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1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 4
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 6
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthetase
-
-
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase
-
-
-
-
ACS9
-
type-2 ACS isozyme
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
aminocyclopropane-2-carboxylic acid synthase
-
-
aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase
-
-
-
-
aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid synthase
-
-
-
-
AtACS4 gene
12 AtACS genes in Arabidopsis thaliana
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylethioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-forming)
-
-
-
-
synthase, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate
-
-
-
-
type 2 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase

-
-
1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase

-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
Diospyros sp.
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 4

-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 4
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 4
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase

-
-
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase
-
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase
-
ACC synthase

-
-
-
-
ACC synthase
-
key enzyme for ethylene biosynthesis
ACC synthase
Diospyros sp.
-
-
ACS

-
-
ACS1

isozyme
ACS2

-
ACS3

isozyme
ACS3
B2XCJ8; B2XCJ9; B2XCK0
-
ACS4

-
-
ACS4
-
type-2 ACS isozyme
ACS5

-
isozyme
ACS5
-
type-2 ACS isozyme
ACS6

-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase

-
-
-
-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
-
PgACS4

-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase

-
-
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
Diospyros sp.
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
-
-
type 2 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase

-
-
type 2 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
(R,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine
vinylglycine + methylthioadenosine
(S,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
L-alanine + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
pyruvate + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
L-arginine + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
2-oxo-5-guanidinopentanoate + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
-
-
-
?
L-aspartate + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
2-oxo-succinate + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
-
very slow transamination activity
-
?
L-phenylalanine + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
2-oxo-3-phenylpropanoate + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
-
slow transamination activity
-
?
L-vinylglycine
2-oxobutanoate + NH4+
-
-
-
-
?
L-vinylglycine
alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + alanine
pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + pyruvate
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
S-methyl-L-methionine
alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia + dimethylsulfide
S-methyl-L-methionine + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
4-dimethylsulfonium-2-oxobutyrate + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
-
transamination reaction
-
?
vinylglycine
alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia
additional information
?
-
(R,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine

vinylglycine + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
(R,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine
vinylglycine + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
(S,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
(S,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
L-alanine + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate

pyruvate + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
-
-
-
?
L-alanine + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
pyruvate + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
-
-
-
?
L-vinylglycine

alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia
-
-
-
?
L-vinylglycine
alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
Diospyros sp.
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
rate-determining step in the biosynthesis of ethylene
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
ir
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
ir
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
34565, 34567, 34577, 34578, 34579, 34580, 34581, 34584, 34585, 34586, 34590 -
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-methyl-L-methionine

alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia + dimethylsulfide
-
-
-
?
S-methyl-L-methionine
alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia + dimethylsulfide
-
beta,gamma elimination of dimethylsulfide to yield enzyme bound L-vinylglycine, which is subsequently converted to alpha-ketobutyrate and ammonia
-
?
vinylglycine

alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia
-
-
-
?
vinylglycine
alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia
-
-
-
?
additional information

?
-
-
enzyme activity may affect net photosynthetic rate through ethylene-induced changes on foliar gas exchange and leaf growth
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
possible alternative splicing mechanism in ripening-related ACC synthase genes in hybrid papaya, possibly to modulate or fine-tune gene expression relevant to fruit ripening
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
possible alternative splicing mechanism in ripening-related ACC synthase genes in hybrid papaya, possibly to modulate or fine-tune gene expression relevant to fruit ripening
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: S-adenosylhomocysteine
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
L-methionine
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
S-methylthionine
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the suppression of fruit softening in stony hard peach cultivar is caused by a low level of ethylene production, which depends on the supressed expression of Pp-ACS-1
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
rigid specifity for (-)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine, only purine base adenosine and adenosine analogs in which N6 nitrogen is modified
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
rigid specifity for (-)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine, only purine base adenosine and adenosine analogs in which N6 nitrogen is modified
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: S-adenosylhomocysteine
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ETOI family proteins specifically interact with and negatively regulate type 2 ACC synthase - Arabidopsis ETOI can regulate type 2 ACC synthase in a heterogous Lycopersicon esculentum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
key enzyme in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ACS6 is involved in system-1 ethylene production in preclimacteric fruit
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ETOI family proteins specifically interact with and negatively regulate type 2 ACC synthase - Arabidopsis ETOI can regulate type 2 ACC synthase in a heterogous Lycopersicon esculentum
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
(R,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine
vinylglycine + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
(S,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
L-alanine + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
pyruvate + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
S-methyl-L-methionine
alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia + dimethylsulfide
-
-
-
?
S-methyl-L-methionine + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
4-dimethylsulfonium-2-oxobutyrate + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate
-
transamination reaction
-
?
vinylglycine
alpha-ketobutyrate + ammonia
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
rate-determining step in the biosynthesis of ethylene
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
34565, 34567, 34577, 34578, 34579, 34580, 34581, 34584, 34585, 34586, 34590 -
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
-
biosynthesis of ethylene: plant hormone
-
-
?
additional information

?
-
-
enzyme activity may affect net photosynthetic rate through ethylene-induced changes on foliar gas exchange and leaf growth
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
possible alternative splicing mechanism in ripening-related ACC synthase genes in hybrid papaya, possibly to modulate or fine-tune gene expression relevant to fruit ripening
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
possible alternative splicing mechanism in ripening-related ACC synthase genes in hybrid papaya, possibly to modulate or fine-tune gene expression relevant to fruit ripening
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the suppression of fruit softening in stony hard peach cultivar is caused by a low level of ethylene production, which depends on the supressed expression of Pp-ACS-1
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ETOI family proteins specifically interact with and negatively regulate type 2 ACC synthase - Arabidopsis ETOI can regulate type 2 ACC synthase in a heterogous Lycopersicon esculentum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
key enzyme in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ACS6 is involved in system-1 ethylene production in preclimacteric fruit
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ETOI family proteins specifically interact with and negatively regulate type 2 ACC synthase - Arabidopsis ETOI can regulate type 2 ACC synthase in a heterogous Lycopersicon esculentum
-
-
?
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(2E,3E)-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-2-[([3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5[(phosphonooxy)methyl]pyridin-4-yl]methyl)imino] but-3-enoic acid
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
-
-
1-aminoethoxyvinyl glycine
-
1-methylcyclopropene
completely inhibits the ethylene-associated transcription of isozyme ACS1 in the whole fruit; completely inhibits the ethylene-associated transcription of isozyme ACS4 in the whole fruit
2-(cyclopentylamino)-7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by ACC synthase
2-(cyclopentylamino)-7-(4-methylphenyl)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by ACC synthase
2-amino-7-(4-methylphenyl)-7,8-dihydro-5(6H)-quinazolinone
2-aminooxyisobutyric acid
-
75% inhibition at 1.1 mM. The compound's action resembles aminooxyacetic acid. The inhibitor significantly increases the vase life of cut flowers by highly reducing the ethylene production through inhibition of the enzyme
2-[(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-phosphonooxymethyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-imino]-5-phosphonopent-3-enoic acid
7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(phenylamino)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by ACC synthase
chlorpromazine
-
and analogs
EOL1
-
also named ETO1-LIKE 1, directs the degradation of type-2 ACS proteins (ACS4, ACS5 and ACS9) but not of type-1 or type-3 ACSs
-
ethylene
ACS6 is negatively regulated by endogenous and exogenous ethylene
methoxyethoxyvinylglycine
-
-
methoxyvinylglycine
-
slight
methylthioadenosine
-
weak
propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
-
-
S-(3-deazaadenosyl)homocysteine
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
-
-
S-adenosylhomocysteine
-
-
S-isobutyl-1-deazaadenosine
-
-
S-isobutyl-3-deazaadenosine
-
-
S-isobutyl-7-deazaadenosine
-
-
S-methyl-L-methionine
-
covalent inactivation after elimination of dimethylsulfide
(2E,3E)-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-2-[([3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5[(phosphonooxy)methyl]pyridin-4-yl]methyl)imino] but-3-enoic acid

-
best inhibitor tested
(2E,3E)-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-2-[([3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5[(phosphonooxy)methyl]pyridin-4-yl]methyl)imino] but-3-enoic acid
-
best inhibitor tested
2-amino-7-(4-methylphenyl)-7,8-dihydro-5(6H)-quinazolinone

-
uncompetitive
2-amino-7-(4-methylphenyl)-7,8-dihydro-5(6H)-quinazolinone
-
uncompetitive
2-[(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-phosphonooxymethyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-imino]-5-phosphonopent-3-enoic acid

-
strong binding capacity
2-[(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-phosphonooxymethyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-imino]-5-phosphonopent-3-enoic acid
-
strong binding capacity
aminoethoxyvinylglycine

-
-
aminoethoxyvinylglycine
-
aminoethoxyvinylglycine
-
-
aminoethoxyvinylglycine
-
-
aminooxyacetic acid

-
-
L-Vinylglycine

-
approx. 60% loss of activity after 5 min, approx. 90% loss of activity after 40 min, biphasic inativation, mechanism based inhibition
L-Vinylglycine
-
mechanism-based inactivation
S-adenosyl-L-methionine

-
in presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
inactivation during catalytic action, (+) and (+/-) isomer
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
mechanism-based inactivation
sinefungin

-
-
sinefungin
-
naturally occuring antifungal antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseus
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1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
abscisic acid
-
exogenous treatment with abscisic acid increases the promoter activity of ACS4
indole-3-acetic acid
-
the application of 0.01 mM indole-3-acetic acid on defoliated plants results in increase in ACS activity, the application of 0.1 mM indole-3-acetic acid on no-defoliation and defoliated plants increases ACS activity
jasmonic acid
-
exogenous treatment with jasmonic acid increases the promoter activity of ACS4
methylviologen
-
generator of superoxide radicals
xanthine-xanthine oxidase
-
generator of superoxide radicals
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate

-
the expression of ACS7 is enhanced by 0.02 mM 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
expression of ACS1 is up-regulated by exogenous treatment with 0.1 mM 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
1-naphthyl acetic acid

plant tissues treated with 1-naphthyl acetic acid exhibit dramatic increases in isozyme ACS1 mRNA level
1-naphthyl acetic acid
plant tissues treated with 1-naphthyl acetic acid exhibit dramatic increases in isozyme ACS3 mRNA level
1-naphthyl acetic acid
plant tissues treated with 1-naphthyl acetic acid exhibit dramatic increases in isozyme ACS5 mRNA level
3-indole acetic acid

-
exogenous treatment with 3-indole acetic acid increases the promoter activity of ACS4
3-indole acetic acid
3-indole acetic acid applied to the cotyledons of seedlings causes a clear increase of ACS mRNA
3-indole acetic acid
induces gene expression at 1 mM
3-indole acetic acid
plant tissues treated with 3-indole acetic acid exhibit dramatic increases in isozyme ACS1 mRNA level
3-indole acetic acid
plant tissues treated with 3-indole acetic acid exhibit dramatic increases in isozyme ACS3 mRNA level
3-indole acetic acid
plant tissues treated with 3-indole acetic acid exhibit dramatic increases in isozyme ACS5 mRNA level
3-indole butyric acid

plant tissues treated with 3-indole butyric acid exhibit dramatic increases in isozyme ACS1 level
3-indole butyric acid
plant tissues treated with 3-indole butyric acid exhibit dramatic increases in isozyme ACS3 level
3-indole butyric acid
plant tissues treated with 3-indole butyric acid exhibit dramatic increases in isozyme ACS5 level
auxin

-
auxin
expression of ACS1 is up-regulated by exogenous treatment with auxin
cytokinin

-
cytokinin
a dramatic increase in ACS1 transcript levels is detected with increasing cytokinin concentrations (0.004-0.04 mM)
ethylene

-
ethylene enhances the promoter activities of ACS4 and ACS7 genes but exhibits no obvious impacts on that of ACS5
ethylene
activates transcription of isozyme ACS1
ethylene
activates transcription of isozyme ACS4
gibberellin

-
gibberellin
expression of ACS1 is up-regulated by exogenous treatment with 0.5 mM gibberellin
gibberellin
isozyme ACS1 expression level is slightly induced by 0.0004 mM gibberellin and declines thereafter to reach their basal level with higher concentrations
gibberellin
isozyme ACS3 expression level is slightly induced by 0.0004 mM gibberellin and declines thereafter to reach their basal level with higher concentrations
gibberellin
isozyme ACS5 expression level is slightly induced by 0.0004 mM gibberellin and declines thereafter to reach their basal level with higher concentrations
iodoacetic acid

-
additional information

transcript levels of this ACC synthase gene increase rapidly in response to bending stress but return to near starting levels within 30 min
-
additional information
-
transcript levels of this ACC synthase gene increase rapidly in response to bending stress but return to near starting levels within 30 min
-
additional information
isozyme ACS4 is not activated by treatments with gibberellin, cytokinin, 3-indole acetic acid, 1-naphthyl acetic acid, and 3-indole butyric acid
-
additional information
B2XCJ8; B2XCJ9; B2XCK0
isozyme ACS4 is not activated by treatments with gibberellin, cytokinin, 3-indole acetic acid, 1-naphthyl acetic acid, and 3-indole butyric acid
-
additional information
isozyme ACS4 is not activated by treatments with gibberellin, cytokinin, 3-indole acetic acid, 1-naphthyl acetic acid, and 3-indole butyric acid
-
additional information
isozyme ACS4 is not activated by treatments with gibberellin, cytokinin, 3-indole acetic acid, 1-naphthyl acetic acid, and 3-indole butyric acid
-
additional information
-
isozyme ACS4 is not activated by treatments with gibberellin, cytokinin, 3-indole acetic acid, 1-naphthyl acetic acid, and 3-indole butyric acid
-
additional information
-
increased enzyme activity after wounding of the potatoe
-
additional information
-
scavengers of reactive oxygen species like 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2) octane, superoxide dismutase, n-propyl gallate, catalase have no effect
-
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0.02
(-)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.037
(R,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
beta,gamma-elimination
0.037
(R,S)-S-adenosylmethionine
-
beta,gamma-elimination
0.012
(S,S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
alpha,gamma-elimination
0.026
(S,S)-S-adenosylmethionine
-
alpha,gamma-elimination
37
alanine
-
transamination
35
L-alanine
-
transamination
40
L-arginine
-
transamination
0.27 - 1.4
L-Vinylglycine
0.01 - 1.4
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
4.1
S-methyl-L-methionine
-
beta,gamma-elimination
0.27
L-Vinylglycine

-
deamination
1.4
L-Vinylglycine
-
alpha-ketobutyrate production
1.4
L-Vinylglycine
-
deamination
0.01
S-adenosyl-L-methionine

-
pH 8.5, 30°C
0.012
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.012
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
elimination
0.0133
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.017
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.02
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.023
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
refolded enzyme
0.02927
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of xanthineâxanthine oxidase and catalase
0.0315
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
30°C, pH 8.5, wild-type enzyme
0.03168
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
8 h after chilling
0.03213
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of xanthineâxanthine oxidase
0.03565
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of methylviologen and catalase
0.03608
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of methylviologen
0.038 - 0.167
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
Km increases from pH 7.5 to 9.5
0.03977
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
8 h after chilling in the presence of catalase
0.03977
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
8 h after chilling in the presence of n-propyl gallate
0.04
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.04
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
3 h after chilling
0.04056
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
8 h after chilling in the presence of superoxide dismutase
0.04098
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of xanthineâxanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase
0.04101
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
12 h after chilling
0.04136
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of methylviologen and superoxide dismutase
0.04208
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of xanthineâxanthine oxidase and n-propyl gallate
0.04216
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of xanthineâxanthine oxidase and 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2) octane
0.04322
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of methylviologen and 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2) octane
0.04438
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of methylviologen and n-propyl gallate
0.04443
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
8 h after chilling in the presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2) octane
0.0458
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
30°C, pH 8.5, mutant enzyme Y151F
0.05232
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.055
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.056
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
recombinant enzyme, pH 8.5, 30°C
0.05712
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
without chilling in the presence of H2O2
0.12
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.12
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
-
0.168
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
30°C, pH 8.5, mutant enzyme Y151G
0.409
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
30°C, pH 8.5, mutant enzyme Y151F/Y152F
0.514
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
30°C, pH 8.5, mutant enzyme Y152F
1.4
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
-
pH 9.0, 30°C
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-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
newly elongated internode shoots prior to needle elongation
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
ACC synthase is rapidly induced in excised top portions but no significant ACC synthase activity is observed in excised bottom portions. In top portions, ACC synthase reaches a peak 8 h after harvest and thereafter starts to decline
brenda
wounded bark
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
high expression level
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
24 h after wounding
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
petal
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
Diospyros sp.
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
ripening-specific
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
maximum expression in ripe fruit pulp, very low expression in ripe fruit peel
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
Pp-ACS1 is suppressed during fruit ripening in stony hard peaches
brenda
-
isoforms ACS1 and ACS4 show ripening-related increased expression during fruit development and ripening in cultivar CN13. The expression of isoform ACS5 decreases during fruit development
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
transcript accumulation of ACS1 is detected at a low level only in the later stage of fruit ripening
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
intact and wounded fruits of different ripening stages
brenda
-
wounded fruits
brenda
immature green, mature green, turning, pink, red, full ripe
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
etiolated
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
plant growth apic, bud
brenda
young leaf
brenda
of the seedling
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
preferential expression
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
enzyme expression increases during petals development
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
low expression level
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
specific ACS isozymes are targets for regulation by protein phosphatase 2A during Arabidopsis thaliana seedling growth and reduced protein phosphatase 2A function causes increased ACS activity in the roots curl in 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid 1 mutant
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
bud
brenda
-
bud
-
brenda
low expression level
brenda
-
flower stem, expression pattern of the three different genes of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in gravistimulated stems
brenda
-
brenda
ACS1 is not expressed in stem
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
the highest ACS1 transcript level is detected in tendrils
brenda
additional information

not detecte in flower, leaf, shoot, stem, tendril, root, and cotyledon
brenda
additional information
not detecte in flower, leaf, shoot, stem, tendril, root, and cotyledon
brenda
additional information
not detecte in flower, leaf, shoot, stem, tendril, root, and cotyledon
brenda
additional information
not detecte in flower, leaf, shoot, stem, tendril, root, and cotyledon
brenda
additional information
mRNA is not detected in root, stem and leaf tissues
brenda
additional information
-
mRNA is not detected in root, stem and leaf tissues
brenda
additional information
constitutively expressed in all tested organs
brenda
additional information
-
constitutively expressed in all tested organs
brenda
additional information
the enzyme expression levels in young tissues are higher than that in other tissues
brenda
additional information
-
brenda
additional information
-
brenda
additional information
-
brenda
additional information
-
brenda
additional information
-
brenda
additional information
no activity in root and petals, expression profiling, overview
brenda
additional information
no expression in fruit
brenda
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evolution
the enzyme belongs to type-1 subfamily of plant 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases
additional information
-
14-3-3 proteins interact with multiple 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana, 14-3-3 likely acts on all three classes of enzyme proteins
metabolism

-
harvest periods related to soluble solids contents content of Hayward kiwifruit significantly affect 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase activity, total soluble protein content and protein profile. ACC synthase activity is suppressed, especially in early harvested fruits, by an inhibition of fruit ripening during controlled atmosphere storage
metabolism
phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of ACS2 regulates its turnover upstream of the ubiquitin-26S-proteasome degradation pathway. ACS2 is stabilized by phosphorylation and degraded after dephosphorylation. The amount of ACS2 affected by the protein kinase/phosphatase inhibitors significantly influences cellular ACS activity, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content, and ethylene production levels in tomato fruit tissue. Calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK2, is one of the protein kinases that are able to phosphorylate ACS2 at residue S460. ACS2 is immediately phosphorylated after translation by CDPK and mitogen-activated protein kinase at different sites in response to wound signaling and almost all functional ACS2 molecules are phosphorylated in the cell. Phosphorylation at both sites is required for ACS2 stability
metabolism
proteolytic turnover of the ACS6 protein is retarded when protein phosphatase 2A activity is reduced. Protein phosphatase 2A and ACS6 proteins associate in seedlings and RCN1-containing protein phosphatase 2A complexes specifically dephosphorylate a C-terminal ACS6 phosphopeptide
metabolism
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase are key enzymes in the ethylene production
metabolism
-
the enzyme catalyzes the generally rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the phytohormone ethylene. 14-3-3 proteins exhibit a regulatory function in the pathway by reducing the degradation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase through components of a CULLIN-3 E3 ubiquitin ligase, i.e. ethylene-overproducer 1-like proteins or ETO1/EOLs, that target a subset of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase proteins for rapid degradation by the 26S proteasome. 14-3-3 protein positively regulates type-2 ACS protein stability by both increasing the turnover of the ETO1/EOL BTB E3 ligases that target type-2 ACS proteins and by an ETO1/EOL-independent mechanism. 14-3-3 protein promotes the degradation of ETO1/EOLs, likely via the 26S proteasome pathway
metabolism
-
the enzyme is important in ethylene production
metabolism
-
abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, methyl jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid differentially regulate the stability of ACS proteins, with distinct effects on various isoforms. Heterodimerization between ACS isoforms from distinct subclades results in increased stability of the shorter-lived partner, i.e. isoform ACS7 has a regulatory function to influence the stability of type-1 and type-2 ACS proteins through the formation of heterodimers
physiological function

cotton ACS2 interacts with Ca2+-dependent protein kinase CPK1. Phosphorylated ACS2 shows significantly increased ACS activity, leading to elevated ethylene production
physiological function
ethylene overproduction in protein phosphatase 2A-deficient plants requires isoforms ACS2 and ACS6
physiological function
the enzyme might be involved in fruit ripening and in response to salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and disease
physiological function
ethylene production is associated with ACS1 transcription
physiological function
-
lack of isoform ACS1 expression is solely responsible for low levels of ethylene production in cultivar CN16
physiological function
transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing Lycopersicum esculentum gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase exhibit remarkable upregulation of isoforms ACS2, ACS6, and ACO1 at transcript as well as protein levels, while they are downregulated in the GSH-depleted phytoalexin deficient2-1 mutant. Presence of enhanced levels of GSH induce ACS2 and ACS6 transcription in a WRKY33-dependent manner, while ACO1 transcription remains unaffected
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monomer
-
1 * 50000, SDS-PAGE, gel filtration
?

-
x * 53800, iosenzymes ACS4 and ACS5
?
-
x * 54600, iosenzyme ACS1
?
-
x * 55600, iosenzyme ACS2
?
-
x * 55000, iosenzyme ACS2
?
-
x * 53300, iosenzyme ACS2
?
-
x * 54100, iosenzyme ACS1
?
-
x * 56000, iosenzyme ACS1
?
-
x * 55800, iosenzyme ACS
?
-
x * 55800, iosenzyme ACS1A
?
-
x * 55900, iosenzyme ACS1B
?
x * 57000, SDS-PAGE, x * 57900, calculated
?
x * 54200, calculated from sequence
?
x * 49180, calculated from sequence
?
x * 49250, calculated from sequence
?
x * 52660, calculated from sequence
?
x * 54050, calculated from sequence
?
x * 54430, calculated from sequence
?
x * 54600, calculated from sequence
?
-
x * 51000, isoenzymes ACS4 and ACS5
?
-
x * 55000, iosenzymes ACS1 and ACS3
?
x * 50000, two-dimensional electrophoresis
?
x * 49100, calculated from sequence
?
-
x * 53100, iosenzyme ACS1
?
-
x * 54100, iosenzyme ACS1
?
-
x * 50200, isoenzyme ACS2
?
-
x * 52900, iosenzymes ACS1A and ACS1B
?
-
x * 54600, iosenzyme ACS1
dimer

-
the Arabidopsis genome encodes nine ACS polypeptides that form eight functional (ACS2, ACS4-9, ACS-11) and one nonfunctional homodimer. Coexpressing the K278A and Y92A mutants of different polypeptides shows that all of them have the capacity to heterodimerize. Functional heterodimers are formed only among gen family members that belong to one or the other of the two phylogenetic branches. It is proposed that heterodimerization enhances the isoenzyme diversity of the ACS gene family and provides physiological versatility by being able to operate in a broad gradient of S-adenosylmethionine concentration in various cells/tussues during plant growth and development. Nonfunctional heterodimerization may also play a regulatory role during the plant life cycle
dimer
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2 * 84000, SDS-PAGE
dimer
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2 * 46000, SDS-PAGE
dimer
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2 * 52000, SDS-PAGE
dimer
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2 * 48000, SDS-PAGE
dimer
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2 * 48000, SDS-PAGE
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dimer
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2 * 65000, SDS-PAGE
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crystal structure at 2.4 A resolution
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crystal structure of ACC synthase in complex with the substrate analogue [2-(aminooxy)ethyl](5'deoxyadenosin-5'-yl)(methyl)sulfonium at 2.01 A resolution, crystals are obtained with the sitting drop method, 0.001 ml of protein solution, consisting of 20 mg/ml ACC synthase, 10 mM [2-(aminooxy)ethyl](5'deoxyadenosin-5'-yl)(methyl)sulfonium, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 0.01 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 1 mM dithiothreitol, is mixed with 0.001 ml of precipitating solution containing 30% 2-methyl-2-4-pentanediol and 50 mM MES, pH 6.5
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recombinant enzyme, cocrystals of the enzyme-L-vinylglycine complex are obtained by sitting drop method. The crystals belong to space group C2 with cell constants a = 103.3 A, b = 59.4 A, c = 79.0 A, beta = 124.2°. The crystal structure of the covalent adduct of the inactivated enzyme is determined at 2.25 A resolution
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to 1.35 A resolution. The internal aldimine Schiff base linking the C4' atom of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor and the side chain nitrogen of K273 in the N'-pyridoxyl-lysine-5'-monophosphate adduct coexists with a small portion, about 20%, of free K273. Modeling of the mutation A46V, corresponding to A57V in Cucumis melo, which results in andromonoecious plants. The mutation changes the structure of the neighbouring active site residues only marginally. The mutation may cause an improper orientation of SAM in the active site
in silico three-dimensional modelling. The overall structure of the modelled binding site for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and aminoethylvinylglycine in ACS1 is very similar to the known structure for the binding site in apple and tomato ACC synthase. The structures show good conservation of the catalytic residues
in complex with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and aminoethoxyvinylglycine
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vapor diffusion method, well buffer consists of 20 mM sodium cacodylate, pH 6.0, 200 mM Li2SO4 and 19-23% polyethylene glycol 3350, crystal structure of ACC synthase complexed with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and aminoethoxyvinylglycine at 2.7 A resolution
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S460G
level of CPK1 phosphorylation is significantly decreased
S460G/S478A/S481A/S486A
level of CPK1 phosphorylation is significantly decreased
S478A/S481A/S486A
CPK1 phosphorylation efficiency does not significantly change compared to wild-type
A46V
modeling of the mutation, corresponding to A57V in Cucumis melo, which results in andromonoecious plants. The mutation changes the structure of the neighbouring active site residues only marginally. The mutation may cause an improper orientation of SAM in the active site
E47D
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3.8% of wild-type ACC synthase activity
E47Q
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0.9% of wild-type ACC synthase activity
G289V
naturally occuring mutation, no activity
K273A
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no ACC synthase activity
R407L
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20fold increase in Km for s-adenosyl-l-methionine
Y85F
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partially active ACC synthase
Y85W
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partially active ACC synthase
R407K
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increase in Km for S-adenosyl-L-methionine and drop in kcat/Km
Y233F
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24-fold increase in the Km for S-adenosyl-L-methionine and no change in kcat
R286A
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almost complete loss of activity
R286I
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almost complete loss of activity
R286T
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almost complete loss of activity
R286V
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almost complete loss of activity
Y151F
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activity is reduced by 27%
Y151F/Y152F
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activity is reduced by 99%
Y151G
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activity is reduced by 83%
Y152F
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activity is reduced by 98%
Y152G
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inactive mutant enzyme
Y92F
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partially active ACC synthase
Y92W
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partially active ACC synthase
Y233F

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24fold increase in Km
Y233F
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24fold increase in Km for s-adenosyl-L-methionine
Y85A

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inactive ACC synthase
Y85A
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no ACC synthase activity
R286L

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low affinity for both pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and S-adenosyl-L-methionine, 8000fold decrease in overall catalytic activity, i.e. kcat/Km
R286L
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low affinity for pyridoxal 5' phosphate and S-adenosylmethionine
additional information

transformation of Arabidopsis by the floral dip method to yield an AtACS4 and b-glucuronidase construct, characterization of atacs4, atacs8 and atacs4atacs8 knockouts, auxin-resistant 1, axr1-3, and auxin-resistant 2, axr2-1, mutants can not be activated by brassinosteroid
additional information
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a transient expression system in Arabidopsis protoplasts is used to determine if the interaction with 14-3-3 protein increases the half-life of ACS5. Coexpression of HA-14-3-3v increases the half-life of myc-tagged ACS5 protein in this system
additional information
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additional information
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deletion of residues 2-12 from the non-conserved N-terminus leads to slight increase in activity in vitro
additional information
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deletion of the COOH terminus through Arg429 results in complete inactivation
additional information
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deletion of 11 amino acids through Glu-23 from the N-terminus results in a substantial reduction of in vitro activity
additional information
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deletion of residues 3 through 27, from the N-terminus abolished enzyme activity completely
additional information
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deleltion of 46-52 amino acids from the COOH terminus results in an nine times higher affinity for S-adenosylmehtionine
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