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3 ATP + L-2-aminohexanedioate + L-cysteine + L-valine + H2O
3 AMP + 3 diphosphate + N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine
6-oxopiperidine 2-carboxylic acid + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
alpha-aminoadipic acid + L-valine + L-lysine + ?
L-delta-alpha-aminoadipyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + ?
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Substrates: enzyme is a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) able to form ribosome-independent peptide bonds
Products: ACV
?
ATP + (R)-4-phosphopantoate + beta-alanine
AMP + diphosphate + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate
DL-valine + L-O-(methylserine) + L-2-aminohexanedioate + ATP
L-O-(methylserinyl)-D-valine + L-O-(methylserinyl)-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + allylglycine + L-valine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-allylglycinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cystathionine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-allo-isoleucine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-allo-isoleucine + AMP + diphosphate
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-isoleucine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-isoleucine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
L-2-aminoadipate + L-homocysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-homocysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + vinylglycine + L-valine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-vinylglycinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
L-glutamate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
S-carboxymethylcysteine + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
L-S-carboxymethylcysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
additional information
?
-
3 ATP + L-2-aminohexanedioate + L-cysteine + L-valine + H2O
3 AMP + 3 diphosphate + N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
3 ATP + L-2-aminohexanedioate + L-cysteine + L-valine + H2O
3 AMP + 3 diphosphate + N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
3 ATP + L-2-aminohexanedioate + L-cysteine + L-valine + H2O
3 AMP + 3 diphosphate + N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
ATP + (R)-4-phosphopantoate + beta-alanine
AMP + diphosphate + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in coenzyme A biosynthesis in the archaea
Products: -
?
ATP + (R)-4-phosphopantoate + beta-alanine
AMP + diphosphate + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate
Substrates: strict preference for ATP. Among several amine substrates, activity is detected with beta-alanine, but not with gamma-aminobutyrate, glycine nor aspartate
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + allylglycine + L-valine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-allylglycinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + allylglycine + L-valine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-allylglycinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-allo-isoleucine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-allo-isoleucine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-allo-isoleucine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-allo-isoleucine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
ir
L-2-aminoadipate + vinylglycine + L-valine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-vinylglycinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-2-aminoadipate + vinylglycine + L-valine + ATP
L-delta-(aminoadipyl)-L-vinylglycinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
S-carboxymethylcysteine + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
L-S-carboxymethylcysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
S-carboxymethylcysteine + L-cysteine + L-valine + ATP
L-S-carboxymethylcysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + AMP + diphosphate
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Substrates: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
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Substrates: ACVSs are multifunctional enzymes that activate amino acids as aminoacyladenylates, forming a mixed anhydride with the a-phosphate group of ATP and releasing pyrophosphate
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
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Substrates: pure Streptomyces lactamdurans ACVS is able to activate alpha-aminoadipic acid or its lactam 6-oxopiperideine-2-carboxylic acid, a compound that is easily converted to alpha-aminoadipic acid, but is unable to use piperideine-6-carboxylate or pipecolic acid as substrates, enzyme is also able to use L-cystathionine with the same efficiency as L-cysteine
Products: -
?
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3 ATP + L-2-aminohexanedioate + L-cysteine + L-valine + H2O
3 AMP + 3 diphosphate + N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine
alpha-aminoadipic acid + L-valine + L-lysine + ?
L-delta-alpha-aminoadipyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + ?
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Substrates: enzyme is a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) able to form ribosome-independent peptide bonds
Products: ACV
?
ATP + (R)-4-phosphopantoate + beta-alanine
AMP + diphosphate + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in coenzyme A biosynthesis in the archaea
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
3 ATP + L-2-aminohexanedioate + L-cysteine + L-valine + H2O
3 AMP + 3 diphosphate + N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
3 ATP + L-2-aminohexanedioate + L-cysteine + L-valine + H2O
3 AMP + 3 diphosphate + N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
3 ATP + L-2-aminohexanedioate + L-cysteine + L-valine + H2O
3 AMP + 3 diphosphate + N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: ACVSs are multifunctional enzymes that activate amino acids as aminoacyladenylates, forming a mixed anhydride with the a-phosphate group of ATP and releasing pyrophosphate
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: pure Streptomyces lactamdurans ACVS is able to activate alpha-aminoadipic acid or its lactam 6-oxopiperideine-2-carboxylic acid, a compound that is easily converted to alpha-aminoadipic acid, but is unable to use piperideine-6-carboxylate or pipecolic acid as substrates, enzyme is also able to use L-cystathionine with the same efficiency as L-cysteine
Products: -
?
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4-phosphopantoate
substrate inhibition
5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate
bis-delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine
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-
D-glucose
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crude extract is inhibited due to deprivation of ATP via sugar metabolism
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
phosphate
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ACVS activity decreases 30% in the presence of 100 mM phosphate, being also affected by AMP and pyrophosphate, products of ATP hydrolysis
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
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2 mM
5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate
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the major effect on ACVS activity is exerted by thiol-blocking agents, which almost completely inhibited the activity at 1 mM concentration, confirming the importance of thiol groups in ACVS activity
5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate
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1 mM
ATP
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at concentrations about 5 mM
glyceraldehyde
-
-
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
-
reacts with L-cysteinee
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
-
reacts with L-cysteinee
iodoacetamide
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the major effect on ACVS activity is exerted by thiol-blocking agents, which almost completely inhibited the activity at 1 mM concentration, confirming the importance of thiol groups in ACVS activity
N-ethylmaleimide
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the major effect on ACVS activity is exerted by thiol-blocking agents, which almost completely inhibited the activity at 1 mM concentration, confirming the importance of thiol groups in ACVS activity
additional information
PenV i.e. Pc22g22150 protein, located in the vacuolar membrane, affects drastically the biosynthesis of the ACV tripeptide and the beta-lactam pathway of Penicillium chrysogenum, overview
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additional information
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PenV i.e. Pc22g22150 protein, located in the vacuolar membrane, affects drastically the biosynthesis of the ACV tripeptide and the beta-lactam pathway of Penicillium chrysogenum, overview
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additional information
feedback inhibition by CoA/acetyl-CoA and product inhibition by 4'-phosphopantothenate are not observed
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additional information
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feedback inhibition by CoA/acetyl-CoA and product inhibition by 4'-phosphopantothenate are not observed
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malfunction
RNAi-mediated silencing of penV gene, encoding protein Pc22g22150, UniProt-ID B6HTR9, provokes a drastic reduction of the production of the delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine) and isopenicillin N intermediates and the final product of the pathway
malfunction
-
RNAi-mediated silencing of penV gene, encoding protein Pc22g22150, UniProt-ID B6HTR9, provokes a drastic reduction of the production of the delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine) and isopenicillin N intermediates and the final product of the pathway
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physiological function
the enzyme catalyzes the non-ribosomal activation and condensation of the three constituent amino acids to form the tripeptide N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine, i.e. ACV
physiological function
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after heat shock, ACVS is singificantly upregulated. Phosphopantetheinyl transferase is coregulated with ACVS, confirming its role in activating ACVS. All components for L-alpha-aminoadipic acid synthesis are present and transcriptionally active in Folsomia candida
physiological function
-
the enzyme catalyzes the non-ribosomal activation and condensation of the three constituent amino acids to form the tripeptide N-[L-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine, i.e. ACV
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additional information
the ACVS is able to catalyse multiple activities including substrate amino acids adenylation, peptide-bond formation, epimerization and tripeptide release by an integrated thioesterase, since it contains three different modules each of approximately 1000 amino acids. The enzyme contains at least ten catalytic domains. The C-terminal region of ACVS bears the epimerase and the thioesterase domains and may be involved in the epimerization of LLL-ACV to LLD-ACV and in the hydrolysis of the thioester bond. Residues E3371, H3373, R3375 and E3376 belong to the epimerase active centre. Different fragments included in the C-terminal region of the enzyme control thioester hydrolysis. Role of the EGHGRE motif present in the epimerase domain of ACVS, the epimerization domain located in the third module (activating L-valine) contains seven partially conserved motifs E1 to E7, overview. The EGHGRE motif containing residues E3371, H3373, R3375 and E3376 is crucial for the activity of the ACVS, involvement of the GWSFG motif in the ACVS activity
additional information
-
the ACVS is able to catalyse multiple activities including substrate amino acids adenylation, peptide-bond formation, epimerization and tripeptide release by an integrated thioesterase, since it contains three different modules each of approximately 1000 amino acids. The enzyme contains at least ten catalytic domains. The C-terminal region of ACVS bears the epimerase and the thioesterase domains and may be involved in the epimerization of LLL-ACV to LLD-ACV and in the hydrolysis of the thioester bond. Residues E3371, H3373, R3375 and E3376 belong to the epimerase active centre. Different fragments included in the C-terminal region of the enzyme control thioester hydrolysis. Role of the EGHGRE motif present in the epimerase domain of ACVS, the epimerization domain located in the third module (activating L-valine) contains seven partially conserved motifs E1 to E7, overview. The EGHGRE motif containing residues E3371, H3373, R3375 and E3376 is crucial for the activity of the ACVS, involvement of the GWSFG motif in the ACVS activity
additional information
-
the ACVS is able to catalyse multiple activities including substrate amino acids adenylation, peptide-bond formation, epimerization and tripeptide release by an integrated thioesterase, since it contains three different modules each of approximately 1000 amino acids. The enzyme contains at least ten catalytic domains. The C-terminal region of ACVS bears the epimerase and the thioesterase domains and may be involved in the epimerization of LLL-ACV to LLD-ACV and in the hydrolysis of the thioester bond. Residues E3371, H3373, R3375 and E3376 belong to the epimerase active centre. Different fragments included in the C-terminal region of the enzyme control thioester hydrolysis. Role of the EGHGRE motif present in the epimerase domain of ACVS, the epimerization domain located in the third module (activating L-valine) contains seven partially conserved motifs E1 to E7, overview. The EGHGRE motif containing residues E3371, H3373, R3375 and E3376 is crucial for the activity of the ACVS, involvement of the GWSFG motif in the ACVS activity
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