP-S isoforms can be differentially expressed by S-depletion, e.g. isozyme APS3, while isozyme APS2 is insentivie to S depletion. Expression of both ATPS1 and ATPS3 isoforms is controlled by all six GSs-related MYBTFs, namely MYB28, MYB29, and MYB76, MYB51, MYB34, and MYB122. Isozymes ATPS1 and ATPS3 are strongly associated with the control of synthesis of aliphatic and indolic GSs, respectively. Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing or disruption in MYB51-gene shows alterations in ATP-S-transcript levels and activity. Transcription regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana APS genes by external factors, detailed overview	up
Arabidopsis thaliana	the enzyme responds to sulfate starvation, increased cadmium level, increased salinity, and infection by Phytopthora infestans and/or Botrytiscinerea, but not to increased light irradiation. S-depletion mediates regulation of ATP-S activity/expression. Transcription regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana APS genes by external factors, detailed overview	up
Arabidopsis thaliana	the enzyme responds to sulfate starvation, increased cadmium level, increased salinity, and infection by Phytopthorainfestans and/or Botrytiscinerea, but not to increased light irradiation. S-depletion-mediates regulation of ATP-S activity/expression. Expression of both ATPS1 and ATPS3 isoforms is controlled by all six GSs-related MYBTFs, namely MYB28, MYB29, and MYB76, MYB51, MYB34, and MYB122. Isozymes ATPS1 and ATPS3 are strongly associated with the control of synthesis of aliphatic and indolic GSs, respectively. Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing or disruption in MYB51-gene shows alterations in ATP-S-transcript levels and activity. Transcription regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana APS genes by external factors, detailed overview	up
Zea mays	the enzyme responds to sulfate starvation, increased light irradiation, and chilling o cold stress	up

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Triticum aestivum
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Hordeum vulgare
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Zea mays
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Nicotiana tabacum
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Avena sativa
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Brassica napus
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Oryza sativa
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Lemna gibba
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Lepidium sativum
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Brassica juncea
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Glycine max
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Noccaea caerulescens
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Camellia sinensis
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Sedum alfredii
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Stanleya pinnata
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors	Salvinia minima
metabolism	as the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes sulfate activation and yields the activated high-energy compound adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide and incorporated into cysteine. In turn, cysteine acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for arange of S-compounds such as methionine, glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH,and phytochelatins. Schematic representation of pathway of sulfate assimilation, reaction catalyzed by ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S), and its regulation by major factors. Transcription regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana APS genes by external factors, detailed overview	Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Triticum aestivum
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Hordeum vulgare
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Zea mays
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Nicotiana tabacum
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Avena sativa
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Brassica napus
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Oryza sativa
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Lemna gibba
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Lepidium sativum
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Brassica juncea
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Glycine max
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Noccaea caerulescens
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Camellia sinensis
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Sedum alfredii
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Stanleya pinnata
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function	S-compound-mediated role of enzyme ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, overview. Sulfur stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and its importance is being increasingly emphasized in agriculture and plant stress tolerance, because S-deficiency in agricultural-soils is becoming widespread globally. Plant harbored-S is metabolically inert and is of no significance if it is not efficiently assimilated into physiologically/biochemically exploitable organic forms that is performed by the process of S-assimilation involving the ATP-sulfurylase	Salvinia minima