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Literature summary for 1.1.1.254 extracted from
- Purification and characterization of D(+)-carnitine dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium sp. - a new enzyme of carnitine metabolism (1997), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1337, 133-142.
Inhibitors
| Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carnitine amide | competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation | Agrobacterium sp. |  |
| cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, higher than 5 mM, 10% of initial activity | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| choline | competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| crotonobetaine | competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| Cu2+ | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 1 mM, 25-70% inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| DL-carnitine amide | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| EDTA | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 20 mM, 25-70% inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| Fe2+ | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 1 mM, 25-70% inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| gamma-butyrobetaine | competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| glycine betaine | competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide | above 5 mM, 90% loss of activity | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| Hg2+ | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 0.01 mM, complete inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| L(-)-carnitine | competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| L-carnitine | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, strong competitive inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| p-chloromercuribenzoate | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 0.01 mM, complete inhibition | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| SDS | above 5 mM, 90% loss of activity; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, higher than 5 mM, 10% of initial activity | Agrobacterium sp. | |
KM Value [mM]
| KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.047 | - |
NADH | - |
Agrobacterium sp. | |
| 0.047 | - |
NADH | D-carnitine dehydrogenase | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| 0.15 | - |
NAD+ | - |
Agrobacterium sp. | |
| 0.15 | - |
NAD+ | D-carnitine dehydrogenase | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| 1.2 | - |
3-dehydrocarnitine | - |
Agrobacterium sp. | |
| 1.2 | - |
3-dehydrocarnitine | D-carnitine dehydrogenase | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| 5.5 | - |
(S)-carnitine | - |
Agrobacterium sp. | |
| 5.5 | - |
D-carnitine | D-carnitine dehydrogenase | Agrobacterium sp. | |
Metals/Ions
| Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Co2+ | 1 mM, increases activity up to 31% | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| Co2+ | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 5 mM, 31% increase in activity | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| Ni2+ | 5 mM, increases activity up to 31% | Agrobacterium sp. | |
| Ni2+ | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, 5 mM, 31% increase in activity | Agrobacterium sp. | |
Molecular Weight [Da]
| Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28000 | - |
3 * 28000, SDS-PAGE, laser-induced mass spectrometry | Agrobacterium sp. |
| 28000 | - |
3 * 28000, D-carnitine dehydrogenase, SDS-PAGE | Agrobacterium sp. |
| 88000 | - |
gel filtration | Agrobacterium sp. |
| 88000 | - |
gel filtration, D-carnitine dehydrogenase | Agrobacterium sp. |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (R)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+ | Agrobacterium sp. | - |
3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+ | - |
r | |
| additional information | Agrobacterium sp. | initial step of D(+)-carnitine degradation | ? | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agrobacterium sp. | - |
- |
- |
| Agrobacterium sp. | - |
DSM 8888, D-carnitine- and L-carnitine dehydrogenases are induced by D-carnitine and L-carnitine respectively | - |
Purification (Commentary)
| Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
- |
Agrobacterium sp. |
| DEAE-Sepharose FF, TSK Butyl, Phenyl-Sepharose, Superose 12 HR, D-carnitine dehydrogenase | Agrobacterium sp. |
Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]
| Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14.15 | - |
- |
Agrobacterium sp. |
| 14.15 | - |
D-carnitine dehydrogenase | Agrobacterium sp. |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (R)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+ | - |
Agrobacterium sp. | 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+ | - |
r | |
| (S)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate + NAD+ | D-carnitine dehydrogenase | Agrobacterium sp. | 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+ | - |
r | |
| (S)-carnitine + NAD+ | r | Agrobacterium sp. | 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+ | - |
? | |
| carnitine + NAD+ | - |
Agrobacterium sp. | 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H+ | - |
r | |
| DL-4-amino-3-hydroxy-n-butyrate + NAD+ | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, less than 20% velocity compared to D-carnitine | Agrobacterium sp. | DL-4-amino-3-keto-n-butyrate + NADH | - |
? | |
| additional information | initial step of D(+)-carnitine degradation | Agrobacterium sp. | ? | - |
? | |
Subunits
| Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| trimer | 3 * 28000, SDS-PAGE, laser-induced mass spectrometry | Agrobacterium sp. |
| trimer | 3 * 28000, D-carnitine dehydrogenase, SDS-PAGE | Agrobacterium sp. |
Temperature Optimum [°C]
| Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37 | - |
- |
Agrobacterium sp. |
| 37 | - |
D-carnitine dehydrogenase | Agrobacterium sp. |
Temperature Stability [°C]
| Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] | Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40 | - |
rapid decrease of stability above | Agrobacterium sp. |
| 40 | - |
D-carnitine dehydrogenase, enzyme activity decrases rapidly above 40°C | Agrobacterium sp. |
pH Optimum
| pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5.5 | 6.5 | 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH | Agrobacterium sp. |
| 5.5 | 6.5 | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, reduction of D-carnitine | Agrobacterium sp. |
| 9 | 9.5 | (S)-carnitine + NAD+ | Agrobacterium sp. |
| 9 | 9.5 | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, oxidation of D-carnitine | Agrobacterium sp. |
pH Stability
| pH Stability | pH Stability Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 8 | D-carnitine dehydrogenase, stable for 100 h at 4°C | Agrobacterium sp. |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| NAD+ | - |
Agrobacterium sp. | |
| NAD+ | specific for NAD+ | Agrobacterium sp. | |
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