Literature summary for 1.1.1.21 extracted from

Del-Corso, A.; Balestri, F.; Di Bugno, E.; Moschini, R.; Cappiello, M.; Sartini, S.; La-Motta, C.; Da-Settimo, F.; Mura, U.
A new approach to control the enigmatic activity of aldose reductase (2013), PLoS ONE, 8, e74076.

Inhibitors

Inhibitors	Comment	Organism
(10-benzyl-3,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-2(10H)-yl)acetic acid	-	Bos taurus
(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropanamide	-	Bos taurus
(2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide	-	Bos taurus
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanamide	-	Bos taurus
(2R,3S,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanamide	-	Bos taurus
(2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropanamide	-	Bos taurus
(2S,3R,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanamide	-	Bos taurus
(2S,3S)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanamide	-	Bos taurus
(4-benzyl-7-oxo-4,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-yl)acetic acid	-	Bos taurus
(4S)-6-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-2'H,5'H-spiro[1-benzopyran-4,4'-imidazolidine]-2',5'-dione	-	Bos taurus
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	-	Bos taurus
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one	-	Bos taurus
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one	-	Bos taurus
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-9-hydroxy-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one	-	Bos taurus
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one	-	Bos taurus
2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one	-	Bos taurus
2-(6-nitro-1,1,3-trioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-1lambda~6~,2-benzothiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid	-	Bos taurus
2-benzyl-1,3,3-trioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-3lambda~6~-naphtho[1,2-d][1,2]thiazole-4-carboxylic acid	-	Bos taurus
2-phenyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one	-	Bos taurus
2-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one	-	Bos taurus
3-(4-nitro-1,1,3-trioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-1lambda~6~,2-benzothiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid	-	Bos taurus
3-(6-acetamido-1,1,3-trioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-1lambda~6~,2-benzothiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid	-	Bos taurus
3-[6-(3-methylbutanamido)-1,1,3-trioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-1lambda~6~,2-benzothiazol-2-yl]propanoic acid	-	Bos taurus
4-[(3-nitrophenyl)methyl]-7-oxo-4,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid	-	Bos taurus
6-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one	-	Bos taurus
[(2E)-2-[2-(carboxymethyl)hydrazinylidene]-3-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl](oxo)acetic acid	-	Bos taurus
[(5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene]-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]acetic acid	-	Bos taurus
[3,4-dioxo-10-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl]-3,4-dihydro[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-2(10H)-yl]acetic acid	-	Bos taurus
[3-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]acetic acid	-	Bos taurus
[5-methyl-7-oxo-4-(2-phenylethyl)-4,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-yl]acetic acid	-	Bos taurus

Molecular Weight [Da]

Molecular Weight [Da]	Molecular Weight Maximum [Da]	Comment	Organism
34000	-	x * 34000	Bos taurus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.	Reac.
D-glucose + NADPH + H+	Bos taurus	-	sorbitol + NADP+	-	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Bos taurus	P16116	-	-

Purification (Commentary)

Purification (Comment)	Organism
native enzyme from lens	Bos taurus

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
lens	-	Bos taurus	-

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg]	Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg]	Comment	Organism
1.2	-	purified native enzyme, substrate L-glyceraldehyde, pH 6.8, 37°C	Bos taurus

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.
3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal + NADPH + H+	-	Bos taurus	? + NADP+	-	?
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+	-	Bos taurus	4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+	-	?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+	-	Bos taurus	sorbitol + NADP+	-	?
L-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+	-	Bos taurus	? + NADP+	-	?

Subunits

Subunits	Comment	Organism
?	x * 34000	Bos taurus

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
AKR1B1	-	Bos taurus
aldose reductase	-	Bos taurus

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C]	Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C]	Comment	Organism
37	-	assay at	Bos taurus

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum	pH Optimum Maximum	Comment	Organism
6.8	-	assay at	Bos taurus

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism	Structure
NADPH	dependent on	Bos taurus

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
evolution	the enzyme belongs to the aldo-keto reductase superfamily	Bos taurus
metabolism	the enzyme is the first rate-determining enzyme in the polyol pathway and catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol in the presence of NADPH as a cofactor. Sorbitol is in turn converted into fructose with accompanied reduction of NAD+ by sorbitol dehydrogenase	Bos taurus