Literature summary for 1.3.2.3 extracted from

Yu, L.; Liu, Y.; Lu, L.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, L.; Chen, H.; Peng, C.
Ascorbic acid deficiency leads to increased grain chalkiness in transgenic rice for suppressed of L-GalLDH (2017), J. Plant Physiol., 211, 13-26 .

Search for more literature for 1.3.2.3

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
gene L-GalLDH1, quantitative real-time PCR isozyme expression analysis	Oryza sativa Japonica Group
gene L-GalLDH2, quantitative real-time PCR isozyme expression analysis	Oryza sativa Japonica Group

Protein Variants

Protein Variants	Comment	Organism
additional information	significant differences in grain chalkiness degree are observed between mutant GI and WT. GI-1 kernels display an increased (25.78%) grain chalkiness degree, as well as GI-2 kernels (16.33%), but wild-type kernels display 9.37%. In addition, the GI-1 and GI-2 grains show a lower starch content when compared with wild-type , which is decreased to 51.06% and 82.64% of the wild-type level, respectively. Similarly, significant lower amylose content is also observed in GI-1 and GI-2 grains (3.08% and 3.90%) when compared with wild-type (5.12%). As chalkiness may be affected by grain size, grain length, grain width, and grain length-to-width ratio (GLWR) of GI, and wild-type are measured, with the results showing that no significant difference between GI-1, GI-2 and wild-type in grain length, grain width, or GLWR is observed. Phenotypes, overview	Oryza sativa Japonica Group
additional information	significant differences in grain chalkiness degree are observed between mutant GI and WT. GI-1 kernels display an increased (25.78%) grain chalkiness degree, as well as GI-2 kernels (16.33%), but wild-type kernels display 9.37%. In addition, the GI-1 and GI-2 grains show a lower starch content when compared with wild-type, which is decreased to 51.06% and 82.64% of the wild-type level, respectively. Similarly, significant lower amylose content is also observed in GI-1 and GI-2 grains (3.08% and 3.90%) when compared with wild-type (5.12%). As chalkiness may be affected by grain size, grain length, grain width, and grain length-to-width ratio (GLWR) of GI, and wild-type are measured, with the results showing that no significant difference between GI-1, GI-2 and wild-type in grain length, grain width, or GLWR is observed. Phenotypes, overview	Oryza sativa Japonica Group

Localization

Localization	Comment	Organism	GeneOntology No.	Textmining
mitochondrion	L-GalLDH is attached to complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain	Oryza sativa Japonica Group	5739	-

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.	Reac.
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + 4 ferricytochrome c	Oryza sativa Japonica Group	overall reaction	L-dehydroascorbate + 4 ferrocytochrome c + 4 H+	-	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Oryza sativa Japonica Group	Q2QXY1	cv. Zhonghua 11	-
Oryza sativa Japonica Group	Q2RAP0	cv. Zhonghua 11	-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
kernel	-	Oryza sativa Japonica Group	-
leaf	-	Oryza sativa Japonica Group	-
seed	-	Oryza sativa Japonica Group	-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.	Reac.
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + 4 ferricytochrome c	overall reaction	Oryza sativa Japonica Group	L-dehydroascorbate + 4 ferrocytochrome c + 4 H+	-	?

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase	-	Oryza sativa Japonica Group
L-GalLDH	-	Oryza sativa Japonica Group
L-GalLDH1	-	Oryza sativa Japonica Group
L-GalLDH2	-	Oryza sativa Japonica Group

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C]	Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C]	Comment	Organism
-	2	assay at	Oryza sativa Japonica Group

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum	pH Optimum Maximum	Comment	Organism
7.4	-	assay at	Oryza sativa Japonica Group

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism	Structure
cytochrome c	-	Oryza sativa Japonica Group

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
malfunction	ascorbic acid deficiency in L-GalLDH-suppressed transgenic rice, GI-1 and GI-2, which have constitutively low (between 30% and 50%) leaf and grain ascorbic acid content compared with the wild-type, leads to increased grain chalkiness in the transgenic rice. Deficiency of ascorbic acid also results in a higher lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content, accompanied by a lower hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, total antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic ability. Changes of the enzyme activities and gene transcript abundances related to starch synthesis are also observed in GI-1 and GI-2 grains. Phenotypes, detailed overview	Oryza sativa Japonica Group
physiological function	L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase catalyzes the ultimate step of ascorbic acid biosynthesis in higher plants. L-GalLDH is attached to complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which uses L-galactono-1,4-lactone as an electron donor to reduce cytochrome c between complexes III and IV, while l-GalLis converted into ascorbic acid. Role of L-GalLDH in the control of cell, organ, and plant growth	Oryza sativa Japonica Group
physiological function	L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase catalyzes the ultimate step of ascorbic acid biosynthesis in higher plants. L-GalLDH is attached to complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain,which uses L-galactono-1,4-lactone as an electron donor to reduce cytochrome c between complexes III and IV, while l-GalLis converted into ascorbic acid. Role of L-GalLDH in the control of cell, organ, and plant growth	Oryza sativa Japonica Group

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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)