Literature summary for 1.8.4.11 extracted from

Weissbach, H.; Resnick, L.; Brot, N.
Methionine sulfoxide reductases: history and cellular role in protecting against oxidative damage (2005), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1703, 203-212.

Application

Application	Comment	Organism
synthesis	enzyme can be useful in the development and action of anti-cancer and anti-inflammation drugs	Escherichia coli
synthesis	enzyme can be useful in the development and action of anti-cancer and anti-inflammation drugs	Bos taurus

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
-	Bos taurus
-	Escherichia coli
gene msr or pilB, DNA sequence determination and analysis	Neisseria gonorrhoeae
gene msrA, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, recombinant expression, functional overexpression of MsrB from gene msrB or yeaA	Escherichia coli
gene msrA, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, recombinant expression, overexpression of MsrA leads to increased resistance to reactive oxygen species	Bos taurus
overexpression of MsrA in T-lymphocytes and PC12 cells leads to increased resistance of the cells to reactive oxygen species and apoptotic death	Homo sapiens
overexpression of MsrA leads to increased resistance to reactive oxygen species	Mus musculus

Protein Variants

Protein Variants	Comment	Organism
C52S	site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant, no protection of the cell against reactive oxygen species	Escherichia coli
additional information	a knockout MsrA mutant strain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species and shows decreased adherence to host cells, construction of a msrA/msrB double mutant for detection of additional enzyme form activities	Escherichia coli
additional information	a knockout MsrA mutant strain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species and shows decreased adherence to host cells	Neisseria gonorrhoeae
additional information	a knockout MsrA mutant strain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species and shows defective interaction with plant host cells	Dickeya chrysanthemi
additional information	knockout mutants show shortened life span and have neurological lesions	Mus musculus
additional information	transgenic flies overexpressing MsrA show increased extended life span, with extended time of physical and sexual activity, and increased resistance to paraquat	Drosophila melanogaster
additional information	a knockout MsrA mutant strain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species and shows decreased adherence to host cells	Neisseria meningitidis
additional information	a knockout MsrA mutant strain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species and shows decreased adherence to host cells	Helicobacter pylori
additional information	a knockout MsrA mutant strain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species and shows decreased adherence to host cells	Haemophilus influenzae
additional information	a knockout MsrA mutant strain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species and is 60% reduced binding to host lung cells	Streptococcus pneumoniae
additional information	a knockout MsrA mutant strain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species and shows decreased adherence to host cells	Streptococcus gordonii
additional information	a knockout MsrA mutant strain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species	Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Localization

Localization	Comment	Organism	GeneOntology No.	Textmining
membrane	enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr	Escherichia coli	16020	-
microsome	calf, sulindac reducing activity	Bos taurus	-	-
additional information	subcellular sulindac reducing activity distribution in calf liver	Bos taurus	-	-

Molecular Weight [Da]

Molecular Weight [Da]	Molecular Weight Maximum [Da]	Comment	Organism
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Drosophila melanogaster
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Haemophilus influenzae
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Mus musculus
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Escherichia coli
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Homo sapiens
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Saccharomyces cerevisiae
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Bos taurus
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Neisseria meningitidis
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Streptococcus pneumoniae
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Helicobacter pylori
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Dickeya chrysanthemi
25000	-	x * 25000, MsrA	Streptococcus gordonii
57000	-	x * 57000, MsrA/B	Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Neisseria meningitidis	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Helicobacter pylori	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Haemophilus influenzae	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Streptococcus pneumoniae	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Streptococcus gordonii	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Escherichia coli	membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr, enzyme form MsrA is specific for the S-form, MsrA enzyme form variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Dickeya chrysanthemi	MsrA is specific for the S-form, free and protein-bound methionine	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Mus musculus	MsrA is specific for the S-form, there exist enzyme variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Drosophila melanogaster	MsrA is specific for the S-form, free and protein-bound methionine	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	MsrA is specific for the S-form, enzyme variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	MsrA is specific for the S-form, there exist enzyme variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	Bos taurus	MsrA is specific for the S-form, enzyme variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
additional information	Escherichia coli	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions, the membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr also utilizes the R-isomer of methionine sulfoxide as substrate	?	-	?
additional information	Dickeya chrysanthemi	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	?	-	?
additional information	Mus musculus	the enzyme protect cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related diseases	?	-	?
additional information	Drosophila melanogaster	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related diseases	?	-	?
additional information	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related diseases	?	-	?
additional information	Homo sapiens	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related and neurological diseases, like Parkinsons or Alzheimers disease	?	-	?
additional information	Bos taurus	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related diseases	?	-	?
additional information	Escherichia coli	MsrA can protect cells against oxidative damage. Increased sensitivity to H2O2 of the Escherichia coli MsrA mutant	?	-	?
additional information	Streptococcus pneumoniae	MsrA can protect cells against oxidative damage. A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae that is defective in binding to lung cells has a mutation in the MsrA gene. The adherence of the MsrA mutant organism to lung cells is inhibited by about 60%	?	-	?
additional information	Dickeya chrysanthemi	MsrA can protect cells against oxidative damage. MsrA mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi have a defective interaction with plant cells	?	-	?
additional information	Mus musculus	MsrA knockout mice have a shorter life span, are more sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen and had a neurological defect that resuls in abnormal walking	?	-	?
sulindac + thioredoxin	Escherichia coli	activation of a methionine sulfoxide-containing prodrug, activity with membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr and MsrA	sulindac sulfide + thioredoxin disulfide	activated drug which inhibits cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 and exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity	?
sulindac + thioredoxin	Bos taurus	activation of a methionine sulfoxide-containing prodrug, activity with membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr	sulindac sulfide + thioredoxin disulfide	activated drug which inhibits cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 and exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Bos taurus	-	-	-
Dickeya chrysanthemi	-	-	-
Drosophila melanogaster	-	-	-
Escherichia coli	-	enzyme forms MsrA and Mem-R,S-Msr	-
Escherichia coli	-	-	-
Haemophilus influenzae	-	gene msr encodes an enzyme showing both MsrA, methionine S-oxide reductase (S-form oxidizing), and MsrB, methionine S-oxide reductase (R-form oxidizing), activity	-
Haemophilus influenzae	-	-	-
Helicobacter pylori	-	gene msr encodes an enzyme showing both MsrA, methionine S-oxide reductase (S-form oxidizing), and MsrB, methionine S-oxide reductase (R-form oxidizing), activity	-
Helicobacter pylori	-	-	-
Homo sapiens	-	-	-
Mus musculus	-	-	-
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	-	gene msr encodes an enzyme showing both MsrA, methionine S-oxide reductase (S-form oxidizing), and MsrB, methionine S-oxide reductase (R-form oxidizing), activity	-
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	-	-	-
Neisseria meningitidis	-	gene msr encodes an enzyme showing both MsrA and MsrB, methionine S-oxide reductase (R-form oxidizing), activity	-
Neisseria meningitidis	-	-	-
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	-	-	-
Streptococcus gordonii	-	gene msr encodes an enzyme showing both MsrA, methionine S-oxide reductase (S-form oxidizing), and MsrB, methionine S-oxide reductase (R-form oxidizing), activity	-
Streptococcus gordonii	-	-	-
Streptococcus pneumoniae	-	gene msr encodes an enzyme showing both MsrA, methionine S-oxide reductase (S-form oxidizing), and MsrB, methionine S-oxide reductase (R-form oxidizing), activity	-
Streptococcus pneumoniae	-	-	-

Reaction

Reaction	Comment	Organism	Reaction ID
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin = L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	catalytic mechanism involving the formation of a sulfenic acid intermediate, Cys52 is involved	Escherichia coli	a
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin = L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	catalytic mechanism involving the formation of a sulfenic acid intermediate, Cys72, Cys218 and Cys228 are involved	Bos taurus	a

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
brain	calf, sulindac reducing activity	Bos taurus	-
kidney	calf, sulindac reducing activity	Bos taurus	-
liver	calf, sulindac reducing activity	Bos taurus	-
T-lymphocyte	overexpression of MsrA in human T-lymphocyte cells protects them against oxidative stress	Homo sapiens	-

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg]	Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg]	Comment	Organism
additional information	-	activity in mutant strains	Escherichia coli
additional information	-	subcellular sulindac reducing activity in calf liver	Bos taurus
0.00009	-	enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr, substrate sulindac	Escherichia coli
0.00019	-	enzyme form MsrA, substrate sulindac	Escherichia coli
0.0018	-	wild-type strain, substrate L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide	Escherichia coli

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	Neisseria meningitidis	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	Helicobacter pylori	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	Haemophilus influenzae	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	Streptococcus pneumoniae	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	Streptococcus gordonii	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	enzyme MsrA/B shows both MsrA and MsrB activity, free and protein-bound methionine	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	enzyme MsrA/B shows both MsrA and MsrB activity, free and protein-bound methionine	Neisseria meningitidis	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	enzyme MsrA/B shows both MsrA and MsrB activity, free and protein-bound methionine	Helicobacter pylori	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	enzyme MsrA/B shows both MsrA and MsrB activity, free and protein-bound methionine	Haemophilus influenzae	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	enzyme MsrA/B shows both MsrA and MsrB activity, free and protein-bound methionine	Streptococcus pneumoniae	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	enzyme MsrA/B shows both MsrA and MsrB activity, free and protein-bound methionine	Streptococcus gordonii	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr, enzyme form MsrA is specific for the S-form, MsrA enzyme form variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	Escherichia coli	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	MsrA is specific for the S-form, free and protein-bound methionine	Dickeya chrysanthemi	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	MsrA is specific for the S-form, there exist enzyme variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	Mus musculus	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	MsrA is specific for the S-form, free and protein-bound methionine	Drosophila melanogaster	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	MsrA is specific for the S-form, enzyme variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	MsrA is specific for the S-form, there exist enzyme variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	Homo sapiens	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	MsrA is specific for the S-form, enzyme variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	Bos taurus	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine (S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr, enzyme form MsrA is specific for the S-form, there exist MsrA enzyme form variants with specificities for either free or protein-bound methionine	Escherichia coli	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
L-methionine sulfoxide enkephalin + thioredoxin	membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr	Escherichia coli	L-methionine enkephalin	-	?
L-methionine-(S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin	-	Escherichia coli	L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
additional information	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions, the membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr also utilizes the R-isomer of methionine sulfoxide as substrate	Escherichia coli	?	-	?
additional information	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related misfunctions	Dickeya chrysanthemi	?	-	?
additional information	the enzyme protect cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related diseases	Mus musculus	?	-	?
additional information	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related diseases	Drosophila melanogaster	?	-	?
additional information	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related diseases	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	?	-	?
additional information	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related and neurological diseases, like Parkinsons or Alzheimers disease	Homo sapiens	?	-	?
additional information	the enzyme protects cells against oxidative damage and plays a role in age-related diseases	Bos taurus	?	-	?
additional information	substrate specificity of the different enzyme forms, overview, the membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr also utilizes the R-isomer of methionine sulfoxide as substrate, enzyme reduces oxidized methionine residues of the ribosomal protein L12, which becomes reversibly inactivated and forms monomers instead of dimers upon oxidation	Escherichia coli	?	-	?
additional information	substrate specificity and activity of MsrB/PilB in comparison to MsrA, overview	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	?	-	?
additional information	enzyme reduces oxidized methionine residues of the shaker potassium channel, which becomes reversibly inactivated upon oxidation	Drosophila melanogaster	?	-	?
additional information	enzyme reduces oxidized methionine residues of the alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, calmodulin, and thrombomodulin, which become reversibly inactivated upon oxidation	Homo sapiens	?	-	?
additional information	MsrA can protect cells against oxidative damage. Increased sensitivity to H2O2 of the Escherichia coli MsrA mutant	Escherichia coli	?	-	?
additional information	MsrA can protect cells against oxidative damage. A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae that is defective in binding to lung cells has a mutation in the MsrA gene. The adherence of the MsrA mutant organism to lung cells is inhibited by about 60%	Streptococcus pneumoniae	?	-	?
additional information	MsrA can protect cells against oxidative damage. MsrA mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi have a defective interaction with plant cells	Dickeya chrysanthemi	?	-	?
additional information	MsrA knockout mice have a shorter life span, are more sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen and had a neurological defect that resuls in abnormal walking	Mus musculus	?	-	?
N-acetyl-L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr	Escherichia coli	N-acetyl-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
N-acetyl-L-methionine (R,S)-sulfoxide + thioredoxin	enzyme MsrA/B shows both MsrA and MsrB activity, free and protein-bound methionine	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	N-acetyl-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
peptide-L-methionine-(S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin	-	Escherichia coli	peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
sulindac + thioredoxin	-	Escherichia coli	sulindac sulfide + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O	-	?
sulindac + thioredoxin	activation of a methionine sulfoxide-containing prodrug, activity with membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr and MsrA	Escherichia coli	sulindac sulfide + thioredoxin disulfide	activated drug which inhibits cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 and exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity	?
sulindac + thioredoxin	activation of a methionine sulfoxide-containing prodrug, activity with membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr	Bos taurus	sulindac sulfide + thioredoxin disulfide	activated drug which inhibits cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 and exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity	?
sulindac + thioredoxin	activity with membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr and MsrA	Escherichia coli	sulindac sulfide + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?
sulindac + thioredoxin	activity with membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr and MsrA	Bos taurus	sulindac sulfide + thioredoxin disulfide	-	?

Subunits

Subunits	Comment	Organism
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Escherichia coli
?	x * 57000, MsrA/B	Neisseria gonorrhoeae
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Dickeya chrysanthemi
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Mus musculus
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Drosophila melanogaster
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Neisseria meningitidis
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Helicobacter pylori
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Haemophilus influenzae
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Streptococcus pneumoniae
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Streptococcus gordonii
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Saccharomyces cerevisiae
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Homo sapiens
?	x * 25000, MsrA	Bos taurus
additional information	the Cys residue within the conserved sequence motif GCFWG at the N-terminus is essential for catalytic activity	Escherichia coli
additional information	the Cys residue within the conserved sequence motif GCFWG at the N-terminus is essential for catalytic activity	Bos taurus

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Escherichia coli
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Neisseria gonorrhoeae
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Dickeya chrysanthemi
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Mus musculus
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Drosophila melanogaster
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Neisseria meningitidis
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Helicobacter pylori
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Haemophilus influenzae
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Streptococcus pneumoniae
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Streptococcus gordonii
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Saccharomyces cerevisiae
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Homo sapiens
methionine sulfoxide reductase	-	Bos taurus
MSR	-	Escherichia coli
MSR	-	Neisseria meningitidis
MSR	-	Helicobacter pylori
MSR	-	Haemophilus influenzae
MSR	-	Streptococcus pneumoniae
MSR	-	Streptococcus gordonii
MsrA	-	Escherichia coli
MsrA	-	Dickeya chrysanthemi
MsrA	-	Mus musculus
MsrA	-	Drosophila melanogaster
MsrA	-	Saccharomyces cerevisiae
MsrA	-	Homo sapiens
MsrA	-	Bos taurus
MsrA	-	Streptococcus pneumoniae
MsrA/B	-	Neisseria gonorrhoeae
MsrA/B	enzyme contains activity of EC 1.8.4.11 and EC 1.8.4.12	Neisseria gonorrhoeae
MsrA/B	bifunctional enzyme: EC 1.8.4.11/EC 1.8.4.12	Neisseria meningitidis
MsrA/B	bifunctional enzyme: EC 1.8.4.11/EC 1.8.4.12	Helicobacter pylori
MsrA/B	bifunctional enzyme: EC 1.8.4.11/EC 1.8.4.12	Haemophilus influenzae
MsrA/B	bifunctional enzyme: EC 1.8.4.11/EC 1.8.4.12	Streptococcus pneumoniae
MsrA/B	bifunctional enzyme: EC 1.8.4.11/EC 1.8.4.12	Streptococcus gordonii
PilB	-	Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism
additional information	no activity with DTT as cofactor by membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr	Escherichia coli
NADPH	membrane-bound enzyme form Mem-R,S-Msr	Escherichia coli
thioredoxin	preferred cofactor	Escherichia coli
thioredoxin	-	Neisseria gonorrhoeae
thioredoxin	-	Dickeya chrysanthemi
thioredoxin	-	Mus musculus
thioredoxin	-	Drosophila melanogaster
thioredoxin	-	Neisseria meningitidis
thioredoxin	-	Helicobacter pylori
thioredoxin	-	Haemophilus influenzae
thioredoxin	-	Streptococcus pneumoniae
thioredoxin	-	Streptococcus gordonii
thioredoxin	-	Saccharomyces cerevisiae
thioredoxin	-	Homo sapiens
thioredoxin	-	Bos taurus