Any feedback?
No. of entries
Information on EC 5.2.1.12 - zeta-carotene isomerase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC5.2.1.12
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
EC Tree 5 Isomerases
5.2 cis-trans-Isomerases
5.2.1 cis-trans Isomerases (only sub-subclass identified to date)
5.2.1.12 zeta-carotene isomerase
IUBMB Comments
The enzyme catalyses the cis-trans isomerization of the 15-15′ carbon-carbon double bond in 9,15,9′-tricis-ζ-carotene, which is required for biosynthesis of all plant carotenoids. Requires heme b.
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
showSynonyms
z-iso, zeta-carotene isomerase, 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase, more
topPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase
AtZ-ISO
T20
Z-ISO
zeta-carotene isomerase
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene = 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
MetaCyc
trans-lycopene biosynthesis II (oxygenic phototrophs and green sulfur bacteria)
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene cis-trans-isomerase
The enzyme catalyses the cis-trans isomerization of the 15-15' carbon-carbon double bond in 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene, which is required for biosynthesis of all plant carotenoids. Requires heme b.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: involved in carotenoid biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: involved in carotenoid biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
additional information
?
-
Substrates: the cis-bond is photo-labile and can be isomerized non-enzymatically by light
Products: -
Products: -
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: involved in carotenoid biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
r
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
Substrates: involved in carotenoid biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
heme
isomerization depends upon a ferrous heme b cofactor that undergoes redox-regulated ligand-switching between the heme iron and alternate Z-ISO amino acid residues. Presence of a high-spin ferric heme and multiple low-spin hemes with broad EPR signals
additional information
-
cytosol-located regions (116-139 aa, 191-210 aa, 273-277 aa, and 363 aa-C-terminus) may form the cofactor-binding pocket positioned at the base of the transmembrane helices
-
heme b
Z-ISO uses a ligand switching mechanism to change the Z-ISO residues that share electrons with the heme b depending on the redox state of the heme b iron. This switch of heme ligands serves to reposition the heme cofactor and activates the enzyme to catalyze isomerization of the central 15-15'-cis double bond of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene to form 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene. The isolated heme b cofactor can be identified using a hemochrome assay
heme b
the enzyme is a heme B-containing integral membrane protein, heme b docking study. The two putative heme binding sites H150 and H266 are displayed for the maize structural model
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
12 different cultivars: cv. Heinz, cv. Korneevskii, cv. Garmoshka, cv. Malinovyi silach, cv. Zemba, cv. Paul Robeson, cv. Black Jack, cv. Christmas blueberry, cv. Black cherry, cv. Cherry zhelto-oranzhevye, cv. Kopilka zheltaya, and cv. Nesozrevayuschii Natasha
-
-
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
ripe, fruits of the 12 different cultivars are red, violett, yellow, or orange
brenda
additional information
Z-ISO is expressed in most tissues
brenda
additional information
-
expression of Z-ISO genes in various tissues (roots, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits) of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Heinz 1706, in parts of Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82 ripe fruit, and in Solanum pimpinellifolium LA1589 seeds, transcriptome analysis. Z-ISO transcriptional profiling in cultivars and wild species suggests that the level of Z-ISO expression may be a key factor defining carotenoid accumulation in ripe tomato fruit
brenda
additional information
-
expression of Z-ISO genes in various tissues (roots, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits) of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Heinz 1706, in parts of Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82 ripe fruit, and in Solanum pimpinellifolium LA1589 seeds, transcriptome analysis
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
prediction of two transmembrane domains, which are found in typical plastid-targeted proteins in Euglena gracilis in the N-terminal region of EgZISO, suggesting the plastid localization of the EgZ-ISO protein, and prediction of a putative transit cleavage site at residue 126 for Euglena Z-ISO
brenda
-
the enzyme is an integral membrane protein. The Z-ISO enzyme has a helical topology, including transmembrane helices predicted with high confidence
brenda
the enzyme contains 6-7 transmembrane domains
brenda
the maize Z-ISO enzyme is an integral membrane protein and is predicted to have seven TMHs with an N-terminus in/C-terminus out orientation
brenda
additional information
-
cytosol-located regions (116-139 aa, 191-210 aa, 273-277 aa, and 363 aa-C-terminus) may form the cofactor-binding pocket positioned at the base of the transmembrane helices
-
brenda
additional information
Z-ISO is encoded by a nuclear gene, and the enzyme is targeted to the chloroplast and other plastids, along with the various enzymes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. An N-terminal transit sequence is removed upon plastid import. Z-ISO is embedded in plastid membranes by virtue of multiple transmembrane domains, the enzyme can be isolated within a high molecular weight protein complex
-
brenda
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
evolution
-
Z-ISO belongs to the nitrite and nitric oxide reductase U (NnrU) family. The tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon) comprises the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and 12 related wild species differing in fruit color and, thus, represents a good model for studying carotenogenesis in fleshy fruit. Z-ISO homologues have a highly conserved structure, suggesting that Z-ISO performs a similar function in tomato species despite the difference in their fruit colour. Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour. MEME-based analysis of the Z-ISO homologues. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
Z-ISO belongs to the nitrite and nitric oxide reductase U (NnrU) family. The tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon) comprises the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and 12 related wild species differing in fruit color and, thus, represents a good model for studying carotenogenesis in fleshy fruit. Z-ISO homologues have a highly conserved structure, suggesting that Z-ISO performs a similar function in tomato species despite the difference in their fruit colour. Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour. MEME-based analysis of the Z-ISO homologues. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
the deduced amino acid sequences of Z-ISO from Arthrospira platensis and Euglena gracilis are highly conserved relative to that of the functional Z-ISO from Arabidopsis thaliana (58% and 62% identities, respectively), except for N-terminal region, implying a potential functional similarity between these proteins. Phylogenetic distribution of Z-ISO, overview
evolution
the deduced amino acid sequences of Z-ISO from Arthrospira platensis and Euglena gracilis are highly conserved relative to that of the functional Z-ISO from Arabidopsis thaliana (58% and 62% identities, respectively), except for N-terminal region, implying a potential functional similarity between these proteins. Phylogenetic distribution of Z-ISO, overview
evolution
-
Z-ISO belongs to the nitrite and nitric oxide reductase U (NnrU) family. The tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon) comprises the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and 12 related wild species differing in fruit color and, thus, represents a good model for studying carotenogenesis in fleshy fruit. Z-ISO homologues have a highly conserved structure, suggesting that Z-ISO performs a similar function in tomato species despite the difference in their fruit colour. Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour. MEME-based analysis of the Z-ISO homologues. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
Z-ISO belongs to the nitrite and nitric oxide reductase U (NnrU) family. The tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon) comprises the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and 12 related wild species differing in fruit color and, thus, represents a good model for studying carotenogenesis in fleshy fruit. Z-ISO homologues have a highly conserved structure, suggesting that Z-ISO performs a similar function in tomato species despite the difference in their fruit colour. Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour. MEME-based analysis of the Z-ISO homologues. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
Z-ISO belongs to the nitrite and nitric oxide reductase U (NnrU) family. The tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon) comprises the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and 12 related wild species differing in fruit color and, thus, represents a good model for studying carotenogenesis in fleshy fruit. Z-ISO homologues have a highly conserved structure, suggesting that Z-ISO performs a similar function in tomato species despite the difference in their fruit colour. Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour. MEME-based analysis of the Z-ISO homologues. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
Z-ISO belongs to the nitrite and nitric oxide reductase U (NnrU) family. The tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon) comprises the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and 12 related wild species differing in fruit color and, thus, represents a good model for studying carotenogenesis in fleshy fruit. Z-ISO homologues have a highly conserved structure, suggesting that Z-ISO performs a similar function in tomato species despite the difference in their fruit colour. Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour. MEME-based analysis of the Z-ISO homologues. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
the deduced amino acid sequences of Z-ISO from Arthrospira platensis and Euglena gracilis are highly conserved relative to that of the functional Z-ISO from Arabidopsis thaliana (58% and 62% identities, respectively), except for N-terminal region, implying a potential functional similarity between these proteins. Phylogenetic distribution of Z-ISO, overview
-
malfunction
-
in absence of light, the 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene isomer accumulates in etiolated leaves and roots of maize plants carrying the recessive y9 allele in comparison to normal carotenoid composition in light-exposed y9 leaves
malfunction
endogenous strigolactone (SL) and abscisic acid (ABA) levels are both reduced in the high-tillering mutant tillering20 (t20), the mutant can be restored to the wild-type by treatment with the strigolactone (SL) analogue rac-GR24. Abscisic acid (ABA) treatment significantly represses strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis, and the ABA biosynthetic mutants displays elevated SL biosynthesis. ABA treatment reduces the number of basal tillers in both t20 and wild-type plants. While ABA-deficient mutants aba1 and aba2 had the same number of basal tillers as wild type, they had more unproductive upper tillers at maturity
malfunction
endogenous strigolactone (SL) and abscisic acid (ABA) levels are both reduced in the high-tillering mutant tillering20 (t20), the mutant can be restored to the wild-type by treatment with the strigolactone (SL) analogue rac-GR24. Abscisic acid (ABA) treatment significantly represses strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis, and the ABA biosynthetic mutants displays elevated SL biosynthesis. ABA treatment reduces the number of basal tillers in both t20 and wild-type plants. While ABA-deficient mutants aba1 and aba2 had the same number of basal tillers as wild type, they had more unproductive upper tillers at maturity
malfunction
rice mit1 mutant produces moderately increased tiller number with mildly reduced stature. Dark-grown mit1 plants accumulate higher levels of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene, the substrate of ZISO, due to its inability to convert into 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene. Even in tissues of the light-grown mit1 mutant, the contents of several carotenoids are also reduced. MIT1 deficiency leads to reduced carotenoid biosynthesis. Levels of epi-5DS, a native strigolactone (SL) in rice, are significantly lower in root exudates of mit1 seedlings than in the wild-type. The enhanced tiller bud outgrowth and mesocotyl elongation of mit1 are inhibited by application of the synthetic SL analogue GR24. SL-deficient rice mutants also exhibit accelerated mesocotyl elongation in dark-grown seedlings
malfunction
the enzyme mutant accumulates 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene and lack carotenoids in the dark, as well as having delayed greening and a lower carotenoid content when exposed to light
metabolism
-
in plants, the biosynthesis of carotenoids occurs in plastids. It starts with the formation of colorless 15-cis-phytoene from two molecules of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate, which is mediated by phytoene synthase (PSY). The following sequential reactions catalyzed by phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), and two carotene cis-trans isomerases (CRTISO) yield trans-lycopene, a red pigment serving as a precursor for the synthesis of orange alpha- and beta-carotenes, which then can be converted to yellow lutein and xanthophyll, respectively. A key step in carotenoid biosynthesis is the cis-to-trans isomerization of the 15-15' C=C bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene synthesized by PDS, which yields 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, a substrate for ZDS. In photosynthetic tissues, this isomerization is partially mediated by light. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues
metabolism
-
in plants, the biosynthesis of carotenoids occurs in plastids. It starts with the formation of colorless 15-cis-phytoene from two molecules of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate, which is mediated by phytoene synthase (PSY). The following sequential reactions catalyzed by phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), and two carotene cis-trans isomerases (CRTISO) yield trans-lycopene, a red pigment serving as a precursor for the synthesis of orange alpha- and beta-carotenes, which then can be converted to yellow lutein and xanthophyll, respectively. A key step in carotenoid biosynthesis is the cis-to-trans isomerization of the 15-15' C=C bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene synthesized by PDS, which yields 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, a substrate for ZDS. In photosynthetic tissues, this isomerization is partially mediated by light. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues
metabolism
the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of plants is located in plastids and begins with formation of the colorless 15-cis phytoene catalyzed by phytoene synthase (PSY). The subsequent steps of the pathway yielding colored carotenoids (e.g. all trans lycopene) involve two desaturation steps catalyzed by phytoene desaturase (PDS) and zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS) and two isomerization steps catalyzed by 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase Z-ISO and the carotenoid isomerase CRTISO
metabolism
the product of the enzyme phytoene desaturase (PDS), 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene, is converted to 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, the substrate of the enzyme zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), by Z-ISO
metabolism
oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria, algae, and plants), green sulfur bacteria (GSB), and Chloroacidobacteria use a multi-enzyme pathway to synthesize lycopene from phytoene, the four enzymes are phytoene desaturase (PDS/CrtP, catalyzes two desaturations of lycopene), zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS/CrtQ, catalyzes two desaturations of zeta-carotene), and the prolycopene isomerase (CRT-ISO/CrtH)
metabolism
oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria, algae, and plants), green sulfur bacteria (GSB), and Chloroacidobacteria use a multi-enzyme pathway to synthesize lycopene from phytoene, the four enzymes are phytoene desaturase (PDS/CrtP, catalyzes two desaturations of lycopene), zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS/CrtQ, catalyzes two desaturations of zeta-carotene), and the prolycopene isomerase (CRT-ISO/CrtH)
metabolism
-
in plants, the biosynthesis of carotenoids occurs in plastids. It starts with the formation of colorless 15-cis-phytoene from two molecules of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate, which is mediated by phytoene synthase (PSY). The following sequential reactions catalyzed by phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), and two carotene cis-trans isomerases (CRTISO) yield trans-lycopene, a red pigment serving as a precursor for the synthesis of orange alpha- and beta-carotenes, which then can be converted to yellow lutein and xanthophyll, respectively. A key step in carotenoid biosynthesis is the cis-to-trans isomerization of the 15-15' C=C bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene synthesized by PDS, which yields 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, a substrate for ZDS. In photosynthetic tissues, this isomerization is partially mediated by light. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues
metabolism
-
in plants, the biosynthesis of carotenoids occurs in plastids. It starts with the formation of colorless 15-cis-phytoene from two molecules of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate, which is mediated by phytoene synthase (PSY). The following sequential reactions catalyzed by phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), and two carotene cis-trans isomerases (CRTISO) yield trans-lycopene, a red pigment serving as a precursor for the synthesis of orange alpha- and beta-carotenes, which then can be converted to yellow lutein and xanthophyll, respectively. A key step in carotenoid biosynthesis is the cis-to-trans isomerization of the 15-15' C=C bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene synthesized by PDS, which yields 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, a substrate for ZDS. In photosynthetic tissues, this isomerization is partially mediated by light. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues
metabolism
-
in plants, the biosynthesis of carotenoids occurs in plastids. It starts with the formation of colorless 15-cis-phytoene from two molecules of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate, which is mediated by phytoene synthase (PSY). The following sequential reactions catalyzed by phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), and two carotene cis-trans isomerases (CRTISO) yield trans-lycopene, a red pigment serving as a precursor for the synthesis of orange alpha- and beta-carotenes, which then can be converted to yellow lutein and xanthophyll, respectively. A key step in carotenoid biosynthesis is the cis-to-trans isomerization of the 15-15' C=C bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene synthesized by PDS, which yields 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, a substrate for ZDS. In photosynthetic tissues, this isomerization is partially mediated by light. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues
metabolism
-
in plants, the biosynthesis of carotenoids occurs in plastids. It starts with the formation of colorless 15-cis-phytoene from two molecules of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate, which is mediated by phytoene synthase (PSY). The following sequential reactions catalyzed by phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), and two carotene cis-trans isomerases (CRTISO) yield trans-lycopene, a red pigment serving as a precursor for the synthesis of orange alpha- and beta-carotenes, which then can be converted to yellow lutein and xanthophyll, respectively. A key step in carotenoid biosynthesis is the cis-to-trans isomerization of the 15-15' C=C bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene synthesized by PDS, which yields 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, a substrate for ZDS. In photosynthetic tissues, this isomerization is partially mediated by light. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues
physiological function
-
isomerization of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene mediated by 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase Z-ISO is a critical step in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, which define fruit colour. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues. Dependence of Z-ISO activity on the redox status of the plastids, which is subjected to changes in response to various internal and external signals. Z-ISO is a key enzyme in the dynamic control of carotenoid biosynthesis and flux. Z-ISO plays a critical role in carotenoid production not only in the absence of light exposure, but also at temperature fluctuations, indicating possible involvement of this enzyme in the evolutionary adaptation of plants to environmental changes and in the breeding of cultivars with consolidated valuable traits
physiological function
-
isomerization of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene mediated by 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase Z-ISO is a critical step in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, which define fruit colour. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues. Dependence of Z-ISO activity on the redox status of the plastids, which is subjected to changes in response to various internal and external signals. Z-ISO is a key enzyme in the dynamic control of carotenoid biosynthesis and flux. Z-ISO plays a critical role in carotenoid production not only in the absence of light exposure, but also at temperature fluctuations, indicating possible involvement of this enzyme in the evolutionary adaptation of plants to environmental changes and in the breeding of cultivars with consolidated valuable traits
physiological function
enzyme 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) controls carotenoid pathway flux to products necessary for plant development and function. Z-ISO catalysis of the cis to trans isomerization of the 15-cis double bond in 15-cis-zeta-carotene is mediated by a unique mechanism dependent on the redox-state of a heme b cofactor
physiological function
gene T20 encodes zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which catalyzes a key step in carotenoid biosynthesis. Z-ISO (T20) catalyzes the isomerization of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene to 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, which is converted to all-trans beta-carotene through several subsequent steps. Zeta-Carotene isomerase suppresses tillering in rice through the coordinated biosynthesis of strigolactone and abscisic acid. The chloroplast zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and their metabolites, strigolactone (SL) and abscisic acid (ABA)
physiological function
gene T20 encodes zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which catalyzes a key step in carotenoid biosynthesis. Z-ISO (T20) catalyzes the isomerization of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-z-carotene to 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, which is converted to all-trans beta-carotene through several subsequent steps. Zeta-Carotene isomerase suppresses tillering in rice through the coordinated biosynthesis of strigolactone and abscisic acid. The chloroplast zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and their metabolites, strigolactone (SL) and abscisic acid (ABA)
physiological function
15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is a key enzyme located in chloroplast membranes, where it independently catalyzes isomerization from 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene to 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene. Its function can also be partially compensated by light. Map-based cloning reveals that gene MIT1 encodes Z-ISO in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway
physiological function
enzyme Z-ISO catalyzes the reaction of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene to 9,15,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene as part of a pathway essential for the production of vitamin A
physiological function
enzyme Z-ISO catalyzes the redox-regulated cis-to-trans conversion of the 15-cis double bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene to form 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene
physiological function
-
isomerization of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene mediated by 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase Z-ISO is a critical step in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, which define fruit colour. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues. Dependence of Z-ISO activity on the redox status of the plastids, which is subjected to changes in response to various internal and external signals. Z-ISO is a key enzyme in the dynamic control of carotenoid biosynthesis and flux. Z-ISO plays a critical role in carotenoid production not only in the absence of light exposure, but also at temperature fluctuations, indicating possible involvement of this enzyme in the evolutionary adaptation of plants to environmental changes and in the breeding of cultivars with consolidated valuable traits
physiological function
-
isomerization of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene mediated by 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase Z-ISO is a critical step in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, which define fruit colour. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues. Dependence of Z-ISO activity on the redox status of the plastids, which is subjected to changes in response to various internal and external signals. Z-ISO is a key enzyme in the dynamic control of carotenoid biosynthesis and flux. Z-ISO plays a critical role in carotenoid production not only in the absence of light exposure, but also at temperature fluctuations, indicating possible involvement of this enzyme in the evolutionary adaptation of plants to environmental changes and in the breeding of cultivars with consolidated valuable traits
physiological function
-
isomerization of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene mediated by 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase Z-ISO is a critical step in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, which define fruit colour. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues. Dependence of Z-ISO activity on the redox status of the plastids, which is subjected to changes in response to various internal and external signals. Z-ISO is a key enzyme in the dynamic control of carotenoid biosynthesis and flux. Z-ISO plays a critical role in carotenoid production not only in the absence of light exposure, but also at temperature fluctuations, indicating possible involvement of this enzyme in the evolutionary adaptation of plants to environmental changes and in the breeding of cultivars with consolidated valuable traits
physiological function
-
isomerization of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene mediated by 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase Z-ISO is a critical step in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, which define fruit colour. Enzymatic catalysis by the integral membrane protein 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is essential, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues. Dependence of Z-ISO activity on the redox status of the plastids, which is subjected to changes in response to various internal and external signals. Z-ISO is a key enzyme in the dynamic control of carotenoid biosynthesis and flux. Z-ISO plays a critical role in carotenoid production not only in the absence of light exposure, but also at temperature fluctuations, indicating possible involvement of this enzyme in the evolutionary adaptation of plants to environmental changes and in the breeding of cultivars with consolidated valuable traits
additional information
-
no species- or fruit color-specific structural features
additional information
-
no species- or fruit color-specific structural features
additional information
Z-ISO homology modeling predicts feasibility of switching between alternate distal ligands, H266 and C263, whereas the heme proximal ligand is H150. Ligand states are proposed based on experimental evidence
additional information
enzyme Z-ISO possesses a large disordered soluble N-terminal domain and a C-terminal NnrU domain, enzyme structure-function analysis, overview. In disorder and polytypic analyses, Z-ISO is predicted to have the large, soluble domain at the N-terminus and 6-7 transmembrane domains. The region extending from the first transmembrane domain is approximately 100 amino acids in length and is of a sequence that appears poorly conserved, relative to the C-terminal half of the protein. It is here, within the membrane-spanning region of Z-ISO, that the NnrU domain is positioned and is of considerably higher sequence identity among Z-ISO orthologues
additional information
enzyme structure-function relationship analysis, structure comparisons and modeling, detailed overview. Residues H29 and H145 residues are important for activity in Slr1599. Homology modelling with maize Z-ISO
additional information
enzyme structure-function relationship analysis, structure comparisons and modeling, detailed overview. Residues H150 and H266 are functionally important in the maize Z-ISO enzyme. These residues appear to be highly conserved in Z-ISO homologues. Homology modelling and modelling of Z-ISO for in silico structure. Docking study
additional information
-
no species- or fruit color-specific structural features
additional information
-
no species- or fruit color-specific structural features
additional information
-
no species- or fruit color-specific structural features
additional information
-
no species- or fruit color-specific structural features
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). ZCIS_MAIZE
366
5
40319
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 3)
ZCIS_ARATH
367
5
40851
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 2)
P72984_SYNY3
Synechocystis sp. (strain ATCC 27184 / PCC 6803 / Kazusa)
188
0
21877
TrEMBL
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
D173A
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant of the Synechocystis enzyme produces beta-carotene but also accumulates a significant amount of a cis-zeta-carotene
R170A
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation yields the most minimal free-energy change
R170W
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation yields the most minimal free-energy change
additional information
additional information
identification of a high-tillering mutant tillering20 (t20), which can be restored to the wild-type by treatment with the strigolactone (SL) analogue rac-GR24. T20 encodes a chloroplast zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and their metabolites, SL and abscisic acid (ABA). The t20 mutant has reduced SL and ABA, phenotype, overview
additional information
identification of a high-tillering mutant tillering20 (t20), which can be restored to the wild-type by treatment with the strigolactone (SL) analogue rac-GR24. T20 encodes a chloroplast z-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and their metabolites, SL and abscisic acid (ABA). The t20 mutant has reduced SL and ABA, phenotype, overview
additional information
based on the single-nucleotide polymorphism G2674A in the coding sequence and a 46-bp InDel in 3'-UTR, three haplotypes of the MIT1 gene are constructed. Accessions of Hap2 has significantly more tillers and lower MIT1 expression than the other two haplotypes. The increased tiller phenotype is caused by the strigolactone (SL) deficiency. MIT1 controls tiller number through the SL pathway MIT1 is located upstream of the SL biosynthesis and signaling
additional information
construction of a DELTAslr1599 deletion mutant using a linear mutagenesis construct generated from three individual PCR product templates by overlap-extension (OLE)-PCR. Complementation of DELTAslr1599 is performed by integrating slr1599 or the Arabidopsis thaliana Z-ISO gene at the psbAII locus using the pPD-N-FLAG plasmid. Functional Slr1599 is expressed in an Escherichia coli strain containing pAC-ZETAipi, which contains the Pantoea agglomerans (previous known as Erwinia herbicola) crtE (encodes GGPPS), crtB (encodes PSY), and idi (encodes IPP isomerase, which interconverts IPP and DMAPP) genes and the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 crtP gene (encodes PDS) to drive the production of the substrate of Z-ISO, 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene. Unlike the wild-type, the mutant is unable to convert 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene to 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene in the absence of prolonged illumination. The defect in carotenoid biosynthesis in the DELTAslr1599 strain under LAHG is reflected by the loss of carotenoid absorbance at about 475 nm and the concomitant appearance of absorbance features in the 350-430 nm region of the absorbance spectrum due to the accumulation of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene. In trans expression of slr1599 or the Arabidopsis Z-ISO gene (At1g10830 lacking its predicted 58 aa N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide) under the control of the native psbAII promoter restores zeta-carotene biosynthesis under LAHG. Complementation of the DELTAslr1599 mutant allows identification of key Z-ISO residues
additional information
generation of truncated form of Z-ISO, fusion to a sequence encoding maltose binding protein upstream of Z-ISO (MBP::Z-ISO) for facilitating mechanistic elucidation of Z-ISO activity, method, overview
additional information
identification of disordered regions and N-terminal deletions, protein ortholog expression screening, methods, detailed overview
additional information
utility of the DELTAslr1599 mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 enzyme as a background strain for studying variants of Z-ISO, such as point mutants of the native or heterologous enzymes. The maize Z-ISO and other plant enzymes are predicted to have seven TMHs with an N-terminus in/C-terminus out orientation, whereas the Synechocystis enzyme is predicted to contain one less TMH with both the N- and C-termini in the periplasm/thylakoid lumen. While cytoplasmic MBP is compatible with the N-terminal orientation of the maize enzyme, the presence of MBP may prevent the localization of the N-terminus of the Synechocystis enzyme to the periplasm, preventing the proper folding, orientation, and insertion of Z-ISO into the membrane. Oxidized and reduced spectra of maize Z-ISO mutants, overview
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
induced recombinant Z-ISO fusion protein accumulates in Escherichia coli membranes, which are collected by ultracentrifugation. The fusion protein is then solubilized and purified by affinity chromatography, and/or the MPB protein optionally cleaved to yield the Z-ISO enzyme alone
recombinant FLAG3-tagged or MBP-tagged enzyme in Synechocystis sp. strain and FLAG3-tagged enzyme from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by affinity chromatography
recombinant MBP-tagged wild-type and mutant enzymes from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by amylose affinity chromatography
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expression in Escherichia coli
gene AtZ-ISO, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression of the enzyme in Escherichia coli resulting in production of mainly 9,15,9'-tri-cis-f-carotene in darkness
-
gene EgZ-ISO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression of the enzyme in Escherichia coli resulting in production of mainly 9,15,9'-tri-cis-f-carotene in darkness
gene MIT1, Map-based cloning reveals that MIT1 encodes Z-ISO
gene slr1599, cloning from genomic DNA, functional recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), subcloning in Escherichia coli strain JM109, recombinant expression of N- or C-terminally FLAG3-tagged or MBP-tagged enzyme in Synechocystis sp. strains
gene T20, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene Z-ISO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, promoter analysis, genotyping, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, overview. Quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene Z-ISO, functional recombinant expression of N-terminally His-MBP-tagged wild-type and H354A, H354W, R170A, and R170W mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), subcloning in Escherichia coli strain JM109
gene Z-ISO, recombinant expression in and complementation of Z-ISO in engineered Escherichia coli mutant. Addition of heme biosynthesis precursors to bacterial cultures expressing the fusion protein enables expression of Z-ISO carrying a heme b
gene ZCIS, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons
gene T20, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene T20, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene Z-ISO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, promoter analysis, genotyping, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, overview. Quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
-
gene Z-ISO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, promoter analysis, genotyping, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, overview. Quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
-
gene Z-ISO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, promoter analysis, genotyping, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, overview. Quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
-
gene Z-ISO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, promoter analysis, genotyping, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, overview. Quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
-
gene Z-ISO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, promoter analysis, genotyping, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, overview. Quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
-
gene Z-ISO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, promoter analysis, genotyping, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, overview. Quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
rac-GR24 stimulates T20 expression and enhances all-trans beta-carotene biosynthesis. rac-GR24 also stimulates expression of Oryza sativa 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (OsNCED1) through induction of Oryza sativa homeobox12 (OsHOX12), promoting abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in shoot base. But except for Z-ISO (T20), rac-GR24 has little effect on expression levels of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, including those encoding carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), phytoene synthase1, 2, and 3 (PSY1, PSY2, and PSY3), phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), and lycopene-beta-cyclase (LCYB). Stringolactones (SLs) also induce expression of Z-ISO (T20)
rac-GR24 stimulates T20 expression and enhances all-trans beta-carotene biosynthesis. rac-GR24 also stimulates expression of Oryza sativa 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (OsNCED1) through induction of Oryza sativa homeobox12 (OsHOX12), promoting abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in shoot base. But except for Z-ISO (T20), rac-GR24 has little effect on expression levels of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, including those encoding carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), phytoene synthase1, 2, and 3 (PSY1, PSY2, and PSY3), phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), and lycopene-beta-cyclase (LCYB). Stringolactones (SLs) also induce expression of Z-ISO(T20)
Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour
Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour
-
Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour
-
Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour
-
Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour
-
Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour
-
Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlate with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5'-UTR sequences reveals over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differ in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit colour
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Li, F.; Murillo, C.; Wurtzel, E.T.
Maize Y9 encodes a product essential for 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerization
Plant Physiol.
144
1181-1189
2007
Zea mays
brenda
Chen, Y.; Li, F.; Wurtzel, E.T.
Isolation and characterization of the Z-ISO gene encoding a missing component of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants
Plant Physiol.
153
66-79
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays (B4FHU1), Zea mays
brenda
Beltran, J.; Kloss, B.; Hosler, J.P.; Geng, J.; Liu, A.; Modi, A.; Dawson, J.H.; Sono, M.; Shumskaya, M.; Ampomah-Dwamena, C.; Love, J.D.; Wurtzel, E.T.
Control of carotenoid biosynthesis through a heme-based cis-trans isomerase
Nat. Chem. Biol.
11
598-605
2015
Zea mays (B4FHU1)
brenda
Liu, L.; Ren, M.; Peng, P.; Chun, Y.; Li, L.; Zhao, J.; Fang, J.; Peng, L.; Yan, J.; Chu, J.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, S.; Li, X.
MIT1, encoding a 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase, regulates tiller number and stature in rice
J. Genet. Genomics
48
88-91
2021
Oryza sativa Japonica Group (Q2QT64)
brenda
Beltran, J.; Wurtzel, E.T.
Enzymatic isomerization of zeta-carotene mediated by the heme-containing isomerase Z-ISO
Methods Enzymol.
671
153-170
2022
Zea mays (B4FHU1)
brenda
Kloss, B.
Genomics-based strategies toward the identification of a Z-ISO carotenoid biosynthetic enzyme suitable for structural studies
Methods Enzymol.
671
171-205
2022
Zea mays (B4FHU1)
brenda
Proctor, M.S.; Morey-Burrows, F.S.; Canniffe, D.P.; Martin, E.C.; Swainsbury, D.J.K.; Johnson, M.P.; Hunter, C.N.; Sutherland, G.A.; Hitchcock, A.
Zeta-Carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is required for light-independent carotenoid biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Microorganisms
10
1730
2022
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (P72984), Zea mays (B4FHU1)
brenda
Liu, X.; Hu, Q.; Yan, J.; Sun, K.; Liang, Y.; Jia, M.; Meng, X.; Fang, S.; Wang, Y.; Jing, Y.; Liu, G.; Wu, D.; Chu, C.; Smith, S.M.; Chu, J.; Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Wang, B.
Zeta-Carotene isomerase suppresses tillering in rice through the coordinated biosynthesis of strigolactone and abscisic acid
Mol. Plant
13
1784-1801
2020
Oryza sativa Japonica Group (Q2QT64), Oryza sativa Indica Group (B8BP90)
brenda
Sugiyama, K.; Takahashi, K.; Nakazawa, K.; Yamada, M.; Kato, S.; Shinomura, T.; Nagashima, Y.; Suzuki, H.; Ara, T.; Harada, J.; Takaichi, S.
Oxygenic phototrophs need zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) for carotene synthesis functional analysis in Arthrospira and Euglena
Plant Cell Physiol.
61
276-282
2020
Euglena gracilis (A0A6F8P139), Limnospira platensis, Limnospira platensis NIES-39
brenda
Efremov, G.I.; Shchennikova, A.V.; Kochieva, E.Z.
Characterization of 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase Z-ISO in cultivated and wild tomato species differing in ripe fruit pigmentation
Plants (Basel)
10
2365
2021
Solanum habrochaites, Solanum pennellii, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pimpinellifolium, Solanum cheesmaniae, Solanum chilense
brenda
EXTERNAL LINKS (specific for EC-Number 5.2.1.12)
html completed
Use of this online version of BRENDA is free under the CC BY 4.0 license. See terms of use for full details.
Release 2026.1 (March 2026)
About BRENDA
Social media
Help
Survey
Download
Contribution
Legal
Curated at
Member of
![DSMZ Digital Diversity]()
![Global Core Biodata Resource]()
![ELIXIR Core Data Resource]()
![German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure]()
