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Literature summary for 2.3.2.15 extracted from

  • Bellini, E.; Maresca, V.; Betti, C.; Castiglione, M.R.; Fontanini, D.; Capocchi, A.; Sorce, C.; Borso, M.; Bruno, L.; Sorbo, S.; Basile, A.; Sanita di Toppi, L.
    The moss Leptodictyum riparium counteracts severe cadmium stress by activation of glutathione transferase and phytochelatin synthase, but slightly by phytochelatins (2020), Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21, 1583 .
    View publication on PubMed
Search for more literature for 2.3.2.15

Localization

Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
cytosol
-
 Leptodictyum riparium 5829
-

Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
Cd2+ activates the enzyme at 0.036-0.36 mM about 4-9fold. PCS activation is self-regulated, because its product poly(4-glutamyl-cysteinyl)glycine chelates Cd2+, and the reaction stops when free Cd2+ ions are no longer available. Cd2+ also activates the enzymes peptidase activity. Presence of PC2, PC3, and PC4 oligomers is evident in extracts from gametophytes exposed to Cd2+ for 7 days, determined by HPLC-ESI-MS-MS analysis Leptodictyum riparium
Cu2+ activates the enzymes peptidase activity Leptodictyum riparium
Zn2+ activates the enzymes peptidase activity Leptodictyum riparium

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
glutathione + [Glu(-Cys)]n-Gly Leptodictyum riparium
-
 Gly + [Glu(-Cys)]n+1-Gly
-
 ?

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Leptodictyum riparium
-
-
-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
gametophyte
-
 Leptodictyum riparium
-
additional information the enzyme is constitutively expressed Leptodictyum riparium
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
glutathione + [Glu(-Cys)]n-Gly
-
 Leptodictyum riparium Gly + [Glu(-Cys)]n+1-Gly
-
 ?

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
gamma-EC dipeptidyl(trans)peptidase
-
 Leptodictyum riparium
PCS
-
 Leptodictyum riparium
phytochelatin synthase
-
 Leptodictyum riparium

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
35
-
 assay at Leptodictyum riparium

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
8
-
 assay at Leptodictyum riparium

General Information

General Information Comment Organism
additional information the cosmopolitan moss Leptodictyum riparium (Bryophyta) can accumulate, and seemingly tolerate, very high concentrations of toxic metals, including Cd. Leptodictyum riparium performs little Cd immobilization at the cell wall level, and therefore the metal enters the cytosol rather easily Leptodictyum riparium
physiological function in plant cells, Cd ions are highly noxious even at low concentrations, with subsequent severe negative effects. Activation of phytochelatin synthase (PCS) and glutathione-S-transferase, but minimally phytochelatin synthesis, play a role to counteract Cd toxicity in Leptodictyum riparium, for minimizing the cellular damage caused by the metal. The highest Cd concentrations activates the formation of gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-bimane (GS-bimane) in the cytosol, possibly catalyzed by the peptidase activity of phytochelatin synthase. PCS activation is self-regulated, because its product poly(4-glutamyl-cysteinyl)glycine (PCn) chelates Cd, and the reaction stops when free Cd2+ ions are no longer available. Besides being a gamma-EC transpeptidase, PCS is also a cysteine peptidase that may regulate the cytosolic catabolism of gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl (GS)-conjugates. In this case, GS-conjugates with MCB (GS-bimane) can be cleaved into gamma-gamma-glutamyl-cysteine and glycine, a reaction stimulated by some metals, particularly Cd, Zn, and Cu Leptodictyum riparium