Application | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
synthesis | the enzyme in Pyrococcus furiosus is a potential platform for the biological production of acetoin at temperatures in the 70-80°C range. Acetoin, or 3-hydroxybutanone, is an important four-carbon compound that serves as a building block for valuable bio-based chemical compounds and is a common flavor additive and preservative in the food industry | Pyrococcus furiosus |
synthesis | acetoin (i.e. 3-hydroxybutanone), is a major product at temperatures below 80 °C. Acetolactate synthase ALS, which is involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, is responsible and deletion of the Als gene abolishes acetoin production. Deletion of Als in a strain of Pyrococcus furiosus heterologously expressing an alcohol dehydrogenase gene from Thermoanaerobacter sp. X514 for ethanol production significantly improves the yield of ethanol | Pyrococcus furiosus |
Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
gene als or PF0935, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis | Pyrococcus furiosus |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | engineering of a strain of Pyrococcus furiosus to contain an additional pathway for ethanol production. Enzyme ALS deletion abolishes acetoin formation and improves ethanol production in the alcohol dehydrogenase ADHA strain. High level expression of enzyme ALS uncouples the temperature-dependence of acetoin formation | Pyrococcus furiosus |
Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|---|
cytoplasm | - |
Pyrococcus furiosus | 5737 | - |
Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Mg2+ | required | Pyrococcus furiosus |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 pyruvate | Pyrococcus furiosus | - |
2-acetolactate + CO2 | - |
? | |
2 pyruvate | Pyrococcus furiosus | the enzyme produces 2-acetolactate in a temperature-dependent manner | 2-acetolactate + CO2 | - |
? | |
additional information | Pyrococcus furiosus | non-enzymatic decarboxylation of acetolactate to acetoin | ? | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Pyrococcus furiosus | Q8U2A4 | - |
- |
Pyrococcus furiosus | Q8U2A4 | gene als | - |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
additional information | no production of acetoin and butanediol at temperatures above 85°C, best production rates at 75-80°C, profile overview | Pyrococcus furiosus | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 pyruvate | - |
Pyrococcus furiosus | 2-acetolactate + CO2 | - |
? | |
2 pyruvate | - |
Pyrococcus furiosus | 2-acetolactate + CO2 | product decarboxylates spontaneously to final product acetoin (i.e. 3-hydroxybutanone), which is a major product at temperatures below 80°C. Acetolactate synthase ALS, which is involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, is responsible and deletion of the Als gene abolishes acetoin production | ? | |
2 pyruvate | the enzyme produces 2-acetolactate in a temperature-dependent manner | Pyrococcus furiosus | 2-acetolactate + CO2 | - |
? | |
2 pyruvate | activated enzyme ALS catalyzes the condensation and decarboxylation of two pyruvates to one 2-acetolactate | Pyrococcus furiosus | 2-acetolactate + CO2 | - |
? | |
additional information | non-enzymatic decarboxylation of acetolactate to acetoin | Pyrococcus furiosus | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | assay method with indirect quantitation of alpha-acetolactate by measuring acetoin formation | Pyrococcus furiosus | ? | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
acetolactate synthase | - |
Pyrococcus furiosus |
ALS | - |
Pyrococcus furiosus |
PF0935 | - |
Pyrococcus furiosus |
Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|---|
75 | 78 | - |
Pyrococcus furiosus |
85 | - |
- |
Pyrococcus furiosus |
Temperature Minimum [°C] | Temperature Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|---|
60 | 95 | assay activity range | Pyrococcus furiosus |
pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|---|
8.4 | - |
assay at | Pyrococcus furiosus |
Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
FAD | required | Pyrococcus furiosus | |
thiamine diphosphate | - |
Pyrococcus furiosus | |
thiamine diphosphate | dependent on | Pyrococcus furiosus |
Organism | Comment | Expression |
---|---|---|
Pyrococcus furiosus | maximum gene expression between 72 and 80 °C | additional information |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
malfunction | deletion of the als gene abolishes acetoin production. Deletion of gene als in an engineered strain of Pyrococcus furiosus containing an additional pathway for ethanol production significantly improves the yield of ethanol | Pyrococcus furiosus |
malfunction | deletion of the enzyme gene abolishes acetoin production | Pyrococcus furiosus |
metabolism | there are two enzymes in nature that are known to produce 2-acetolactate from pyruvate, a catabolic ALS encoded by the alsSD operon, which is involved in the production of acetoin and butanediol, and ananabolic 2-acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) that participates in biosynthesis of the branched chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine and valine. The flux of 2-acetolactate toward amino acid biosynthesis is regulated via allosteric activation of 2-acetolactate decarboxylase, ALDC, by either valine or leucine | Pyrococcus furiosus |
physiological function | the enzyme is involved in the production of acetoin (3-hydroxybutanone) as a major product at growth temperatures below 80°C. Acetoin is produced by wild-type Pyrococcus furiosus during growth at sub-optimal temperatures below 80°C | Pyrococcus furiosus |
physiological function | Pyrococcus furiosus produces acetoin as amajor end product at growth temperatures below 85°C in a temperature-dependent manner via a acetolactate synthase whose gene expression and biochemical function are temperature-dependent | Pyrococcus furiosus |