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Literature summary for 1.14.15.17 extracted from
- Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown (2013), Plant Mol. Biol., 82, 505-517.
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chloroplast | - |
Zea mays | 9507 | - |
| chloroplast | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 9507 | - |
| chloroplast | - |
Oryza sativa | 9507 | - |
| chloroplast | - |
Musa cavendishii | 9507 | - |
| chloroplast | - |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum | 9507 | - |
| chloroplast envelope | - |
Zea mays | 9941 | - |
| chloroplast envelope | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 9941 | - |
| chloroplast envelope | - |
Oryza sativa | 9941 | - |
| chloroplast envelope | - |
Musa cavendishii | 9941 | - |
| chloroplast envelope | - |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum | 9941 | - |
| gerontoplast | - |
Zea mays | 34400 | - |
| gerontoplast | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 34400 | - |
| gerontoplast | - |
Oryza sativa | 34400 | - |
| gerontoplast | - |
Musa cavendishii | 34400 | - |
| gerontoplast | - |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum | 34400 | - |
| protoplast | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
- |
Metals/Ions
| Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fe2+ | in iron-sulfur clusters, the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Zea mays |  |
| Fe2+ | in iron-sulfur clusters, the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Arabidopsis thaliana | |
| Fe2+ | in iron-sulfur clusters, the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Oryza sativa | |
| Fe2+ | in iron-sulfur clusters, the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Musa cavendishii | |
| Fe2+ | in iron-sulfur clusters, the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Cercidiphyllum japonicum | |
| Iron-sulfur cluster | - |
Zea mays | |
| Iron-sulfur cluster | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | |
| Iron-sulfur cluster | - |
Oryza sativa | |
| Iron-sulfur cluster | - |
Musa cavendishii | |
| Iron-sulfur cluster | - |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum | |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | Zea mays | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | Arabidopsis thaliana | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | Oryza sativa | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | Musa cavendishii | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | Cercidiphyllum japonicum | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
- |
- |
| Cercidiphyllum japonicum | - |
- |
- |
| Musa cavendishii | - |
- |
- |
| Oryza sativa | - |
- |
- |
| Zea mays | - |
PAO is identical to ACCELERATED CELL DEATH (ACD) 1 and the ortholog of LETHAL LEAF SPOT 1 | - |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| fruit | ripening | Zea mays | - |
| fruit | ripening | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
| fruit | ripening | Oryza sativa | - |
| fruit | ripening | Musa cavendishii | - |
| fruit | ripening | Cercidiphyllum japonicum | - |
| fruit peel | - |
Musa cavendishii | - |
| leaf | senescent | Zea mays | - |
| leaf | senescent | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
| leaf | senescent | Oryza sativa | - |
| leaf | senescent | Musa cavendishii | - |
| leaf | senescent | Cercidiphyllum japonicum | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | substrate specificity of PAO for pheophorbide (Pheide) a | Zea mays | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | substrate specificity of PAO for pheophorbide (Pheide) a | Arabidopsis thaliana | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | substrate specificity of PAO for pheophorbide (Pheide) a | Oryza sativa | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | substrate specificity of PAO for pheophorbide (Pheide) a | Musa cavendishii | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | substrate specificity of PAO for pheophorbide (Pheide) a | Cercidiphyllum japonicum | ? | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | - |
Zea mays | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | - |
Oryza sativa | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | - |
Musa cavendishii | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | - |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | Zea mays | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | Arabidopsis thaliana | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | Oryza sativa | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | Musa cavendishii | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
| pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 | enzyme PAO is a Rieske-type monooxygenase | Cercidiphyllum japonicum | red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| PAO | - |
Zea mays |
| PAO | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PAO | - |
Oryza sativa |
| PAO | - |
Musa cavendishii |
| PAO | - |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum |
| pheophorbide a oxygenase | - |
Zea mays |
| pheophorbide a oxygenase | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| pheophorbide a oxygenase | - |
Oryza sativa |
| pheophorbide a oxygenase | - |
Musa cavendishii |
| pheophorbide a oxygenase | - |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ferredoxin | - |
Zea mays | |
| Ferredoxin | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | |
| Ferredoxin | - |
Oryza sativa | |
| Ferredoxin | - |
Musa cavendishii | |
| Ferredoxin | - |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum | |
| additional information | the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Zea mays | |
| additional information | the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Arabidopsis thaliana | |
| additional information | the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Oryza sativa | |
| additional information | the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Musa cavendishii | |
| additional information | the enzyme contains an additional mononuclear iron center that is responsible for the activation of molecular oxygen. Electrons required to supply the iron-redox cycle of PAO are provided by reduced ferredoxin | Cercidiphyllum japonicum |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| malfunction | the absence of PAO in mutants or antisense lines from different plant species results in premature cell death. Phototoxicity of Pheide a is considered to trigger the observed cell death phenotype in a light-dependent manner | Zea mays |
| metabolism | in land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multistep pathway. The pathway is termed the PAO pathway, because the opening of the chlorine macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway. The PAO pathway is active during leaf senescence and in ripening fruits. Chlorophyll breakdown does not only occur during leaf senescence and fruit ripening, but also at steady state, during post-harvest and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, chlorophyll is turned over or degraded, at least to some extent | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| metabolism | in land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multistep pathway. The pathway is termed the PAO pathway, because the opening of the chlorophyllide macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway. The PAO pathway is active during leaf senescence and in ripening fruits. Chlorophyll breakdown does not only occur during leaf senescence and fruit ripening, but also at steady state, during post-harvest and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, chlorophyll is turned over or degraded, at least to some extent | Zea mays |
| metabolism | in land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multistep pathway. The pathway is termed the PAO pathway, because the opening of the chlorophyllide macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway. The PAO pathway is active during leaf senescence and in ripening fruits. Chlorophyll breakdown does not only occur during leaf senescence and fruit ripening, but also at steady state, during post-harvest and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, chlorophyll is turned over or degraded, at least to some extent | Oryza sativa |
| metabolism | in land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multistep pathway. The pathway is termed the PAO pathway, because the opening of the chlorophyllide macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway. The PAO pathway is active during leaf senescence and in ripening fruits. Chlorophyll breakdown does not only occur during leaf senescence and fruit ripening, but also at steady state, during post-harvest and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, chlorophyll is turned over or degraded, at least to some extent | Musa cavendishii |
| metabolism | in land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multistep pathway. The pathway is termed the PAO pathway, because the opening of the chlorophyllide macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway. The PAO pathway is active during leaf senescence and in ripening fruits. Chlorophyll breakdown does not only occur during leaf senescence and fruit ripening, but also at steady state, during post-harvest and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, chlorophyll is turned over or degraded, at least to some extent | Cercidiphyllum japonicum |
| additional information | catabolites such as hypermodified FCCs and urobilinogenoidic chlorophyll catabolites point to divergent paths of the PAO pathway that might exist in some plant species | Zea mays |
| additional information | catabolites such as hypermodified FCCs and urobilinogenoidic chlorophyll catabolites point to divergent paths of the PAO pathway that might exist in some plant species | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | catabolites such as hypermodified FCCs and urobilinogenoidic chlorophyll catabolites point to divergent paths of the PAO pathway that might exist in some plant species | Oryza sativa |
| additional information | catabolites such as hypermodified FCCs and urobilinogenoidic chlorophyll catabolites point to divergent paths of the PAO pathway that might exist in some plant species | Musa cavendishii |
| additional information | catabolites such as hypermodified FCCs and urobilinogenoidic chlorophyll catabolites point to divergent paths of the PAO pathway that might exist in some plant species | Cercidiphyllum japonicum |
| physiological function | physical interaction between pheophorbide a oxygenase, PAO, and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, RCCR, required for activity, and interaction with stay-green proteins | Zea mays |
| physiological function | physical interaction between pheophorbide a oxygenase, PAO, and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, RCCR, required for activity, and interaction with stay-green proteins | Oryza sativa |
| physiological function | physical interaction between pheophorbide a oxygenase, PAO, and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, RCCR, required for activity, and interaction with stay-green proteins | Musa cavendishii |
| physiological function | physical interaction between pheophorbide a oxygenase, PAO, and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, RCCR, required for activity, and interaction with stay-green proteins | Cercidiphyllum japonicum |
| physiological function | physical interaction between pheophorbide a oxygenase, PAO, and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, RCCR, required for activity, and interaction with stay-green proteins, the latter is required for PaO-RCCR interaction. PaO enzyme expression is highly regulated | Arabidopsis thaliana |
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