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Information on EC 2.4.1.123 - inositol 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC2.4.1.123
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EC Tree 2 Transferases
2.4 Glycosyltransferases
2.4.1 Hexosyltransferases
2.4.1.123 inositol 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase
IUBMB Comments
An enzyme from plants involved in the formation of raffinose and stachyose [cf. EC 2.4.1.67 (galactinol—raffinose galactosyltransferase) and EC 2.4.1.82 (galactinol—sucrose galactosyltransferase)].
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Reaction Schemes
showSynonyms
galactinol synthase, gols1, csgols1, tsgols2, lcgols1, lcgols2, xvgols, bhgols1, osgols1, osgols2, more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
CsGolS1
galactinol synthase
galactinol synthase 4
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-inositol
-
-
-
-
GAS
GOLS
GolS1
GS
inositol 1-alpha-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-D-galactose:inositol galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose:myo-inositol 1-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
uridine diphosphogalactose-inositol galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
galactinol synthase
-
-
-
-
GOLS
-
-
-
-
GS
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol = UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hexosyl group transfer
hexosyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
KEGG
MetaCyc
lychnose and isolychnose biosynthesis, stachyose biosynthesis, stellariose and mediose biosynthesis
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-galactose:myo-inositol 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
An enzyme from plants involved in the formation of raffinose and stachyose [cf. EC 2.4.1.67 (galactinol---raffinose galactosyltransferase) and EC 2.4.1.82 (galactinol---sucrose galactosyltransferase)].
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
79955-89-8
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: reaction is probably reversible
Products: identical with galactinol
Products: identical with galactinol
r
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: galactinol synthesis, which is the galactosyl donor for the synthesis of raffinose and stachyose, at least 2 isoforms: GolS-1 is mainly involved in the synthesis of storage raffinose family oligosaccharides and GolS-2 in the synthesis of transport raffinose family oligosaccharides, GolS-2 expression is much lower than that of GolS-1, galactinol may be catabolized by the reverse reaction
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: first committed enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, which play a role in plant stress tolerance
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: identical with galactinol
Products: identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, raffinose and galactinol are involved in tolerance to drought, high salinity and cold stress and may function as osmoprotectants in drought-stress tolerance, stress inducible enzyme plays a key role in the accumulation of galactinol and raffinose under abiotic stress conditions
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: identical with galactinol
Products: identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: responsible for galactinol synthesis, involved in raffinose and stachyose biosynthesis, cf. EC 2.4.1.67 and EC 2.4.1.82
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: identical with galactinol
Products: identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: high specific affinity for UDP-Gal and myo-inositol
Products: identical with galactinol
Products: identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: key enzyme in controlling galactose oligosaccharide biosynthesis, which plays a role in seed desiccation tolerance
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: identical with galactinol
Products: identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: first committed enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, which play a role in plant stress tolerance
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: step in biosynthesis of raffinose from sucrose, under heat stress the content of raffinose oligosaccharides family members, as raffinose, stachyose, and galactinol, is enhanced
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: step in biosynthesis of raffinose from sucrose
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: product identification
Products: product identification
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides from sucrose, the pathway is regulated by concentration of myo-inositol and sucrose in combination with the enzyme activity, raffinose family oligosaccharides content in different mutant lines, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides from sucrose, the pathway is regulated by concentration of myo-inositol and sucrose in combination with the enzyme activity, raffinose family oligosaccharides content in different genotypes, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: galactinol synthase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides that functions as osmoprotectants in plant cells
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: NAG motif plays a vital role in substrate binding for the catalytic activity of galactinol synthase
Products: -
Products: -
-
additional information
?
-
Substrates: galactinol synthase is responsible for the first catalytic step in raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis. GolS activity in planta can not be correlated with raffinose family oligosaccharides accumulation
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: galactinol synthase is responsible for the first catalytic step in raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis. GolS activity in planta can not be correlated with raffinose family oligosaccharides accumulation
Products: -
Products: -
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: galactinol synthesis, which is the galactosyl donor for the synthesis of raffinose and stachyose, at least 2 isoforms: GolS-1 is mainly involved in the synthesis of storage raffinose family oligosaccharides and GolS-2 in the synthesis of transport raffinose family oligosaccharides, GolS-2 expression is much lower than that of GolS-1, galactinol may be catabolized by the reverse reaction
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: first committed enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, which play a role in plant stress tolerance
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, raffinose and galactinol are involved in tolerance to drought, high salinity and cold stress and may function as osmoprotectants in drought-stress tolerance, stress inducible enzyme plays a key role in the accumulation of galactinol and raffinose under abiotic stress conditions
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: responsible for galactinol synthesis, involved in raffinose and stachyose biosynthesis, cf. EC 2.4.1.67 and EC 2.4.1.82
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: key enzyme in controlling galactose oligosaccharide biosynthesis, which plays a role in seed desiccation tolerance
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Substrates: first committed enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, which play a role in plant stress tolerance
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. galactinol
Products: i.e. galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: step in biosynthesis of raffinose from sucrose, under heat stress the content of raffinose oligosaccharides family members, as raffinose, stachyose, and galactinol, is enhanced
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: step in biosynthesis of raffinose from sucrose
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides from sucrose, the pathway is regulated by concentration of myo-inositol and sucrose in combination with the enzyme activity, raffinose family oligosaccharides content in different mutant lines, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
Substrates: key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides from sucrose, the pathway is regulated by concentration of myo-inositol and sucrose in combination with the enzyme activity, raffinose family oligosaccharides content in different genotypes, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: galactinol synthase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides that functions as osmoprotectants in plant cells
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: galactinol synthase is responsible for the first catalytic step in raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis. GolS activity in planta can not be correlated with raffinose family oligosaccharides accumulation
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: galactinol synthase is responsible for the first catalytic step in raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis. GolS activity in planta can not be correlated with raffinose family oligosaccharides accumulation
Products: -
Products: -
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Mn2+
Mn2+
required, Asp125, Asp127, His263 and Cys265 are involved in Mn2+ binding
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Diamide
inactivated by oxidation with diamide and H2O2. The activity of the diamide-oxidized enzyme is recovered by reduction with dithiothreitol or Escherichia coli thioredoxin suggesting that BdiGolSase1 is redox-regulated
H2O2
inactivated by oxidation with diamide and H2O2. The activity of the diamide-oxidized enzyme is recovered by reduction with dithiothreitol or Escherichia coli thioredoxin suggesting that BdiGolSase1 is redox-regulated
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress
-
additional information
AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress
-
additional information
AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress
-
additional information
-
AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress
-
additional information
AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress or by abscisic acid
-
additional information
AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress or by abscisic acid
-
additional information
AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress or by abscisic acid
-
additional information
-
AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress or by abscisic acid
-
additional information
-
enzyme expression is heat-inducible being induced by heat-shock proteins in all vegetative tissues, transcriptionally controlled, overview
-
additional information
osmotic or dehydration stress induces LeGOLS-1 expression, cold induces gene expression only in vegetative tissues
-
additional information
-
osmotic or dehydration stress induces LeGOLS-1 expression, cold induces gene expression only in vegetative tissues
-
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Dehydration
A WRKY transcription factor participates in dehydration tolerance in Boea hygrometrica by binding to the W-box elements of the galactinol synthase (BhGolS1) promoter.
Dehydration
Dehydration induces expression of GALACTINOL SYNTHASE and RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE in seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L.).
Dehydration
Poaceae Type II Galactinol Synthase 2 from Antarctic Flowering Plant Deschampsia antarctica and Rice Improves Cold and Drought Tolerance by Accumulation of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Transgenic Rice Plants.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
3.8
purified BhGolS1-GST fusion protein is able to catalyze galactinol synthesis, 50 mM Hepes buffer, pH 7.0, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 5 mM MnCl2 and 0.5-1 mg purified enzyme protein
additional information
additional information
-
in vivo activity at different temperatures in wild-type and transgenic plants
additional information
BhGolS1 activity enhances drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco, a higher survival rate of transgenic plants after rewatering (84.8% for S10-1 tobacco line, 72.6% for S22-5 tobacco line, 61.5% for Rd15-6 tobacco line), compared to wild type (38.4%) is observed
additional information
-
BhGolS1 activity enhances drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco, a higher survival rate of transgenic plants after rewatering (84.8% for S10-1 tobacco line, 72.6% for S22-5 tobacco line, 61.5% for Rd15-6 tobacco line), compared to wild type (38.4%) is observed
additional information
-
enzyme activity in seeds from different genotypes
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
7.5
7.5
-
assay at, GolS enzyme activity shows neutral pH optima, corresponding to the pH of the cytosol
7.5
-
assay at, GolS enzyme activity shows neutral pH optima, corresponding to the pH of the cytosol
7.5
-
assay at, GolS enzyme activity shows neutral pH optima, corresponding to the pH of the cytosol
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
30
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
i.e. M. falcata, cv. Hulunbeir, gene MfGolS1
UniProt
brenda
tomato, cv. Moneymaker, full length cDNA of LeGOLS-1
SwissProt
brenda
tomato, cv. Moneymaker, genomic sequence of LeGOLS-1
SwissProt
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
highest activity among all of the components of seed, much poorer source than Cucurbita pepo mature leaves
brenda
strong expression of BnGolS2 and BnGolS3 members 40 days after flowering
brenda
GolS-2 is primarily expressed in the phloem-associated intermediary cells known for their role in raffinose family oligosaccharides phloem loading
brenda
strong expression of BnGolS2 and BnGolS3 members 40 days after flowering
brenda
additional information
source and sink leaves, GolS-1 is source leaf-specific, equally weak expression of GolS-2 in all leaf types
brenda
-
in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing heat shock transcription factor A2, the transcription of GolS1, -2, and -4 and raffinose synthase 2 (RS2) is highly induced. In leaves of the wild-type plants, treatment with 50 mM methylviologen increases the transcript levels of GolS1, -2, -3, -4, and -8 and the total activities of GolS isoenzymes
brenda
-
mature leaves, much richer source than Phaseolus vulgaris cotyledons
brenda
in 15 DAG seedlings, mature full-length OsGolS1 is expressed only in leaf sheath of etiolated plants. In contrast, the q-PCR indicative of pre-mRNA accumulation relative to actin (housekeeping gene) expression shows a strikingly different profile. The pre-mRNA of OsGolS1 is accumulated in the leaf tissue of etiolated plants at a high level, about fourfold to the accumulation of actin. In one-month-old plants, mature OsGolS1 is found only in leaf sheath
brenda
in one-month-old plants mature OsGolS1 is found only in leaf sheath, OsGolS2 shows both mature and pre-mRNA in sheath. OsGolS2 pre-mRNA is expressed 25fold in leaf sheath
brenda
GolS-1 is primarily expressed in the mesophyll, the site of raffinose family oligosaccharides storage
brenda
high level of AtGolS1 and 2 expression in mature seeds, but very low of AtGolS3
brenda
high expression of BnGolS1-1 and BnGolS1-3 40 days after flowering, BnGolS6-4 is weakly expressed 10 days after flowering, and BnGolS7-2 is weakly expressed 30 and 40 days after flowering
brenda
during lentil seed development, isozyme LcGolS1 transcripts show higher accumulation during 26-32 days after flowering (DAF) corresponding to seed desiccation, while isozyme LcGolS2 shows maximum accumulation at 24 DAF, prior to increase in LcGolS1 transcripts
brenda
additional information
-
enzyme expression is heat-inducible being induced by heat-shock proteins in all vegetative tissues
brenda
additional information
tissue-specific and hormone-induced expression patterns of BnGolS. BnGolS6 and BnGolS7 members are not expressed in most tissues and were only weakly expressed in specific tissues during a specific development stage
brenda
additional information
enzyme activity of GS correlates with GolS transcript accumulation and galactinol accumulation
brenda
additional information
enzyme activity of GS correlates with GolS transcript accumulation and galactinol accumulation
brenda
additional information
-
enzyme activity of GS correlates with GolS transcript accumulation and galactinol accumulation
brenda
additional information
gene MfGolS1 transcript is not detected in untreated vegetative tissues, but greatly induced in leaves and slightly in lateral roots, but not in axial roots, stem and petioles, after cold treatment
brenda
additional information
tissue-specific and hormone-induced expression patterns of NtGolS. NtGolS2-2, NtGolS2-3 and all of the NtGolS1 members display constitutive expression in all tissues tested. NtGolS1-1 and NtGolS1-2 are highly expressed in stems and dry capsules, while NtGolS1-3 is highly expressed in mature flowers and senescent flowers. NtGolS2-2, NtGolS2-3, NtGolS2-4 and NtGolS2-6 display high expression in dry capsules, while NtGolS2-1 and NtGolS2-5 have no detectable expression
brenda
additional information
-
tissue-specific and hormone-induced expression patterns of NtGolS. NtGolS2-2, NtGolS2-3 and all of the NtGolS1 members display constitutive expression in all tissues tested. NtGolS1-1 and NtGolS1-2 are highly expressed in stems and dry capsules, while NtGolS1-3 is highly expressed in mature flowers and senescent flowers. NtGolS2-2, NtGolS2-3, NtGolS2-4 and NtGolS2-6 display high expression in dry capsules, while NtGolS2-1 and NtGolS2-5 have no detectable expression
brenda
additional information
plant-wide developmental and tissue-specific profile of isozymes OsGolS1 and OsGolS2 functional expression, overview. In 3-month-old plants, mature OsGolS1 is found in late panicle, shoot, and also in root tissue with a precursor
brenda
additional information
plant-wide developmental and tissue-specific profile of isozymes OsGolS1 and OsGolS2 functional expression, overview. In 3-month-old plants, mature OsGolS1 is found in late panicle, shoot, and also in root tissue with a precursor
brenda
additional information
plant-wide developmental and tissue-specific profile of isozymes OsGolS1 and OsGolS2 functional expression, overview. OsGolS2 pre-mRNA is expressed in all light-grown tissue, ranging from 25fold in leaf sheath to twofold in the root compared to actin. The etiolated plants also show high accumulation of pre-mRNA in roots. In one-month-old plants mature OsGolS1 is found only in leaf sheath, OsGolS2 shows both mature and pre-mRNA in sheath. OsGolS2 is not found in 3-month-old plants
brenda
additional information
plant-wide developmental and tissue-specific profile of isozymes OsGolS1 and OsGolS2 functional expression, overview. OsGolS2 pre-mRNA is expressed in all light-grown tissue, ranging from 25fold in leaf sheath to twofold in the root compared to actin. The etiolated plants also show high accumulation of pre-mRNA in roots. In one-month-old plants mature OsGolS1 is found only in leaf sheath, OsGolS2 shows both mature and pre-mRNA in sheath. OsGolS2 is not found in 3-month-old plants
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
no transmembrane transport and signal peptide sequences are identified in the GolS enzyme sequences. All isozymes locate to the cytoplasm, only BnGolS3-2 localizes to mitochondria
-
brenda
additional information
no transmembrane transport and signal peptide sequences are identified in the GolS enzyme sequences
-
brenda
additional information
-
no transmembrane transport and signal peptide sequences are identified in the GolS enzyme sequences
-
brenda
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
malfunction
mutation in GolS2 leads to uniformly mature green fruit and early ripening. gols2 mutation promotes accumulation of carotenoids and release of ethylene
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
evolution
phylogenetic relationship among GolS proteins in plants, and evolutionary relationships and biological functions of GolS family in rapeseed (Brassica napus) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), further evolutionary relationships among GolS members in Brassicaceae and Solanaceae species, overview. Evaluation of predicted three-dimensional structures of representative GolS members from Brassica napus and Nicotiana tabacum. Spatio-temporal and hormone response expression patterns of these GolS genes. Comparison of the genes with the genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Genotyping. Conserved motifs of GolS proteins
evolution
phylogenetic relationship among GolS proteins in plants, and evolutionary relationships and biological functions of GolS family in rapeseed (Brassica napus) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), further evolutionary relationships among GolS members in Brassicaceae and Solanaceae species, overview. Evaluation of predicted three-dimensional structures of representative GolS members from Brassica napus and Nicotiana tabacum. Spatio-temporal and hormone response expression patterns of these GolS genes. Comparison of the genes with the genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Genotyping. Conserved motifs of GolS proteins
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides catalyzing the first committed step
metabolism
galactinol synthase (GolS) is a key enzyme in raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO) biosynthesis
metabolism
galactinol synthase (GolS) is a key enzyme in raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO) biosynthesis
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the first step of galactinol biosynthesis, overview. Galactinol and its adducts of the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) series are implicated in carbon storage, transport, maintaining the source-sink relationship, stress amelioration, and signalling
metabolism
-
galactinol synthase catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs), which serve as storage and transport sugars, signal transducers, compatible solutes and antioxidants in higher plants. CsGolS6 plays a role in stress tolerance by increasing the levels of antioxidant metabolites
metabolism
-
the enzyme catalyzes the key regulatory step in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides
physiological function
galactinol synthase catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides and plays a key regulatory role in the carbon partitioning between sucrose and raffinose family oligosaccharides
physiological function
first committed step of the raffinose family oligosaccharides biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
-
the enzyme is important for biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides during seed germination. Germination percentage and enzyme activities of chickpea genotypes desi and kabuli with contrasting raffinose family oligosaccharides concentrations, detailed overview
physiological function
-
galactinol synthase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), catalyzes the condensation of UDP-galactose with myo-inositol to produce galactinol as the sole donor for the synthesis of RFOs. RFOs have been implicated in mitigating effects of environmental stresses on plants. Overexpression of TsGOLS2 in Arabidopsis thaliana improved the tolerance of transgenic plants to high salinity and osmotic stress
physiological function
galactinol synthase catalyzes formation of galactinol and is the key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides. Enzyme MfGolS1 plays an important role in cold tolerance of Medicago falcata. Myoinositol may participate in cold-induced transcription of MfGolS1 that confers multiple tolerances to abiotic stresses. During cold acclimation, sugars including sucrose, galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose are accumulated. The enzyme plays an important role in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses
physiological function
-
galactinol synthase catalyzes formation of galactinol and is the key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides
physiological function
galactinol synthase (GolS) accumulates in plants exposed to abiotic stresses indicates RFOs function in environmental adaptation
physiological function
galactinol synthase (GolS) accumulates in plants exposed to abiotic stresses indicates RFOs function in environmental adaptation
physiological function
galactinol synthase catalyzes the transfer of a galactosyl residue from UDP-galactose to myo-inositol to synthesize galactinol, a precursor for raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) biosynthesis. Accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO), galactinol and its precursors during seed development, overview
physiological function
-
galactinol synthase catalyzes the critical step of raffinose family oligosaccharides (ROFs) biosynthesis. CsGolS1 plays double roles in both assimilate loading and stress response in minor veins, which could increase the RFO concentration in the phloem sap and then improve assimilate transport under adverse conditions
physiological function
galactinol synthase 4 requires sulfur assimilation pathway to provide tolerance towards arsenic stress under limiting sulphur condition in Arabidopsis. Transgenic AtGolS4OX lines exhibit improved growth under low-sulfur+As(III) stress. AtGolS4OX plants exhibit enhanced sulphur assimilation and antioxidant capability. AtGolS4 requires AtSULTR1:1 to ameriolate As(III) toxicity under low-sulfur condition. AtMYC2 transcription factor regulates AtGolS4 expression under low-sulfur and As(III) stress
physiological function
-
glactinol synthase 4 influences plant height by affecting phenylpropanoid metabolism and the balance of soluble carbohydrates in tomato
physiological function
-
transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AdGolS3 exhibited increased levels of raffinose and reduced stress symptoms under drought, osmotic, and salt stresses. AdGolS3 overexpression is associated with fewer metabolic perturbations under drought stress, together with better protection against oxidative damage
physiological function
galactinol synthase 2 influences the metabolism of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and ethylene in tomato fruits. Galactinol synthase 2 affects the expression of genes related to chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development. GolS2 influences the regulation of ethylene and carotenoid metabolism, and is involved in the appearance of the dark-green shoulder in tomato fruits during ripening
additional information
three-dimensional structure prediction and homology modeling for BnGolS, overview. in BnGolS1-2, two Asp residues play a key role in the binding of the ligands in UDP-galactose and inositol, the crucial inositol-binding residues are Phe33, Try40, Ile105, Asp125 and Asp127, while the important UDP-galactose binding residues are Phe33, Try40, Ile105, Lys109, Try123, Asp125, Asp127, Try163, Ile165, Gln222, and Lys270. The Lys270 residue involved in UDP-galactose binding is part of the HxxGxxKPW motif. The conserved DxD motif plays a crucial role in the binding of micro-molecules in the galactinol catalytic pocket, whereas the HxxGxxKPW motif generally participates in macro-molecular binding. Docking of ligands onto the modeled BnGolS1-2 protein structure
additional information
three-dimensional structure prediction and homology modeling for NtGolS, overview
additional information
-
three-dimensional structure prediction and homology modeling for NtGolS, overview
additional information
in-silico protein structure prediction of LcGolS1
additional information
in-silico protein structure prediction of LcGolS1
additional information
in-silico protein structure prediction of LcGolS2
additional information
in-silico protein structure prediction of LcGolS2
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). GOLS2_SOLLC
338
0
38786
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 4)
GOLSA_ARATH
328
0
37364
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
GOLS1_SOLLC
318
0
36402
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
GOLS2_AJURE
292
0
33768
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 3)
A0A2N9GH82_FAGSY
1940
0
218781
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0AAV9BTY5_ACOGR
713
0
80614
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
B6UYJ2_9LAMI
334
0
38143
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
B9VV96_MEDSF
325
0
37613
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2)
I1H637_BRADI
337
0
37908
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
no modification
no putative serine phosphorylation site
phosphoprotein
phosphoprotein
putative serine phosphorylation site at GolS-1 codon position 263
phosphoprotein
AtGolS1 protein has a putative serine phosphorylation site at position 270
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
no heat-induction of enzyme expression in heat-shock factor HSF3-overexpressing transgenic plants, construction of transgenic plants containing the enzyme-promotor::beta-glucuronidase-reporter gene constructs, which are upregulated under heat stress, phenotyping
additional information
-
low phytic mutants with reduced demand for myo-inositol due to reduced synthesis of phytic acid
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
bovine serum albumin is essential to preserve enzyme activity during the assay
-
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
partially from leaves, by ammonium sulfate fractionation and anion exchange chromatography
-
purification of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins GTS-AtGolS1, 2 and 3, overexpressed in Escherichia coli
recombinant His-tagged isozyme from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by nickel affinity chromatography and dialysis
the soluble protein is separated by SDS-PAGE to check the molecular weight of the recombinant protein, which is then purified using Glutathione Sepharose TM 4B
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
7 AtGolS genes, cloning of AtGolS1, 2 and 3, AtGolS1 and 2 are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses, but not by cold stress, AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress, overexpression of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins GTS-AtGolS1, 2 and 3 in Escherichia coli, overexpression of AtGolS2 in transgenic Arabidopsis improves drought tolerance, AtGolS3 is controlled by the transcription factor DREB1A
coding region of BhGolS1 is inframe cloned into pGEX-4T-1 downstream to GST coding region and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and BL21 codon plus cells, generation of transgenic tobacco plants, constructs are introduced into Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 by electroporation and transformed into tobacco via a leaf disc method
cold-inducible GolS-1 and -2 genes encode 2 distinct galactinol synthases, cloning and sequencing of the GolS-1 and -2 genes, deduced amino acid sequences, expression of GolS-1 cDNA in Escherichia coli as functional enzyme
enzyme DNA as cloned into the predigested binary vector, tobacco is transformed by the leaf-disk method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 containing the CsGolS1 recombinant plasmid
gene GolS1, located on chromosome 3, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, promoter analysis with isolation, cloning and transient transformation, genetic organization, a non-canonical regulation mechanism controlling the splicing and maturation of rice GolS genes is identified in rice photosynthetic tissue. Two isoforms of Oryza sativa GolS (OsGolS) gene are interspersed by conserved introns harboring characteristic premature termination codons (PTC), recombinant expression of His-tagged isozyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
gene GolS2, located on chromosome 7, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, promoter analysis with isolation, cloning and transient transformation, genetic organization, a non-canonical regulation mechanism controlling the splicing and maturation of rice GolS genes is identified in rice photosynthetic tissue. Two isoforms of Oryza sativa GolS (OsGolS) gene are interspersed by conserved introns harboring characteristic premature termination codons (PTC), recombinant expression of His-tagged isozyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
gene MfGolS1, cloned from the cold-treated leaves by reverse transcription PCR, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time quantitative PCR enzyme expression analysis, recombinant overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Zhongyan 90 seeds. Overexpression of MfGolS1 in tobacco results in elevated tolerance to freezing and chilling in transgenic plants as a result of enhanced levels of galactinol, raffinose and stachyose. Tolerance to drought and salt stresses is also increased in the transgenic tobacco plants
gene MsGolS1, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time quantitative PCR enzyme expression analysis
-
gene TsGOLS2, overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. The contents of galactinol, raffinose, and 2-oxoglutaric acid are significantly increased in transgenic plants compared to wild-type plants, and salt-stressed transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants exhibits higher germination rate, photosynthesis ability, and seedling growth. After being treated with osmotic stress by high concentration of sorbitol, transgenic plants retain high germination rates and grow well during early development
-
identification of 20 BnGolS genes, DNA and amino acid sequence determinations and analysis, genotyping and phylogenetic analysis, genetic structure and chromosomal location, overview
identification of 9 NtGolS genes, DNA and amino acid sequence determinations and analysis, genotyping and phylogenetic analysis, genetic structure and chromosomal location, overview
LcGolS1, cDNA library construction with RNA isolated from developing lentil seeds, and screening, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison with isozyme LcGolS2, phylogenetic analysis, and quantitative real time PCR expression analysis
LcGolS2, cDNA library construction with RNA isolated from developing lentil seeds, and screening, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison with isozyme LcGolS1, phylogenetic analysis, and quantitative real time PCR expression analysis
LeGOLS-1 gene encoding a 318-amino acids peptide is cloned, gene and cDNA structure, LeGOLS-1 expression pattern in seeds and seedlings during seed maturation and germination under various conditions, hormonal control of transcription of LeGOLS-1 in the absence of gibberellin and abscisic acid, up-regulation of gene expression before maturation desiccation and again after imbibition whenever radicle protrusion is prevented
SlGolS4 is cloned into the binary vector pCAMBIA-1300-35S-GFP and is transformed into GV3101 and then infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana
-
transgenic poplars (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides, T89) harboring the stress-responsive galactinol synthase gene, AtGolS2, derived from Arabidopsis thaliana are developed. Overexpression of AtGolS2 significantly improves the drought stress tolerance of transgenic poplars not only in the laboratory but also in the field
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
a WRKY transcription factor participates in dehydration tolerance in Boea hygrometrica by binding to the W-box elements of the galactinol synthase promoter, GolS genes are induced by a variety of stresses in both stress-sensitive and tolerant-plant species, mRNA and protein accumulate in leaves dehydrated for 2-48 h, and disappear after rehydration, BhGolS1 is rapidly induced by abscisic acid at the mRNA level after 0.5 h and at the protein level after 8 h
at 3 to 5 days after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea, the CsGolS1 overexpressors show more resistance to the pathogen infection (40 to 63% increase in the survival rate) compared with wild-type plants, expression of a galactinol synthase gene is primed in the leaves of cucumber plants by Pseudomonaschlororaphis O6 root colonization, the transcript of the Cucumis sativus induced systemic resistance gene 3 (CsISR3) clone, encoding a cucumber galactinol synthase is accumulated after a challenge inoculation with Corynespora cassiicola
AtGolS4 expression is induced under low-sulfur and low-sulfur+As(III) stress. AtMYC2 transcription factor regulates AtGolS4 expression under low-sulfur and As(III) stress
cold-induced minor vein-specific overexpression of CsGolS1 enhances the assimilate translocation efficiency and accelerates the growth rates of sink leaves, fruits, and whole plants under cold stress
-
expression of GolS genes is implicated in abiotic stress, especially drought and salinity, overview. A non-canonical regulation mechanism controlling the splicing and maturation of rice GolS genes is identified in rice photosynthetic tissue. Two isoforms of Oryza sativa GolS (OsGolS) gene, located in chromosomes 3(OsGolS1) and 7(OsGolS2), are interspersed by conserved introns harboring characteristic premature termination codons (PTC). During abiotic stress, the premature and mature transcripts of both isoforms accumulate in a rhythmic manner for very small time-windows interrupted by phases of complete absence. Reporter gene assay using GolS promoters under abiotic stress does not reflect this accumulation profile, suggesting that this regulation occurs post-transcriptionally. Analysis reveals that a combined transcriptional and post transcriptional control exists in rice to regulate GolS expression under stress. Selective degradation of OsGolS pre-mRNAs
galactinol synthase (GolS) accumulates in plants exposed to abiotic stresses
galactinol synthase (GolS) accumulates in plants exposed to abiotic stresses. Induction by brassinosteroid, salicylic acid, alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-benzyladenine, abscisic acid, and methyl jasmonate treatments. Six hormone inducible marker genes all show upregulation in response to corresponding hormone treatments, the isozymes are induced by one or more of the hormones, overview
gene expression of Os07g0687900 encoding galactinol synthase is upregulated by overexpression of the transcription factor 11 (WRKY11) induced by heat pretreatment
overexpression of the CsGolS1 gene confers resistance in transgenic tobacco plants against fungal and bacterial pathogens, the CsGolS1-overexpressing transgenic plants demonstrate constitutive resistance against the pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Erwinia carotovora, and they show an increased accumulation in galactinol content, the CsGolS1-overexpressing transgenic plants demonstrate an increased tolerance to drought and high salinity stresses
the enzyme is greatly induced in leaves, but not in stem and petiole, after cold treatment. MfGolS1 can be induced by myo-inositol, which is proposed to participate in cold-induced MfGolS1 expression. MfGolS1 transcript is weakly induced by dehydration and salt stresses, but not responsive to abscisic acid
the enzyme is slightly and short-time induced by cold treatment with low levels of accumulation of sugars including sucrose, galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose
-
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
transgenic plants show constitutive resistance against fungal and bacterial pathogens and an increased tolerance to drought and high salinity stresses
additional information
-
the enzyme an important target to reduce raffinose family oligosaccharides concentration in chickpea seeds
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Pharr, D.M.; Sox, H.N.; Locy, R.D.; Huber, S.C.
Partial characterization of the galactinol forming enzyme from leaves of Cucumis sativus L.
Plant Sci. Lett.
23
25-33
1981
Cucumis sativus
-
brenda
Liu, J.J.; Odegard, W.; de Lumen, B.O.
Galactinol synthase from kidney bean cotyledon and zucchini leaf. Purification and N-terminal sequences
Plant Physiol.
109
505-511
1995
Cucurbita pepo, Phaseolus vulgaris
brenda
Downie, B.; Gurusinghe, S.; Dahal, P.; Thacker, R.R.; Snyder, J.C.; Nonogaki, H.; Yim, K.; Fukanaga, K.; Alvarado, V.; Bradford, K.J.
Expression of a galactinol synthase gene in tomato seeds is up-regulated before maturation desiccation and again after imbibition whenever radicle protrusion is prevented
Plant Physiol.
131
1347-1359
2003
Solanum lycopersicum (Q947G8), Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Taji, T.; Ohsumi, C.; Luchi, S.; Seki, M.; Kasuga, M.; Kobayashi, M.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Shinozaki, K.
Important roles of drought- and cold-inducible genes for galactinol synthase in stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant J.
29
417-426
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana (O22893), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9FXB2), Arabidopsis thaliana (O80518), Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Sprenger, N.; Keller, F.
Allocation of raffinose family oligosaccharides to transport and storage pools in Ajuga reptans: the roles of two distinct galactinol synthases
Plant J.
21
249-258
2000
Ajuga reptans (Q9XGN4), Ajuga reptans (Q9XGN3), Ajuga reptans
brenda
Wakiuchi, N.; Shiomi, R.; Tamaki, H.
Production of galactinol from sucrose by plant enzymes
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
67
1465-1471
2003
Cucumis sativus
brenda
Karner, U.; Peterbauer, T.; Raboy, V.; Jones, D.A.; Hedley, C.L.; Richter, A.
myo-Inositol and sucrose concentrations affect the accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides in seeds
J. Exp. Bot.
55
1981-1987
2004
Lathyrus oleraceus, Hordeum vulgare
brenda
Panikulangara, T.J.; Eggers-Schumacher, G.; Wunderlich, M.; Stransky, H.; Schoffl, F.
Galactinol synthase1. A novel heat shock factor target gene responsible for heat-induced synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiol.
136
3148-3158
2004
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Takanashi, K.; Shitan, N.; Sugiyama, A.; Kamimoto, Y.; Hamamoto, M.; Iwaki, T.; Takegawa, K.; Yazaki, K.
Galactinol synthase gene of Coptis japonica is involved in berberine tolerance
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
72
398-405
2008
Coptis japonica (B0I373), Coptis japonica
brenda
Peters, S.; Mundree, S.G.; Thomson, J.A.; Farrant, J.M.; Keller, F.
Protection mechanisms in the resurrection plant Xerophyta viscosa (Baker): both sucrose and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) accumulate in leaves in response to water deficit
J. Exp. Bot.
58
1947-1956
2007
Xerophyta viscosa (A0MNW8), Xerophyta viscosa
brenda
Nishizawa, A.; Yabuta, Y.; Shigeoka, S.
Galactinol and raffinose constitute a novel function to protect plants from oxidative damage
Plant Physiol.
147
1251-1263
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Kim, M.S.; Cho, S.M.; Kang, E.Y.; Im, Y.J.; Hwangbo, H.; Kim, Y.C.; Ryu, C.M.; Yang, K.Y.; Chung, G.C.; Cho, B.H.
Galactinol is a signaling component of the induced systemic resistance caused by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 root colonization
Mol. Plant Microbe Interact.
21
1643-1653
2008
Cucumis sativus (Q84V66), Cucumis sativus
brenda
Wu, X.; Kishitani, S.; Ito, Y.; Toriyama, K.
Accumulation of raffinose in rice seedlings overexpressing OsWRKY11 in relation to desiccation tolerance
Plant Biotechnol.
26
431-434
2009
Oryza sativa (Q40710)
brenda
Schneider, T.; Keller, F.
Raffinose in chloroplasts is synthesized in the cytosol and transported across the chloroplast envelope
Plant Cell Physiol.
50
2174-2182
2009
Ajuga reptans, Arabidopsis thaliana, Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Wang, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, L.; Liu, X.; Liu, Y.; Phillips, J.; Deng, X.
A WRKY transcription factor participates in dehydration tolerance in Boea hygrometrica by binding to the W-box elements of the galactinol synthase (BhGolS1) promoter
Planta
230
1155-1166
2009
Dorcoceras hygrometricum (B6UYJ2), Dorcoceras hygrometricum
brenda
Zhuo, C.; Wang, T.; Lu, S.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X.; Guo, Z.
A cold responsive galactinol synthase gene from Medicago falcata (MfGolS1) is induced by myo-inositol and confers multiple tolerances to abiotic stresses
Physiol. Plant.
149
67-78
2013
Medicago sativa, Medicago sativa subsp. falcata (B9VV96)
brenda
Gangola, M.P.; Jaiswal, S.; Kannan, U.; Gaur, P.M.; Baga, M.; Chibbar, R.N.
Galactinol synthase enzyme activity influences raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) accumulation in developing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds
Phytochemistry
125
88-98
2016
Cicer arietinum
brenda
Sun, Z.; Qi, X.; Wang, Z.; Li, P.; Wu, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, Y.
Overexpression of TsGOLS2, a galactinol synthase, in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances tolerance to high salinity and osmotic stresses
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
69
82-89
2013
Eutrema salsugineum
brenda
Fan, Y.; Yu, M.; Liu, M.; Zhang, R.; Sun, W.; Qian, M.; Duan, H.; Chang, W.; Ma, J.; Qu, C.; Zhang, K.; Lei, B.; Lu, K.
Genome-wide identification, evolutionary and expression analyses of the galactinol synthase gene family in rapeseed and tobacco
Int. J. Mol. Sci.
18
2768
2017
Brassica napus (B6ZBV9), Nicotiana tabacum (A0A0R4WFX4), Nicotiana tabacum
brenda
Kannan, U.; Sharma, R.; Khedikar, Y.; Gangola, M.P.; Ganeshan, S.; Baga, M.; Chibbar, R.N.
Differential expression of two galactinol synthase isoforms LcGolS1 and LcGolS2 in developing lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. cv CDC Redberry) seeds
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
108
422-433
2016
Lens culinaris (A0A0S2I5F8), Lens culinaris (A0A0S2I591), Lens culinaris
brenda
Mukherjee, S.; Sengupta, S.; Mukherjee, A.; Basak, P.; Majumder, A.L.
Abiotic stress regulates expression of galactinol synthase genes post-transcriptionally through intron retention in rice
Planta
249
891-912
2019
Oryza sativa Japonica Group (A0A5S6R7K3), Oryza sativa Japonica Group (Q40710)
brenda
Salvi, P.; Kumar, B.; Kamble, N.U.; Hazra, A.; Majee, M.
A conserved NAG motif is critical to the catalytic activity of galactinol synthase, a key regulatory enzyme of RFO biosynthesis
Biochem. J.
478
3939-3955
2021
Cicer arietinum
brenda
Dai, H.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Kong, W.; Miao, M.
Galactinol synthase 1 improves cucumber performance under cold stress by enhancing assimilate translocation
Hortic. Res.
9
uhab063
2022
Cucumis sativus
brenda
Zhang, H.; Zhang, K.; Zhao, X.; Bi, M.; Liu, Y.; Wang, S.; He, Y.; Ma, K.; Qi, M.
Galactinol synthase 2 influences the metabolism of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and ethylene in tomato fruits
J. Exp. Bot.
75
3337-3350
2024
Solanum lycopersicum (C7G304)
brenda
Sandhu, G.; Khan, A.; Khare, R.; Pathak, P.K.; Trivedi, P.K.
Galactinol synthase 4 requires sulfur assimilation pathway to provide tolerance towards arsenic stress under limiting sulphur condition in Arabidopsis
J. Hazard. Mater.
486
137060
2025
Arabidopsis thaliana (O22693)
brenda
Minen, R.I.; Martinez, M.P.; Iglesias, A.A.; Figueroa, C.M.
Biochemical characterization of recombinant UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase and galactinol synthase from Brachypodium distachyon
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
155
780-788
2020
Brachypodium distachyon (I1H637)
brenda
Wang, S.; He, P.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, H.; Meng, S.; Qi, M.
Galactinol synthase 4 influences plant height by affecting phenylpropanoid metabolism and the balance of soluble carbohydrates in tomato
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
220
109484
2025
Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Martins, C.P.S.; Fernandes, D.; Guimaraes, V.M.; Du, D.; Silva, D.C.; Almeida, A.F.; Gmitter, F.G.; Otoni, W.C.; Costa, M.G.C.
Comprehensive analysis of the GALACTINOL SYNTHASE (GolS) gene family in citrus and the function of CsGolS6 in stress tolerance
PLoS ONE
17
e0274791
2022
Citrus sinensis
brenda
Vinson, C.C.; Mota, A.P.Z.; Porto, B.N.; Oliveira, T.N.; Sampaio, I.; Lacerda, A.L.; Danchin, E.G.J.; Guimaraes, P.M.; Williams, T.C.R.; Brasileiro, A.C.M.
Characterization of raffinose metabolism genes uncovers a wild Arachis galactinol synthase conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses
Sci. Rep.
10
15258
2020
Arachis duranensis
brenda
Shikakura, Y.; Oguchi, T.; Yu, X.; Ohtani, M.; Demura, T.; Kikuchi, A.; Watanabe, K.N.
Transgenic poplar trees overexpressing AtGolS2, a stress-responsive galactinol synthase gene derived from Arabidopsis thaliana, improved drought tolerance in a confined field
Transgenic Res.
31
579-591
2022
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9FXB2)
brenda
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