Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
additional information | para-chloroamphetamine, PCA, a specific inhibitor of the arginylation branch of the pathway (Arg/N-end rule pathway). PCA significantly alters various biological pathways, including cellular responses to stress, nutrient, and DNA damage, which are also closely involved in modulation of autophagic responses. Treatment with para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) delays the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and leads to the accumulation of autophagic markers. Analysis of PCA effects in wild-type and mutant (ubr1-/- ubr2-/-) HeLa cells. The direct targets of PCA are UBR1 and UBR2 proteins, not ATE1, an upstream component of the Arg/N-end rule pathway | Homo sapiens | |
additional information | para-chloroamphetamine, PCA, a specific inhibitor of the arginylation branch of the pathway (Arg/N-end rule pathway). PCA significantly alters various biological pathways, including cellular responses to stress, nutrient, and DNA damage, which are also closely involved in modulation of autophagic responses. Treatment with para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) delays the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and leads to the accumulation of autophagic markers. Analysis of PCA effects in wild-type and mutant (ubr1-/- ubr2-/-) MEFs. The direct targets of PCA are UBR1 and UBR2 proteins, not ATE1, an upstream component of the Arg/N-end rule pathway | Mus musculus |
Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|---|
endoplasmic reticulum | - |
Mus musculus | 5783 | - |
endoplasmic reticulum | - |
Homo sapiens | 5783 | - |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
additional information | Mus musculus | the Arg/N-end rule-mediated autophagic flux regulator might be a direct substrate of ATE1, rather than UBR1 or UBR2 | ? | - |
- |
|
additional information | Homo sapiens | the Arg/N-end rule-mediated autophagic flux regulator might be a direct substrate of ATE1, rather than UBR1 or UBR2 | ? | - |
- |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | O95260 | - |
- |
Mus musculus | Q9Z2A5 | - |
- |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
embryonic fibroblast | MEF | Mus musculus | - |
HeLa cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
additional information | the Arg/N-end rule-mediated autophagic flux regulator might be a direct substrate of ATE1, rather than UBR1 or UBR2 | Mus musculus | ? | - |
- |
|
additional information | the Arg/N-end rule-mediated autophagic flux regulator might be a direct substrate of ATE1, rather than UBR1 or UBR2 | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
- |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
Arg-tRNA-protein transferase | - |
Mus musculus |
Arg-tRNA-protein transferase | - |
Homo sapiens |
Ate1 | - |
Mus musculus |
Ate1 | - |
Homo sapiens |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
malfunction | blocking the Arg/N-end rule pathway significantly impaired the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. The inhibition of the Arg/N-end rule pathway with para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) significantly elevates levels of MAPT and huntingtin aggregates, accompanied by increased numbers of LC3 and SQSTM1 puncta. Cells treated with the Arg/N-end rule inhibitor become more sensitized to proteotoxic stress-induced cytotoxicity. Treatment with PCA delays the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and leads to the accumulation of autophagic markers | Mus musculus |
malfunction | blocking the Arg/N-end rule pathway significantly impaired the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. The inhibition of the Arg/N-end rule pathway with para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) significantly elevates levels of MAPT and huntingtin aggregates, accompanied by increased numbers of LC3 and SQSTM1 puncta. Cells treated with the Arg/N-end rule inhibitor become more sensitized to proteotoxic stress-induced cytotoxicity. Treatment with PCA delays the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and leads to the accumulation of autophagic markers. The direct targets of PCA are UBR1 and UBR2 proteins, not ATE1, an upstream component of the Arg/N-end rule pathway | Homo sapiens |
metabolism | the arginylation branch of the N-end rule pathway positively regulates cellular autophagic flux and clearance of proteotoxic proteins. In the Arg/N-end rule pathway, a main process, that generates a primary destabilizing residue, is the posttranslational conjugation of Arg to pro-N-degrons such as Asp, Glu, and oxidized Cys. This conjugation is solely mediated by ATE1-encoded Arg-tRNA-protein transferase. Arg/N-end rule pathway-dependent degradation of Arg-HSPA5 is a critical regulatory step for autophagosome maturation. Molecular mechanism of Arg/N-end rule dependent autophagic inhibition, oerview | Mus musculus |
metabolism | the arginylation branch of the N-end rule pathway positively regulates cellular autophagic flux and clearance of proteotoxic proteins. In the Arg/N-end rule pathway, a main process, that generates a primary destabilizing residue, is the posttranslational conjugation of Arg to pro-N-degrons such as Asp, Glu, and oxidized Cys. This conjugation is solely mediated by ATE1-encoded Arg-tRNA-protein transferase. Arg/N-end rule pathway-dependent degradation of Arg-HSPA5 is a critical regulatory step for autophagosome maturation. Molecular mechanism of Arg/N-end rule dependent autophagic inhibition, oerview | Homo sapiens |
physiological function | the Arg/N-end rule pathway may function to actively protect cells from detrimental effects of cellular stresses, including proteotoxic protein accumulation, by positively regulating autophagic flux. Under endplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, ATE1-encoded Arg-tRNA-protein transferases carry out the N-terminal arginylation of the ER heat shock protein HSPA5 that initially targets cargo proteins, along with SQSTM1, to the autophagosome. At the late stage of autophagy, the proteasomal degradation of arginylated HSPA5 might function as a critical checkpoint for the proper progression of autophagic flux in the cells. N-terminal arginylation by ATE1 is usually sufficient for the recognition by UBR proteins and subsequent ubiquitination and degradation in the Arg/N-end rule pathway. The Arg/N-end rule-mediated autophagic flux regulator might be a direct substrate of ATE1, rather than UBR1 or UBR2 | Mus musculus |
physiological function | the Arg/N-end rule pathway may function to actively protect cells from detrimental effects of cellular stresses, including proteotoxic protein accumulation, by positively regulating autophagic flux. Under endplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, ATE1-encoded Arg-tRNA-protein transferases carry out the N-terminal arginylation of the ER heat shock protein HSPA5 that initially targets cargo proteins, along with SQSTM1, to the autophagosome. At the late stage of autophagy, the proteasomal degradation of arginylated HSPA5 might function as a critical checkpoint for the proper progression of autophagic flux in the cells. N-terminal arginylation by ATE1 is usually sufficient for the recognition by UBR proteins and subsequent ubiquitination and degradation in the Arg/N-end rule pathway. The Arg/N-end rule-mediated autophagic flux regulator might be a direct substrate of ATE1, rather than UBR1 or UBR2 | Homo sapiens |