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Literature summary for 1.5.1.25 extracted from
- Lysine metabolism in mammalian brain an update on the importance of recent discoveries (2013), Amino Acids, 45, 1249-1272 .
Inhibitors
| Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine | the ketimine reductase activity of CRYM is strongly inhibited by the thyroid hormone T3 | Bos taurus |  |
| 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine | the ketimine reductase activity of CRYM is strongly inhibited by the thyroid hormone T3 | Homo sapiens | |
| 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine | the ketimine reductase activity of CRYM is strongly inhibited by the thyroid hormone T3 | Macropus giganteus | |
| 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine | the ketimine reductase activity of CRYM is strongly inhibited by the thyroid hormone T3 | Mus musculus | |
| 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine | the ketimine reductase activity of CRYM is strongly inhibited by the thyroid hormone T3, especially at neutral pH, reversible inhibition | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine | the ketimine reductase activity of CRYM is strongly inhibited by the thyroid hormone T3 | Sus scrofa | |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cytosol | - |
Mus musculus | 5829 | - |
| cytosol | - |
Homo sapiens | 5829 | - |
| cytosol | - |
Rattus norvegicus | 5829 | - |
| cytosol | - |
Sus scrofa | 5829 | - |
| cytosol | - |
Bos taurus | 5829 | - |
| cytosol | - |
Macropus giganteus | 5829 | - |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | Homo sapiens | - |
L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | Mus musculus | - |
L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | Rattus norvegicus | - |
L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | Sus scrofa | - |
L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | Bos taurus | - |
L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | Macropus giganteus | - |
L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ketimine + NADPH + H+ | Mus musculus | - |
1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ketimine + NADPH + H+ | Homo sapiens | - |
1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ketimine + NADPH + H+ | Rattus norvegicus | - |
1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bos taurus | - |
- |
- |
| Homo sapiens | - |
- |
- |
| Macropus giganteus | - |
- |
- |
| Mus musculus | - |
- |
- |
| Rattus norvegicus | - |
- |
- |
| Sus scrofa | - |
- |
- |
Purification (Commentary)
| Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| purified from bovine brain | Bos taurus |
| purified from lamb brain | Macropus giganteus |
| purified from porcine kidney | Sus scrofa |
| purified from rat liver | Rattus norvegicus |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| brain | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| brain | - |
Sus scrofa | - |
| brain | - |
Bos taurus | - |
| brain | levels of thyroid hormone binding capacity for cytosolic NADPH-dependent T3 binding are noticeably lower in the cerebellum than in the cerebrum of adult rat brain at all stages of development. NADPH-dependent T3 binding is only detected in kidney, liver, heart and spleen after birth, increasing over the next 6 weeks. NADPH-dependent T3 binding is detected in cerebrum and cerebellum 5 days before birth, increasing with a sharp transient spike at the time of birth, that is specific for the brain, particularly in cerebrum, and cannot be seen in other tissues. The NADPH-dependent T3 binding in cerebrum decreases after birth, but begins to increase again 2 weeks after birth. The level in cerebellum does not show this increase. The brain may contain at least two distinct P2C reductases/ketimine reductase, one of which is predominant in the fore-brain and another that is prominent in the cerebellum | Rattus norvegicus | - |
| brain | very low expression in cerebellum compared to cerebrum, high overall expression level | Mus musculus | - |
| cerebellum | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| cerebellum | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| cerebrum | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| cerebrum | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| heart | high enzyme expression level | Mus musculus | - |
| inner ear | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| kidney | - |
Sus scrofa | - |
| lens | - |
Macropus giganteus | - |
| liver | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| additional information | CRYM/KR mRNA in the mouse is most highly expressed in skin among the tissues evaluated, followed by brain and heart | Mus musculus | - |
| skin | high enzyme expression level, expression of the CRYM transcript follows the hair growth cycle with a significant increase in expression during mid- and late anagen growth phases | Mus musculus | - |
Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]
| Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | - |
highly purified recombinantly expressed human CRYM possesses substantial ketimine reductase activity | Homo sapiens |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | - |
Homo sapiens | L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | - |
Mus musculus | L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | - |
Rattus norvegicus | L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | - |
Sus scrofa | L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | - |
Bos taurus | L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| DELTA1-piperideine 2-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ | - |
Macropus giganteus | L-pipecolate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ketimine + NADPH + H+ | - |
Mus musculus | 1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ketimine + NADPH + H+ | - |
Homo sapiens | 1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ketimine + NADPH + H+ | - |
Rattus norvegicus | 1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate + NADP+ | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| CRYM | - |
Mus musculus |
| CRYM | - |
Homo sapiens |
| CRYM | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| CRYM | - |
Sus scrofa |
| CRYM | - |
Bos taurus |
| CRYM | - |
Macropus giganteus |
| ketimine reductase | - |
Mus musculus |
| ketimine reductase | - |
Homo sapiens |
| ketimine reductase | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| ketimine reductase | - |
Sus scrofa |
| ketimine reductase | - |
Bos taurus |
| ketimine reductase | - |
Macropus giganteus |
| mu-crystallin | - |
Mus musculus |
| mu-crystallin | - |
Homo sapiens |
| mu-crystallin | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| mu-crystallin | - |
Sus scrofa |
| mu-crystallin | - |
Bos taurus |
| mu-crystallin | - |
Macropus giganteus |
| P2C reductase | - |
Mus musculus |
| P2C reductase | - |
Homo sapiens |
| P2C reductase | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| P2C reductase | - |
Sus scrofa |
| P2C reductase | - |
Bos taurus |
| P2C reductase | - |
Macropus giganteus |
| Thyroid hormone-binding protein | - |
Mus musculus |
| Thyroid hormone-binding protein | - |
Homo sapiens |
| Thyroid hormone-binding protein | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| Thyroid hormone-binding protein | - |
Sus scrofa |
| Thyroid hormone-binding protein | - |
Bos taurus |
| Thyroid hormone-binding protein | - |
Macropus giganteus |
pH Optimum
| pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | - |
about, with substrate 1-piperideine 2-carboxylate | Homo sapiens |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| NADPH | - |
Mus musculus | |
| NADPH | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| NADPH | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| NADPH | - |
Sus scrofa | |
| NADPH | - |
Bos taurus | |
| NADPH | - |
Macropus giganteus | |
Ki Value [mM]
| Ki Value [mM] | Ki Value maximum [mM] | Inhibitor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.000278 | - |
3,5,3'-triiodothyronine | with substrate S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ketimine, pH 5.0, temperature not specified in the publication | Rattus norvegicus | |
Expression
| Organism | Comment | Expression |
|---|---|---|
| Bos taurus | steroid hormones have a marked effect on the expression of CRYM, e.g. androgens induce CRYM expression in bovine mammary glands | up |
| Homo sapiens | steroid hormones have a marked effect on the expression of CRYM, e.g. androgens induce CRYM expression in human prostate cancer | up |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| malfunction | significance of CRYM/KR in psychiatric and neurological disease, overview | Mus musculus |
| malfunction | Significance of CRYM/KR in psychiatric and neurological disease, overview. Two known point mutations of human CRYM, both of which are associated with nonsyndromic deafness | Homo sapiens |
| metabolism | the enzyme is involved in the pipecolate pathway, i.e. P2C reductase activity | Mus musculus |
| metabolism | the enzyme is involved in the pipecolate pathway, i.e. P2C reductase activity | Homo sapiens |
| metabolism | the enzyme is involved in the pipecolate pathway, i.e. P2C reductase activity | Rattus norvegicus |
| metabolism | the enzyme is involved in the pipecolate pathway, i.e. P2C reductase activity | Sus scrofa |
| metabolism | the enzyme is involved in the pipecolate pathway, i.e. P2C reductase activity | Bos taurus |
| metabolism | the enzyme is involved in the pipecolate pathway, i.e. P2C reductase activity | Macropus giganteus |
| physiological function | mammalian thyroid hormone-binding protein CRYM has an additional biological role as a ketimine reductase, CRYM is a P2C reductase. CRYM shows an extremely strong affinity for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine T3 in the presence of NADPH. The enzyme seems to be tightly regulated in vivo by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) at low concentrations, T3 bioavailability is likely strongly dependent on the pipecolate pathway activity | Rattus norvegicus |
| physiological function | mammalian thyroid hormone-binding protein CRYM has an additional biological role as a ketimine reductase, CRYM is a P2C reductase. CRYM shows an extremely strong affinity for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine T3 in the presence of NADPH. The enzyme seems to be tightly regulated in vivo by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) at low concentrations, T3 bioavailability is likely strongly dependent on the pipecolate pathway activity | Sus scrofa |
| physiological function | mammalian thyroid hormone-binding protein CRYM has an additional biological role as a ketimine reductase, CRYM is a P2C reductase. CRYM shows an extremely strong affinity for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine T3 in the presence of NADPH. The enzyme seems to be tightly regulated in vivo by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) at low concentrations, T3 bioavailability is likely strongly dependent on the pipecolate pathway activity | Bos taurus |
| physiological function | mammalian thyroid hormone-binding protein CRYM has an additional biological role as a ketimine reductase, CRYM is a P2C reductase. CRYM shows an extremely strong affinity for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine T3 in the presence of NADPH. The enzyme seems to be tightly regulated in vivo by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) at low concentrations, T3 bioavailability is likely strongly dependent on the pipecolate pathway activity. Levels of CRYM/KR substrates are important determinants in hearing as CRYM mRNA is highly expressed in human inner ear | Homo sapiens |
| physiological function | mammalian thyroid hormone-binding protein CRYM has an additional biological role as a ketimine reductase, CRYM is a P2C reductase. CRYM shows an extremely strong affinity for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine T3 in the presence of NADPH. The enzyme seems to be tightly regulated in vivo by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) at low concentrations, T3 bioavailability is likely strongly dependent on the pipecolate pathway activity. Possible involvement of CRYM in the development of mouse hair follicles during the anagen phase. Enzyme substrates (e.g. sulfur-containing cyclic ketimines such as S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ketimine) may play a role in regulating cell growth and/or cell differentiation | Mus musculus |
| physiological function | the thyroid hormone-binding protein CRYM has an additional biological role as a ketimine reductase, CRYM is a P2C reductase. CRYM shows an extremely strong affinity for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine T3 in the presence of NADPH. The enzyme seems to be tightly regulated in vivo by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) at low concentrations, T3 bioavailability is likely strongly dependent on the pipecolate pathway activity | Macropus giganteus |
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