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Information on EC 3.5.4.36 - mRNA(cytosine6666) deaminase
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3.5.4.36 mRNA(cytosine6666) deaminaseIUBMB Comments
The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme complex catalyses the editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA at cytidine6666 to uridine, thereby transforming the codon for glutamine-2153 to a termination codon. Editing results in translation of a truncated apolipoprotein B isoform (apoB-48) with distinct functions in lipid transport. The catalytic component (APOBEC-1) contains zinc at the active site .
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Word Map
- 3.5.4.36
- cytidine
-
polypeptide-like
-
deamination
- deaminases
-
apobecs
-
hypermutation
-
editosome
-
c-to-u
-
mooring
-
apob48
-
apob100
-
rna-specific
-
unedited
-
mcardle
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Tetrapoda
Reaction Schemes
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA
+
=
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA
+
Synonyms
apobec-1, apolipoprotein b mrna editing enzyme, apob mrna-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1, apo b messenger rna editing protein, 
more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
apoB mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1
APOBEC-1
APOBEC1
REPR
apoB mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1
catalytic subunit of the apoB mRNA editing complex
apoB mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1
catalytic subunit of the apoB mRNA editing complex
APOBEC1
catalytic component of an RNA-editing complex
APOBEC1
catalytic component of an RNA-editing complex
APOBEC1
catalytic component of an RNA-editing complex
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O = uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
-
-
-
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
mRNA(cytosine6666) aminohydrolase
The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme complex catalyses the editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA at cytidine6666 to uridine, thereby transforming the codon for glutamine-2153 to a termination codon. Editing results in translation of a truncated apolipoprotein B isoform (apoB-48) with distinct functions in lipid transport. The catalytic component (APOBEC-1) contains zinc at the active site [3].
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
5-methylcytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O
thymine in single-stranded DNA + NH3
Apobec1 has 5-methylcytosine deaminase activity, resulting in a thymine base opposite a guanine. If this mismatch is repaired, a methylated cytosine is replaced by an unmethylated one. If it is not repaired, it results in a cytosine -> thymine transition mutation. Apobec1, and perhaps other members of this protein family play a role in epigenetic reprogramming
-
-
?
cytosine in RNA + H2O
uracil in RNA + NH3
murine APOBEC1 is a hypermutator of both RNA and ssDNA in vivo
-
-
?
cytosine in RNA + H2O
uracil in RNA + NH3
transcriptome-wide sequencing reveals numerous APOBEC1 mRNA editing targets in transcript 3' untranslated regions, a molecular mechanism that suggests additional roles for APOBEC1 beyond its function in apolipoprotein regulation
-
-
?
cytosine in RNA + H2O
uracil in RNA + NH3
APOBEC1 site-specifically edits many mRNA transcripts other than apoB in small intestine enterocytes. Transcriptome-wide sequencing reveals numerous APOBEC1 mRNA editing targets in transcript 3' untranslated regions
-
-
?
cytosine in RNA + H2O
uracil in RNA + NH3
murine APOBEC1 is able to hyperdeaminate cytidine residues in murine leukemia virus genomic RNA. In vitro murine APOBEC1 can extensively edit viral RNA, while human APOBEC1 cannot
-
-
?
cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O
uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3
murine APOBEC1 is a hypermutator of both RNA and ssDNA in vivo
-
-
?
cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O
uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3
ssDNA hyperediting of an infectious exogenous gammaretrovirus, the Friendmurine leukemia virus, by murine APOBEC1
-
-
?
cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O
uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3
when expressed in bacteria, APOBEC1 can deaminate cytosine in DNA. Its activity on DNA is specific for single-stranded DNA and exhibits dependence on local sequence context
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
APOBEC1, catalytic component of an RNA-editing complex, transports the complementing specificity factor ACF to and from the nucleus as cargo. Expression of APOBEC1 alone edits apoB RNA and generates a substrate for nonsense-mediated decay. The APOBEC1/ACF editing complex protects the edited apoB RNA from nonsense-mediated decay and transports the RNA to the cytoplasm for translation
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
apolipoprotein (apo)B mRNA editing is mediated by a multiprotein editosome complex. Apobec-1 is the catalytic component of this complex. ABBP-1 (apobec-1-binding protein-1) is an apobec-1-interacting protein that may play an important role in apoB mRNA editing
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
for editing to take place, the 27 kDa catalytic subunit of the apoB mRNA-editing enzyme also needs complementing nuclear factors that are expressed in cells that do not normally express or edit apoB mRNA
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing subunit, APOBEC1, has considerable residual enzymatic activity on a minimal apoB mRNA substrate, even in the absence of any auxiliary factors. The effect of the auxiliary factor ACF is to broaden the temperature range of APOBEC1 activity, lowering the optimal temperature and enabling it to function optimally at lower temperatures. A model consistent with this observation is that at lower temperatures ACF promotes a conformational transition in the RNA substrate that occurs spontaneously at higher temperature
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
the activity of opossum APOBEC-1 in the presence of both chicken and rodent auxiliary editing proteins is comparable to that of other mammals
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
intestine-specific expression of Apobec-1 rescues apolipoprotein B RNA editing and alters chylomicron production in Apobec1-/- mice
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
murine APOBEC1 is a hypermutator of both RNA and ssDNA in vivo
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
the enzyme specifically catalyzes the deamination of cytidine at position 6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA to form an uridine. This changes the codon at position 2153 from a genomically encoded CAA (glutamine) to an in-frame stop codon. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing occurs in the small intestines of all mammals and in the livers of rats, mice, dogs, and horses. Hepatic editing activity is regulated by growth hormone, thyroxine, cortisol, fasting, and diet
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
murine APOBEC1 is able to hyperedit its primary substrate in vivo, the apolipoprotein B mRNA, and a variety of heterologous RNAs
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
apolipoprotein B mRNA editing at nucleotide 6666 converts cytidine to uridine, transforming the codon for glutamine-2153 to a termination codon
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
auxiliary proteins of the apoB mRNA editing complex, which are essential for editing activity, exist in organs devoid of significant apoB mRNA editing or apoB synthesis
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
mammalian apolipoprotein B (apo B) exists in two forms, each the product of a single gene. The shorter form, apo B48, arises by posttranscriptional RNA editing whereby cytidine deamination produces a UAA termination codon
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
the enzyme specifically catalyzes the deamination of cytidine at position 6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA to form an uridine. This changes the codon at position 2153 from a genomically encoded CAA (glutamine) to an in-frame stop codon. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing occurs in the small intestines of all mammals and in the livers of rats, mice, dogs, and horses. Hepatic editing activity is regulated by growth hormone, thyroxine, cortisol, fasting, and diet
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
ASP, a APOBEC-1-stimulating protein, plus APOBEC-1 represent the minimal apoB mRNA editing enzyme in vitro. ASP appears to be associated with the mRNA-binding protein KSRP, which may confer stability to the editing enzyme complex with its substrate apoB RNA
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
the apobec-1 complementation factor (ACF) and apobec-1 comprise the minimal protein requirements for specific and efficient editing of apo-B mRNA in vitro. ACF is also involved in editing in vivo. A model of the enzyme is elaborated in which ACF functions as the RNA-binding subunit that binds to the 11-nucleotide mooring sequence downstream of the editing site and docks apobec-1 to deaminate C6666. The fact that ACF is widely expressed in human tissues that lack apobec-1 and apo-B mRNA suggests that ACF may be involved in other RNA editing or RNA processing events
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
the enzyme is not able to edit apoB RNA in vitro without the addition of complementary or auxiliary proteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
in vitro murine APOBEC1 can extensively edit viral RNA, while human APOBEC1 cannot
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
APOBEC1 possesses antiviral activity. It is capable of inhibiting the infectivity of various lentiviruses in tissue culture models
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
APOBEC1 possesses antiviral activity. It is capable of inhibiting the infectivity of various lentiviruses in tissue culture models
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
APOBEC1 possesses antiviral activity. It is capable of inhibiting the infectivity of various lentiviruses in tissue culture models
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
APOBEC1 possesses antiviral activity. It is capable of inhibiting the infectivity of various lentiviruses in tissue culture models
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
APOBEC1 possesses antiviral activity. It is capable of inhibiting the infectivity of various lentiviruses in tissue culture models
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
5-methylcytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O
thymine in single-stranded DNA + NH3
Apobec1 has 5-methylcytosine deaminase activity, resulting in a thymine base opposite a guanine. If this mismatch is repaired, a methylated cytosine is replaced by an unmethylated one. If it is not repaired, it results in a cytosine -> thymine transition mutation. Apobec1, and perhaps other members of this protein family play a role in epigenetic reprogramming
-
-
?
cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O
uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3
murine APOBEC1 is a hypermutator of both RNA and ssDNA in vivo
-
-
?
cytosine in RNA + H2O
uracil in RNA + NH3
murine APOBEC1 is a hypermutator of both RNA and ssDNA in vivo
-
-
?
cytosine in RNA + H2O
uracil in RNA + NH3
transcriptome-wide sequencing reveals numerous APOBEC1 mRNA editing targets in transcript 3' untranslated regions, a molecular mechanism that suggests additional roles for APOBEC1 beyond its function in apolipoprotein regulation
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
APOBEC1, catalytic component of an RNA-editing complex, transports the complementing specificity factor ACF to and from the nucleus as cargo. Expression of APOBEC1 alone edits apoB RNA and generates a substrate for nonsense-mediated decay. The APOBEC1/ACF editing complex protects the edited apoB RNA from nonsense-mediated decay and transports the RNA to the cytoplasm for translation
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
apolipoprotein (apo)B mRNA editing is mediated by a multiprotein editosome complex. Apobec-1 is the catalytic component of this complex. ABBP-1 (apobec-1-binding protein-1) is an apobec-1-interacting protein that may play an important role in apoB mRNA editing
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
intestine-specific expression of Apobec-1 rescues apolipoprotein B RNA editing and alters chylomicron production in Apobec1-/- mice
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
murine APOBEC1 is a hypermutator of both RNA and ssDNA in vivo
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
the enzyme specifically catalyzes the deamination of cytidine at position 6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA to form an uridine. This changes the codon at position 2153 from a genomically encoded CAA (glutamine) to an in-frame stop codon. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing occurs in the small intestines of all mammals and in the livers of rats, mice, dogs, and horses. Hepatic editing activity is regulated by growth hormone, thyroxine, cortisol, fasting, and diet
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
apolipoprotein B mRNA editing at nucleotide 6666 converts cytidine to uridine, transforming the codon for glutamine-2153 to a termination codon
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
-
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
mammalian apolipoprotein B (apo B) exists in two forms, each the product of a single gene. The shorter form, apo B48, arises by posttranscriptional RNA editing whereby cytidine deamination produces a UAA termination codon
-
-
?
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + H2O
uracil6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA + NH3
the enzyme specifically catalyzes the deamination of cytidine at position 6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA to form an uridine. This changes the codon at position 2153 from a genomically encoded CAA (glutamine) to an in-frame stop codon. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing occurs in the small intestines of all mammals and in the livers of rats, mice, dogs, and horses. Hepatic editing activity is regulated by growth hormone, thyroxine, cortisol, fasting, and diet
-
-
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
NaCl
optimal activity of APOBEC1 without auxiliary factor at 80 mM ionic strength, optimal activity of APOBEC1 in presence of the auxiliary factor ACF at 90 mM
Zinc
Zinc
the enzyme requires zinc for its catalytic activity. A zinc motif is essential for catalytic activity. His61, Cys93, and Cys96 are essential for editing activity, probably because they coordinate zinc
Zinc
the enzyme contains tightly bound zinc, zinc exhibits a specific role in apoB mRNA editing
Zinc
the zinc finger in p27 may be required for catalysis, protein-protein interactions, or binding to apoB mRNA
Zinc
-
zinc binding is required for both apoB RNA editing and cytidine deaminase activity
Zinc
zinc-dependent enzyme. The amino acids His61, Cys93, and Cys96 chelate zinc
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
APOBEC1 complementation factor
broadens the temperature range of APOBEC1 activity, lowers the optimal temperature and enables it to function optimally at lower temperatures, it promotes at lower temperatures a conformational transition in the RNA substrate that occurs spontaneously at higher temperature
-
APOBEC1 complementation factor
required for enzyme-mediated RNA editing
-
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Adenoma
Deletion of the AU-rich RNA binding protein Apobec-1 reduces intestinal tumor burden in Apc(min) mice.
Atherosclerosis
Assessment of Novel Antioxidant Therapy in Atherosclerosis by Contrast Ultrasound Molecular Imaging.
Atherosclerosis
Curcumin regulates the metabolism of low density lipoproteins by improving the C-to-U RNA editing efficiency of apolipoprotein B in primary rat hepatocytes.
Atherosclerosis
Low expression of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing transgene in mice reduces LDL levels but does not cause liver dysplasia or tumors.
Atherosclerosis
Molecular imaging of activated von Willebrand factor to detect high-risk atherosclerotic phenotype.
Atherosclerosis
Molecular Imaging of Platelet-Endothelial Interactions and Endothelial von Willebrand Factor in Early and Mid-Stage Atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis
Molecular Imaging of the Initial Inflammatory Response in Atherosclerosis. Implications for Early Detection of Disease.
Brain Ischemia
Apobec-1 increases cyclooxygenase-2 and aggravates injury in oxygen-deprived neurogenic cells and middle cerebral artery occlusion rats.
Breast Neoplasms
APOBEC3B gene expression as a novel predictive factor for pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms
Durable Complete Response With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in Breast Cancer With High Tumor Mutational Burden and APOBEC Signature.
Carcinogenesis
A novel translational repressor mRNA is edited extensively in livers containing tumors caused by the transgene expression of the apoB mRNA-editing enzyme.
Carcinogenesis
An alternatively spliced form of apobec-1 messenger RNA is overexpressed in human colon cancer.
Carcinogenesis
Apobec-1 transcription in rat colon cancer: decreased apobec-1 protein production through alterations in polysome distribution and mRNA translation associated with upstream AUGs.
Carcinogenesis
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like family genes activation and regulation during tumorigenesis.
Carcinogenesis
Excessive activity of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic popypeptide 2 (APOBEC2) contiributes to liver and lung tumorigenesis.
Carcinogenesis
[Molecular mechanism and research progress of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by hepatitis B virus mutation].
Carcinoma
A1CF-promoted colony formation and proliferation of RCC depends on DKK1-MEK/ERK signal axis.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
APOBEC3B: A Potential Factor Suppressing Growth of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Apolipoprotein B RNA sequence 3' of the mooring sequence and cellular sources of auxiliary factors determine the location and extent of promiscuous editing.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Cloning and characterization of the rat apobec-1 gene: a comparative analysis of gene structure and promoter usage in rat and mouse.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Disproportionate relationship between APOBEC-1 expression and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing activity.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Distinct promoters induce APOBEC-1 expression in rat liver and intestine.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Ethanol increases apolipoprotein B mRNA editing in rat primary hepatocytes and McArdle cells.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
In vitro reconstitution of apolipoprotein B RNA editing activity from recombinant APOBEC-1 and McArdle cell extracts.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Low expression of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing transgene in mice reduces LDL levels but does not cause liver dysplasia or tumors.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Multiple protein domains determine the cell type-specific nuclear distribution of the catalytic subunit required for apolipoprotein B mRNA editing.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Overexpression of APOBEC-1 results in mooring sequence-dependent promiscuous RNA editing.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Recapture of hepatic apolipoprotein B mRNA editing may be a promising strategy to relieve nephrotic dyslipidemia.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Two efficiency elements flanking the editing site of cytidine 6666 in the apolipoprotein B mRNA support mooring-dependent editing.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A1CF-promoted colony formation and proliferation of RCC depends on DKK1-MEK/ERK signal axis.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Hypermutation in the E2 gene of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Colonic Neoplasms
An alternatively spliced form of apobec-1 messenger RNA is overexpressed in human colon cancer.
Colonic Neoplasms
Apobec-1 transcription in rat colon cancer: decreased apobec-1 protein production through alterations in polysome distribution and mRNA translation associated with upstream AUGs.
Colonic Neoplasms
Cloning and characterization of the rat apobec-1 gene: a comparative analysis of gene structure and promoter usage in rat and mouse.
Gallstones
Decreased expression of cholesterol 7alpha hydroxylase and altered bile acid metabolism in Apobec-1 -/- mice leads to increased gallstone susceptibility.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI
Durable Complete Response With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in Breast Cancer With High Tumor Mutational Burden and APOBEC Signature.
Hepatitis B
Deamination hotspots among APOBEC3 family members are defined by both target site sequence context and ssDNA secondary structure.
Hepatitis B
Distribution and difference of APOBEC-induced mutations in the TpCpW context of HBV DNA between HCC and non-HCC.
Hepatitis B, Chronic
[Association between APOBEC3G polymorphisms and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B].
Hypercholesterolemia
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing and the reduction in synthesis and secretion of the atherogenic risk factor, apolipoprotein B100 can be effectively targeted through TAT-mediated protein transduction.
Hypercholesterolemia
Hepatic expression of the catalytic subunit of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme (apobec-1) ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in LDL receptor-deficient rabbits.
Hypercholesterolemia
Normal perinatal rise in serum cholesterol is inhibited by hepatic delivery of adenoviral vector expressing apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme (Apobec1) in rabbits.
Hypercholesterolemia
Phenotype interaction of apobec-1 and CETP, LDLR, and apoE gene expression in mice: role of apoB mRNA editing in lipoprotein phenotype expression.
Hyperinsulinism
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing and apolipoprotein gene expression in the liver of hyperinsulinemic fatty Zucker rats: relationship to very low density lipoprotein composition.
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
Apobec-1 increases cyclooxygenase-2 and aggravates injury in oxygen-deprived neurogenic cells and middle cerebral artery occlusion rats.
Infections
Hepatic gene transfer of the catalytic subunit of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme results in a reduction of plasma LDL levels in normal and watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits.
Infections
Hypermutation in the E2 gene of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Infections
Repair of APOBEC3G-mutated retroviral DNA in vivo is facilitated by the host enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase 2.
Infections
[The associations between polymorphisms of APOBEC3G and different outcomes of persistent HBV infection]
mrna(cytosine6666) deaminase deficiency
Complete phenotypic characterization of apobec-1 knockout mice with a wild-type genetic background and a human apolipoprotein B transgenic background, and restoration of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing by somatic gene transfer of Apobec-1.
Myocardial Infarction
Echocardiographic Molecular Imaging of the Effect of Anticytokine Therapy for Atherosclerosis.
Neoplasms
An alternatively spliced form of apobec-1 messenger RNA is overexpressed in human colon cancer.
Neoplasms
Apobec-1 transcription in rat colon cancer: decreased apobec-1 protein production through alterations in polysome distribution and mRNA translation associated with upstream AUGs.
Neoplasms
APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B Activities Render Cancer Cells Susceptible to ATR Inhibition.
Neoplasms
APOBEC3B High Expression in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms and Association With Lymph Metastasis.
Neoplasms
APOBEC3B: A Potential Factor Suppressing Growth of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.
Neoplasms
Apolipoprotein B RNA editing enzyme-deficient mice are viable despite alterations in lipoprotein metabolism.
Neoplasms
C-->U editing of neurofibromatosis 1 mRNA occurs in tumors that express both the type II transcript and apobec-1, the catalytic subunit of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme.
Neoplasms
Deamination hotspots among APOBEC3 family members are defined by both target site sequence context and ssDNA secondary structure.
Neoplasms
Deletion of the AU-rich RNA binding protein Apobec-1 reduces intestinal tumor burden in Apc(min) mice.
Neoplasms
Hyperediting of multiple cytidines of apolipoprotein B mRNA by APOBEC-1 requires auxiliary protein(s) but not a mooring sequence motif.
Neoplasms
Hypermutation in the E2 gene of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Neoplasms
Identification of aberrantly methylated differentially expressed genes in glioblastoma multiforme and their association with patient survival.
Neoplasms
Low expression of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing transgene in mice reduces LDL levels but does not cause liver dysplasia or tumors.
Neoplasms
p53 controls expression of the DNA deaminase APOBEC3B to limit its potential mutagenic activity in cancer cells.
Neoplasms
The Prognostic Significance of APOBEC3B and PD-L1/PD-1 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.
Neurofibromatosis 1
C-->U editing of neurofibromatosis 1 mRNA occurs in tumors that express both the type II transcript and apobec-1, the catalytic subunit of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme.
Obesity
Metabolic regulation of APOBEC-1 complementation factor trafficking in mouse models of obesity and its positive correlation with the expression of ApoB protein in hepatocytes.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis upregulated phorbolin-1 shares structural but not functional similarity to the mRNA-editing protein apobec-1.
Retroviridae Infections
APOBEC3G/3A Expression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals Following Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Containing Cenicriviroc or Efavirenz.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
HPV Meets APOBEC: New Players in Head and Neck Cancer.
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumor?infiltrating M2 macrophages driven by specific genomic alterations are associated with prognosis in bladder cancer.
Virus Diseases
Family-Wide Comparative Analysis of Cytidine and Methylcytidine Deamination by Eleven Human APOBEC Proteins.
Virus Diseases
Viral (hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, HIV) persistence and immune homeostasis.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.000000017
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA
30°C, pH 7.0, APOBEC1 in presence of the auxiliary factor ACF
-
0.000000027
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA
41°C, pH 7.0, APOBEC1 in presence of the auxiliary factor ACF
-
0.00000021
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA
30°C, pH 7.5, APOBEC1 without auxiliary factor
-
0.00000022
cytosine6666 in apolipoprotein B mRNA
41°C, pH 7.5, APOBEC1 without auxiliary factor
-
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
physiological function
unlike their human counterparts, APOBEC1 in a wide range of mammalian species may function as a defense mechanism regulating retroelements
physiological function
unlike their human counterparts, APOBEC1 in a wide range of mammalian species may function as a defense mechanism regulating retroelements
physiological function
unlike their human counterparts, APOBEC1 in a wide range of mammalian species may function as a defense mechanism regulating retroelements
physiological function
unlike their human counterparts, APOBEC1 in a wide range of mammalian species may function as a defense mechanism regulating retroelements
physiological function
unlike their human counterparts, APOBEC1 in a wide range of mammalian species may function as a defense mechanism regulating retroelements
Show AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices (439 entries)
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Please use the AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices Search for a specific query.
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
27000
28192
x * 28192, APOBEC-1 from human has proven difficult to purify at levels sufficient for structural studies. Cytosine deaminase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CDD1) can be purified readily, which is relevant due to its orthology with APOBEC-1 at the level of both cytidine deaminase (CDA) sequence similarity (27%) and mRNA-editing activity on apolipoprotein B (apoB) substrates. Crystal structure of ScCDD1 is determined to 2.0 A resolution, which reveals that the fundamental CDA fold is necessary and sufficient for C-to-U deamination in pyrimidine metabolism, as well as RNA editing. The data from the CDD1 structure provide the basis for comparative modeling of the APOBEC-1 structure
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
?
x * 28192, APOBEC-1 from human has proven difficult to purify at levels sufficient for structural studies. Cytosine deaminase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CDD1) can be purified readily, which is relevant due to its orthology with APOBEC-1 at the level of both cytidine deaminase (CDA) sequence similarity (27%) and mRNA-editing activity on apolipoprotein B (apoB) substrates. Crystal structure of ScCDD1 is determined to 2.0 A resolution, which reveals that the fundamental CDA fold is necessary and sufficient for C-to-U deamination in pyrimidine metabolism, as well as RNA editing. The data from the CDD1 structure provide the basis for comparative modeling of the APOBEC-1 structure
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
E63A
E63Q
inactive mutant enzyme. The ability of the mutant proteins to restrict the infectivity of wild-type and DELTAvif viruses are severely, but not completely impaired
C93S
-
loss of RNA editing activity, great reduction of cytidine deaminase activity
C96S
E63Q
-
wild-type levels of RNA binding, mutation abolishes both cytidine deaminase and RNA editing activity
H61R
P92L
additional information
E63A
inactive mutant enzyme. The ability of the mutant proteins to restrict the infectivity of wild-type and DELTAvif viruses are severely, but not completely impaired
C96S
-
wild-type levels of RNA binding, loss of RNA editing activity, great reduction of cytidine deaminase activity
H61R
-
mutation abolishes RNA binding, loss of RNA editing activity, great reduction of cytidine deaminase activity
additional information
the truncated mutant form of the rabbit REPR that lacks the COOH-terminal one-third containing the putative leucine-rich motif is catalytically inactive
additional information
-
mutation of the first four leucines within the heptad repeat of the leucine-rich region (LRR) of apobec-1 results in reduced RNA editing but reservation of wild-type cytidine deaminase activity
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
characterization of the APOBEC-1 gene and an unusual aberrant splicing pattern of the pre-mRNA
expressed in Escherichia coli, as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein. Overexpression of wild-type apobec-1 in McA 7777 cells results in a 5-6-fold increase in editing of endogenous apoB
-
expression in Escherichia coli, the opossum APOBEC-1 gene has the same intron/exon organisation in the coding sequence as the eutherian gene
expression of the catalytic subunit of the editing enzyme, p27, in McArdle 7777 cells and in in COS cells. Transfected COS and CHO cells express p27 but lack additional proteins that are required for editing
high level expression of APOBEC1 in Sf9 cells as an N-terminal GST fusion protein. Substantial RNA editing activity of APOBEC1 alone may be responsible for the hyperediting observed upon overexpression of APOBEC1 in transgenic mice. These animals develop hepatocellular carcinomas
when the catalytic subunit of the editing enzyme, p27, is expressed in Xenopus oocytes, it requires other proteins to edit apoB mRNA in vitro
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Johnson, D.F.; Poksay, K.S.; Innerarity, T.L.
The mechanism for apo-B mRNA editing is deamination
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
195
1204-1210
1993
Oryctolagus cuniculus
brenda
Barnes, C.; Smith, H.C.
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing in vitro is a zinc-dependent process
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
197
1410-1414
1993
Rattus norvegicus (P38483)
brenda
Navaratnam, N.; Bhattacharya, S.; Fujino, T.; Patel, D.; Jarmuz, A.L.; Scott, J.
Evolutionary origins of apoB mRNA editing: catalysis by a cytidine deaminase that has acquired a novel RNA-binding motif at its active site
Cell
81
187-195
1995
Homo sapiens (P41238)
brenda
Chester, A.; Somasekaram, A.; Tzimina, M.; Jarmuz, A.; Gisbourne, J.; O'Keefe, R.; Scott, J.; Navaratnam, N.
The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex performs a multifunctional cycle and suppresses nonsense-mediated decay
EMBO J.
22
3971-3982
2003
Homo sapiens (P41238)
brenda
Fujino, T.; Navaratnam, N.; Scott, J.
Human apolipoprotein B RNA editing deaminase gene (APOBEC1)
Genomics
47
266-275
1998
Homo sapiens (P41238), Homo sapiens
brenda
Navaratnam, N.; Morrison, J.R.; Bhattacharya, S.; Patel, D.; Funahashi, T.; Giannoni, F.; Teng, B.B.; Davidson, N.O., Scott, J.
The p27 catalytic subunit of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme is a cytidine deaminase
J. Biol. Chem.
268
20709-20712
1993
Rattus norvegicus (P38483)
brenda
Driscoll, D.M.; Zhang, Q.
Expression and characterization of p27, the catalytic subunit of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme
J. Biol. Chem.
269
19843-19847
1994
Rattus norvegicus (P38483)
brenda
Yamanakam, S.; Poksay, K.S.; Balestra, M.E.; Zeng, G.Q.; Innerarity, T.L.
Cloning and mutagenesis of the rabbit ApoB mRNA editing protein. A zinc motif is essential for catalytic activity, and noncatalytic auxiliary factor(s) of the editing complex are widely distributed
J. Biol. Chem.
269
21725-21734
1994
Oryctolagus cuniculus (P47855)
brenda
MacGinnitie, A.J.; Anant, S.; Davidson, N.O.
Mutagenesis of apobec-1, the catalytic subunit of the mammalian apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, reveals distinct domains that mediate cytosine nucleoside deaminase, RNA binding, and RNA editing activity
J. Biol. Chem.
270
14768-14775
1995
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Innerarity, T.L.; Boren, J.; Yamanaka, S.; Olofsson, S.O.
Biosynthesis of apolipoprotein B48-containing lipoproteins. Regulation by novel post-transcriptional mechanisms
J. Biol. Chem.
271
2353-2536
1996
Rattus norvegicus (P38483), Mus musculus (P51908)
brenda
Lau, P.P.; Zhu, H.J.; Nakamuta, M.; Chan, L.
Cloning of an Apobec-1-binding protein that also interacts with apolipoprotein B mRNA and evidence for its involvement in RNA editing
J. Biol. Chem.
272
1452-1455
1997
Homo sapiens (P41238), Homo sapiens
brenda
Lellek, H.; Kirsten, R.; Diehl, I.; Apostel, F.; Buck, F.; Greeve, J.
Purification and molecular cloning of a novel essential component of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme-complex
J. Biol. Chem.
275
19848-19856
2000
Rattus norvegicus (P38483)
brenda
Petersen-Mahrt, S.K.; Neuberger, M.S.
In vitro deamination of cytosine to uracil in single-stranded DNA by apolipoprotein B editing complex catalytic subunit 1 (APOBEC1)
J. Biol. Chem.
278
19583-19586
2003
Rattus norvegicus (P38483)
brenda
Morgan, H.D.; Dean, W.; Coker, H.A.; Reik, W.; Petersen-Mahrt, S.K.
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deaminates 5-methylcytosine in DNA and is expressed in pluripotent tissues: implications for epigenetic reprogramming
J. Biol. Chem.
279
52353-52360
2004
Rattus norvegicus (P38483)
brenda
Blanc, V.; Xie, Y.; Luo, J.; Kennedy, S.; Davidson, N.O.
Intestine-specific expression of Apobec-1 rescues apolipoprotein B RNA editing and alters chylomicron production in Apobec1-/- mice
J. Lipid Res.
53
2643-2655
2012
Mus musculus (P51908)
brenda
Petit, V.; Guetard, D.; Renard, M.; Keriel, A.; Sitbon, M.; Wain-Hobson, S.; Vartanian, J.P.
Murine APOBEC1 is a powerful mutator of retroviral and cellular RNA in vitro and in vivo
J. Mol. Biol.
385
65-78
2008
Homo sapiens (P41238), Mus musculus (P51908)
brenda
Mehta, A.; Kinter, M.T.; Sherman, N.E.; Driscoll, D.M.
Molecular cloning of apobec-1 complementation factor, a novel RNA-binding protein involved in the editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA
Mol. Cell. Biol.
20
1846-1854
2000
Rattus norvegicus (P38483)
brenda
Rosenberg, B.R.; Hamilton, C.E.; Mwangi, M.M.; Dewell, S.; Papavasiliou, F.N.
Transcriptome-wide sequencing reveals numerous APOBEC1 mRNA-editing targets in transcript 3' UTRs
Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.
18
230-236
2011
Mus musculus (P51908)
brenda
Fujino, T.; Navaratnam, N.; Jarmuz, A.; von Haeseler, A.; Scott, J.
C->U editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA in marsupials: identification and characterisation of APOBEC-1 from the American opossum Monodelphus domestica
Nucleic Acids Res.
27
2662-2671
1999
Monodelphis domestica (Q9TUI7)
brenda
Ikeda, T.; Ohsugi, T.; Kimura, T.; Matsushita, S.; Maeda, Y.; Harada, S.; Koito, A.
The antiretroviral potency of APOBEC1 deaminase from small animal species
Nucleic Acids Res.
36
6859-6871
2008
Mustela putorius furo (B2NIW5), Rattus norvegicus (P38483), Oryctolagus cuniculus (P47855), Mus musculus (P51908), Mesocricetus auratus (Q9EQP0)
brenda
Xie, K.; Sowden, M.P.; Dance, G.S.; Torelli, A.T.; Smith, H.C.; Wedekind, J.E.
The structure of a yeast RNA-editing deaminase provides insight into the fold and function of activation-induced deaminase and APOBEC-1
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
101
8114-8119
2004
Homo sapiens (P41238)
brenda
Chester, A.; Weinreb, V.; Carter, C.W.Jr.; Navaratnam, N.
Optimization of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing by APOBEC1 apoenzyme and the role of its auxiliary factor, ACF
RNA
10
1399-1411
2004
Homo sapiens (P41238)
brenda
Teng, B.; Burant, C.F.; Davidson, N.O.
Molecular cloning of an apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing protein
Science
260
1816-1819
1994
Rattus norvegicus (P38483)
brenda
Severi, F.; Conticello, S.G.
Flow-cytometric visualization of C>U mRNA editing reveals the dynamics of the process in live cells
RNA Biol.
12
389-397
2015
Homo sapiens (P41238)
brenda
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