Any feedback?
No. of entries
Information on EC 1.14.99.63 - beta-carotene 4-ketolase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.14.99.63
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
EC Tree 1 Oxidoreductases
1.14 Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
1.14.99 Miscellaneous
1.14.99.63 beta-carotene 4-ketolase
IUBMB Comments
The enzyme, studied from algae, plants, fungi, and bacteria, adds an oxo group at position 4 of a carotenoid β ring. It is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids such as astaxanthin and flexixanthin. The enzyme does not act on β rings that are hydroxylated at position 3, such as in zeaxanthin (cf. EC 1.14.99.64, zeaxanthin 4-ketolase). The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifuntional and also catalyses the activity of EC 1.14.15.24, β-carotene 3-hydroxylase.
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
- 1.14.99.63
- astaxanthin
-
carotenoid
-
ketocarotenoids
- canthaxanthin
- zeaxanthin
-
chlamydomonas
- reinhardtii
- nostoc
-
cyanobacterium
-
algal
- punctiforme
-
haematococcus
- synthesis
-
ketolated
- pluvialis
-
high-value
-
astaxanthin-producing
- nutrition
-
haploid
- chlorophyll
-
photoprotection
-
3-hydroxylated
- phytoene
-
microalgae
-
abscisic
-
value-added
Reaction Schemes
show+
2
+
2
=
+
2
+
3
+
2
+
2
=
+
2
+
3
Synonyms
crbkt, crtw148, crtw38, crtw ketolase, dr0093, obktm, beta-c-4 oxygenase, scrbkt, crto beta-carotene ketolase, more
topPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
beta-C-4 oxygenase
-
-
-
-
beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase
beta-carotene ketolase
bkt
CrtO
CrtO ketolase
crtS
CrtW
CrtW ketolase
DR0093
beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
beta-carotene ketolase
-
-
-
-
bkt
-
-
ambiguous
-
crtS
-
-
-
-
CrtW
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
(1)
-
-
-
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
(2)
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
MetaCyc
astaxanthin biosynthesis (bacteria, fungi, algae), flexixanthin biosynthesis
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
beta-carotene,donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (echinenone-forming)
The enzyme, studied from algae, plants, fungi, and bacteria, adds an oxo group at position 4 of a carotenoid beta ring. It is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids such as astaxanthin and flexixanthin. The enzyme does not act on beta rings that are hydroxylated at position 3, such as in zeaxanthin (cf. EC 1.14.99.64, zeaxanthin 4-ketolase). The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifuntional and also catalyses the activity of EC 1.14.15.24, beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
(3S,3'S,5'R,6'S)-5',6'-epoxy-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-caroten-4-one + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
echinenone + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + acceptor + O2
canthaxanthin + reduced acceptor
-
Substrates: enzymes CrtW38 and CrtW148
Products: via echinenone as intermediate
Products: via echinenone as intermediate
?
echinenone + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
zeaxanthin + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
astaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
adonixanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
zeaxanthin + acceptor + O2
astaxanthin + reduced acceptor
-
Substrates: enzyme CrtW148
Products: via adonixanthin as intermediate
Products: via adonixanthin as intermediate
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: efficient conversion by CrtW of Brevundimonas sp. SD212 from adonixanthin to astaxanthin
Products: -
Products: -
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
Substrates: the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + O2
echinenone + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + O2
echinenone + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
Substrates: the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
zeaxanthin + O2
adonixanthin + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
zeaxanthin + O2
adonixanthin + H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of beta-carotene to echinenone
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of beta-carotene to echinenone
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: the enzyme shows low (about 1%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the enzyme shows low (about 1%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: poor efficiency of beta-carotene ketolation and hydroxylation, as well as the adverse effect of astaxanthin accumulation on cell growth, in vivo. Canthxanthin is produced by beta-carotene ketolase, ObktM, from beta-carotene, canthaxanthin is then further metabolized by a beta-carotene hydroxylase, CrtZ, in the engineered yeast strain expressing both enzymes from Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, respectively
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: CrtO-type ketolase is unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: CrtO-type ketolase is unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: CrtO-type ketolase is unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: the enzyme introduces an oxo group on only one of the two beta-ionone rings of beta-carotene to generate echinenone. No production of the the dioxo carotenoid canthaxanthin
Products: -
Products: -
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
echinenone + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: poor efficiency of beta-carotene ketolation and hydroxylation, as well as the adverse effect of astaxanthin accumulation on cell growth, in vivo. Canthxanthin is produced by beta-carotene ketolase, ObktM, from beta-carotene, canthaxanthin is then further metabolized by a beta-carotene hydroxylase, CrtZ, in the engineered yeast strain expressing both enzymes from Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, respectively
Products: -
Products: -
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
Substrates: beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
Products: -
Products: -
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
-
UniProt
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
the photosynthetic activity of the crtO-deficient strain is not affected
metabolism
physiological function
metabolism
-
possible interactions between the beta-carotene ketolase bkt1 and beta-carotene hydroxylases that impact partitioning of carbon flux into different carotenoid branch pathways
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin
metabolism
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
metabolism
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
metabolism
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
metabolism
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
metabolism
the enzyme is required for echinenone biosynthesis in Synechocystis. The enzyme is not required for normal growth under standard or high light conditions
metabolism
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is unique in that it contains only a single beta-carotene ketolase protein within its genome. Improved expression of this CrtO ketolase, via application of the pBAD promoter, demonstrates that despite the common reference to CrtO ketolases as mono ketolases, efficient expression can enable enhanced diketo activity
metabolism
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin
-
physiological function
upon transfer to high light, the transcript levels of all investigated carotenogenic genes including those coding for phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and both ketolases are increased
physiological function
overexpression in Haematococcus lacustris. Total carotenoids and astaxanthin content in the transformed cells are 2-3fold higher, while the intermediates like echinenone and canthaxanthin are 8-10fold higher than in the control cells. The expression level of phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, lycopene cyclase, beta-carotene ketolase, and beta-carotene hydroxylase are higher in transformed cells
physiological function
in the extended carotenoid pathway, astaxanthin is derived from beta-carotene by the 3-hydroxylation and 4-ketolation of both ionone end groups. These reactions are catalyzed by beta-carotene hydroxylase and beta-carotene ketolase, respectively. The hydroxylation reaction is widespread in higher plants, but ketolation is mostly restricted to bacteria, fungi, and some unicellular green algae
physiological function
Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii beta-carotene ketolase BKT accumulate high amounts of astaxanthin in the leaves. 1633 and 1722 genes are differentially expressed in the leaves and siliques, respectively, of BKT-overexpressing plants. These genes are enriched in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, and plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways. As compared to the wild-type leaves and siliques, overexpression of BKT increases the levels of most amino acids, but decreases the contents of sugars and carbohydrates. Overexpressing plants have lower sensitivity to abscisic acid and increased tolerance to oxidative stress, and also exhibit enhanced resistance to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000
physiological function
engineering the ketocarotenoid pathway into Chlamydomonas haploid vegetative green cells instead of the diploid zygospore stage by overexpressing beta-carotene ketolase. Overexpression results in the production of canthaxanthin, as well as a drastic reduction in the chlorophyll concentration. These phenotypes can only be detected from lines transformed and grown heterotrophically in the dark. Once exposed to light, these transformants lose their phenotypes as well as their antibiotic resistance
physiological function
enzyme is able to functional complementation in Escherichia coli. In transgenic Escherichia coli, canthaxanthin is the main carotenoid, accounting for 86.81%. The low expression of BKT in Dunaliella salina is the direct reason for its inability to accumulate astaxanthin
physiological function
Haematococcus lacustris SAG 34-1a
-
overexpression in Haematococcus lacustris. Total carotenoids and astaxanthin content in the transformed cells are 2-3fold higher, while the intermediates like echinenone and canthaxanthin are 8-10fold higher than in the control cells. The expression level of phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, lycopene cyclase, beta-carotene ketolase, and beta-carotene hydroxylase are higher in transformed cells
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). BKT_PROBT
387
4
44107
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 2)
CRTW_PARSN
Paracoccus sp. (strain N81106 / MBIC 01143)
242
5
27128
Swiss-Prot
-
CRTW_HAELA
320
5
35989
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A3QQZ2_9SPHN
248
0
27133
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
C1A0Z0_RHOE4
Rhodococcus erythropolis (strain PR4 / NBRC 100887)
532
0
56368
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
Q55808_SYNY3
Synechocystis sp. (strain ATCC 27184 / PCC 6803 / Kazusa)
542
0
59400
TrEMBL
-
Q7NNL7_GLOVI
Gloeobacter violaceus (strain ATCC 29082 / PCC 7421)
573
0
62829
TrEMBL
-
Q8YQS5_NOSS1
Nostoc sp. (strain PCC 7120 / SAG 25.82 / UTEX 2576)
565
0
62168
TrEMBL
-
Q8YSA0_NOSS1
Nostoc sp. (strain PCC 7120 / SAG 25.82 / UTEX 2576)
258
0
30314
TrEMBL
-
Q9RY57_DEIRA
Deinococcus radiodurans (strain ATCC 13939 / DSM 20539 / JCM 16871 / CCUG 27074 / LMG 4051 / NBRC 15346 / NCIMB 9279 / VKM B-1422 / R1)
511
0
56527
TrEMBL
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
H165R/V264D/F298Y
mutant enzyme with 2.4fold improved activity
H165R/V264D/F298Y/M1T/N188D/L271R
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant OBKTM29 shows the best performance among all OBKTM mutants obtained by directed coevolution
D117A
expression of a mutant carrying D117A results in the accumulation of echinenone as the predominant carotenoid. Partial inactivation of the CrtW ketolase leads to the production of the monoketolated intermediate
F118A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
F176A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
H103A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H106A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H107A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H218A
partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products
H219A
H221A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H222A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H65A
partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products
L175M
L232A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
M99I
M99V
P116A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
synthesis
production of astaxanthin in Escherichia coli coexpressing beta-carotene hydroxylase CrtZ and beta-carotene ketolase CrtW. Strains expressing CrtZ/CrtW fusion proteins with CrtZ rather than CrtW attached to the N-terminus accumulate much more astaxanthin, while the length of the peptide linkers (GS)x and (GSG)y can affect the catalytic efficiency of fusion proteins. Highest astaxanthin production is achieved with the fusion CrtZ-(GS)1-CrtW
W126A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
W229A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
Y134A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
F213L
R203W/F213L
additional information
H219A
the enzyme is partially active in cells containing the zeaxanthin gene cluster. In cells expressing the beta-carotene gene cluster, the activity is similar to that of the wild type based on the amount of canthaxanthin produced. H219 may not play a significant role in iron coordination, but it can have an impact on substrate utilization
H219A
partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products
L175M
up to 78% of the total carotenoid is in the form of astaxanthin and the level of the adonixanthin intermediate is lowered to 5%
M99I
increase in astaxanthin production and a reduction in adonixanthin accumulation
M99V
increase in astaxanthin production and a reduction in adonixanthin accumulation
F213L
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
mutant enzyme shows high improvement for astaxanthin production and decreased activity for canthaxanthin production
R203W/F213L
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
mutant enzyme shows high improvement for astaxanthin production and decreased activity for canthaxanthin production
additional information
-
Agrobacteria that contain vector pBI121-CMTPCRBKT with gene CrBKT and the control vector pBI121 are individually injected into the pumpkin fruits at 2, 5, 10, 15, and 25 days after pollination, respectively, the fruit pulp is light reddish in 2-day and 5-day fruits with darker color in pulp of 5-day fruit while there is no red pigment accumulated in more than 10-day fruits. The accumulated red pigments are canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. CrBKT is expressed in the transformed tissue. The CrBKT gene can be only expressed in less than 5-day fruit and it can convert carotenoid in young pumpkin into ketocarotenoid. But the expression of exogenous gene is integrated into the flesh tissue of ripening fruits
additional information
recombinant coexpression of Zea mays phytoene synthase 1 (ZmPSY1), Pantoea ananatis phytoene desaturase (PaCRTI), and a synthetic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii beta-carotene ketolase (sCrBKT) in transgenic rice plants, in grain endosperm, under the control of endosperm-specific promoters. The resulting grains predominantly accumulate the diketocarotenoids canthaxanthin, adonirubin and astaxanthin as well as low levels of monoketocarotenoids. The predominance of canthaxanthin and adonirubin indicates the presence of a hydroxylation bottleneck in the ketocarotenoid pathway. Synthetic beta-carotene ketolase gene is sufficient to produce ketocarotenoids in both the callus and endosperm when there is strong flux through the early part of the pathway, but the heterologous beta-carotene ketolase overwhelms the endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylase activity and skews the metabolic profiles strongly in favor in ketolation thus promoting the accumulation of canthaxanthin and adonirubin rather than astaxanthin. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis is used to compare the expression levels of the relative endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylase gene (OsBCH) in the endosperm of all four lines. Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants, overview
additional information
-
construction of an efficient astaxanthin-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY4741 by combining protein engineering and dynamic metabolic regulation. First, superior mutants of beta-carotene ketolase and beta-carotene hydroxylase are obtained by directed coevolution to accelerate the conversion of beta-carotene to astaxanthin. Subsequently, the Gal4M9-based temperature-responsive regulation system is introduced to separate astaxanthin production from cell growth. Finally, 235 mg/l of (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin is produced by two-stage, high-density fermentation. Color-based high-throughput screening for directed coevolution of beta-carotene ketolase and beta-carotene hydroxylase
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Haematococcus lacustris
astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway is constructed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing heterologous CrtZ and CrtW into an existing high beta-carotene producing strain. Both genes crtZ and crtW are codon optimized and expressed under the control of constitutive promoters. Strain SyBE_Sc118060 with CrtW from Brevundimonas vesicularis DC263 and CrtZ from Alcaligenes sp. strain PC-1 achieves the highest astaxanthin yield of 3.1 mg/g dry cell weight
astaxanthin yield in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is enhanced by combinational metabolic engineering and protein engineering targeting at the insufficient precursor supply and the weak downstream pathway capacity. Through introducing the positive GGPP synthase mutant CrtE03M together with overexpression of tHMG1, CrtI and CrtYB (from the cDNA of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), the supply of the precursor beta-carotene is increased. Efficient conversion of beta-carotene to astaxanthin is achieved through increasing beta-carotene ketolase activity via directed evolution
expressed in Escherichia coli
expression in an Escherichia coli strain able to accumulate beta-carotene
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli synthesizing zeaxanthin due to the presence of plasmid pACCAR25DELTAcrtX
expression in Escherichia coli, plasmid pBAD24
expression in Escherichia coli, plasmid pBAD24. Combined overexpression of
expression of DR0093 in the Escherichia coli strain that accumulates beta-carotene results in a carotenoid mixture containing 32% canthaxanthin and 27% echinenone
expression of the beta-carotene ketolase gene in an Escherichia coli strain which accumulates beta-carotene results in the production of canthaxanthin
expression of the crtW and crtZ from DC263 in a beta-carotene-accumulating Escherichia coli produces astaxanthin as the predominant carotenoid
gene CrBKT, functional recombinant expression of beta-carotene ketolase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in pumpkin via transformation by Agrobacterium sp.
-
gene ObktM, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Saccharomaces cerevisiae strain BY4741, coexpression with gene OcrtZ encoding a beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana using a double CaMV35S-bkt1 ketolase construct, individual co-expression with different Arabidopsis thaliana beta-carotene hydroxylases, i.e. AtB, CYP97A3, CYP97B3, and CYP97C1, under the control of a double CaMV35S promoter. Hydroxylase overexpression in combination with beta-carotene ketolase does not result in keto-carotenoid accumulation, but in unexpected patterns of alpha-carotene derivatives, accompanied by a reduction of alpha-carotene, instead, overview
-
recombinant coexpression of Zea mays phytoene synthase 1 (ZmPSY1), Pantoea ananatis phytoene desaturase (PaCRTI), and a synthetic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii beta-carotene ketolase (sCrBKT) in transgenic rice plants, in grain endosperm of Oryza sativa cv. EYI-105
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing CrtI, CrtYB, and CrtS from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous accumulate beta-carotene but not astaxanthin. Coexpression of CrtR with CrtS results in astaxanthin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-
the genes coding for CrtW and CrtZ from Brevundimonas sp. SD21211 are introduced into Nicotiana tabacum by transplastomic engineering (plastid-transformation engineering) and expressed successfully
transgenic rice endosperm expressing phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and beta-carotene ketolase accumulates large amounts of canthaxanthin and adonirubin, plus additional ketocarotenoids in smaller amounts, such as astaxanthin
expression in Escherichia coli synthesizing zeaxanthin due to the presence of plasmid pACCAR25DELTAcrtX
expression in Escherichia coli synthesizing zeaxanthin due to the presence of plasmid pACCAR25DELTAcrtX
expression in Escherichia coli synthesizing zeaxanthin due to the presence of plasmid pACCAR25DELTAcrtX
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expression of BKT is very low under both normal and stress conditions
upon transfer to high light, the transcript levels of all investigated carotenogenic genes including those coding for phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and both ketolases are increased. Transcription changes proceed via binding of the transcription factor NtcA to the promoter regions of the carotenogenic genes. The binding is absolutely dependent on the presence of reductants and oxo-glutarate and inhibited by 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
nutrition
synthesis
agriculture
expression of beta-carotene ketolase and beta-carotene hydroxylase in Brookfield Gala apple plants. Transgenic plants synthesize novel ketocarotenoids, resulting in an accumulation of astaxanthin up to 12.06 microg/g and of canthaxanthin up to 6.38 microg/g per leaf fresh weight. The light antioxidant ability of transgenic plantlets is stronger than that of non-transgenic ones in high light conditions. Transgenic apples accumulating astaxanthin may be resistant to photooxidation and may therefore prevent sunburn
agriculture
bioengineering of astaxanthin biosynthesis in rice endosperm. Transgneic overexpression of phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase, of phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, zeaxanthin 4-ketolase, and all four genes phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, beta-carotene ketolase, and zeaxanthin hydroxylase driven by rice endosperm-specific promoters establish the carotenoid/ketocarotenoid/astaxanthin biosynthetic pathways in the endosperm and result in various types of germplasm, from yellow-grained beta-carotene-enriched Golden Rice to orange-red-grained Canthaxanthin Rice and Astaxanthin Rice, respectively. Grains of Astaxanthin Rice are enriched with astaxanthin in the endosperm and have higher antioxidant activity
agriculture
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated introduction of beta-carotene 4,4'-ketolase (crtW) and beta-carotene 3,3'-hydroxylase (crtZ) genes for astaxanthin biosynthesis in addition to the isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (idi) and hygromycin resistance genes embryogenic into calli of Ipomoea obscura results in transgenic plants, which generate bronze (reddish green) leaves and novel petals that exhibit a color change from pale-yellow to pale-orange in the star-shaped center part. The color of their withered leaves changes drastically. The expanded leaves of a transgenic line (T0) produce astaxanthin (5.2% of total carotenoids), adonirubin (3.9%), canthaxanthin (3.8%), and 3-hydroxyechinenone (3.6%), these ketocarotenoids correspond to 16.5% of the total carotenoids produced there (530 microg/g fresh weight)
nutrition
engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for de novo production of the food and feed additive astaxanthin by fermentation. The astaxanthin-producing Yarrowia lipolytica shows great promise for employment in biological astaxanthin production. The genes for beta-carotene biosynthesis: bi-functional phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase (crtYB) and phytoene desaturase (crtI) from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhousa are introduced. The activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG1) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGS1/crtE) in the best producing strain and optimized. Downregulation of the competing squalene synthase SQS1 increases the beta-carotene titer. Then a beta-carotene ketolase (crtW) from Paracoccus sp. N81106 and hydroxylase (crtZ) from Pantoea ananatis are introduced to convert beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The constructed strain accumulates 10.4 mg/l of astaxanthin but also accumulates astaxanthin biosynthesis intermediates, 5.7 mg/l canthaxanthin, and 35.3 mg/l echinenone. The copy numbers of crtZ and crtW are optimized to obtain 3.5 mg/g dry cell weight (54.6 mg/l) of astaxanthin in a microtiter plate cultivation
nutrition
rice endosperm can be engineered to produce nutritionally important ketocarotenoids. The limited activity of endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylases causes a bottleneck in the extended ketocarotenoid pathway that must be overcome in order to maximize flux towards target ketocarotenoid molecules
synthesis
construction of an astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing heterologous beta-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) and beta-carotene ketolase (CrtW) into an existing high beta-carotene producing strain. Astaxanthin yield of 3.1 mg/g dry cell weight are achieved. After change of promoter and hrough high cell density fed-batch fermentation using a carbon source restriction strategy, the production of astaxanthin in a 5-L bioreactor reaches to 81.0 mg/l
synthesis
synthesis of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid of significant commercial value due to its superior antioxidant potential and wide applications in the aquaculture, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The Brevundimonas sp. SD212 crtW and Pantoea ananatis crtZ genes are the best combination for astaxanthin production. After balancing the activities of beta-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase, an Escherichia coli ASTA-1 that carries neither a plasmid nor an antibiotic marker is constructed to produce astaxanthin as the predominant carotenoid (96.6%) with a specific content of 7.4/g dry cell weight without an addition of inducer
synthesis
synthesis of the 4-ketoantheraxanthin by Nicotiana tabacum by combination of the CrtW and CrtZ genes from Brevundimonas sp. SD21211 and the endogenous carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes
synthesis
productivity of astaxanthin synthesis in Escherichia coli benefits from controlling enzyme localization to the E. coli cell membrane. The optimal positioning strategy links CrtW and beta-carotene hydroxylase CrtZ using a flexible linker and localizes to the membrane via a GlpF protein fusion. Enzymes in the optimal localization configuration allow a 215.4% astaxanthin production increase
synthesis
bioengineering of astaxanthin biosynthesis in rice endosperm. Transgenic overexpression of phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase, of phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, zeaxanthin 4-ketolase, and all four genes phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, beta-carotene ketolase, and zeaxanthin hydroxylase driven by rice endosperm-specific promoters establish the carotenoid/ketocarotenoid/astaxanthin biosynthetic pathways in the endosperm and result in various types of germplasm, from yellow-grained beta-carotene-enriched Golden Rice to orange-red-grained Canthaxanthin Rice and Astaxanthin Rice, respectively. Grains of Astaxanthin Rice are enriched with astaxanthin in the endosperm and have higher antioxidant activity
synthesis
for astaxanthin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the exogenous genes of crtZ and crtW derived from different species are combined randomly. The strain with the highest yield of astaxanthin (6.05 mg/g dry cell weight) in this study is obtained by in vivo recombination, with the integration of crtW and crtZ from Alcaligenes sp. and Agrobacterium aurantiacum, respectively. The increase of crtZ and crtW copy numbers has a positive impact on the improvement of astaxanthin yield in yeast. Compared with in vitro recombination, the in vivo recombination method shows higher integration efficiency and higher stability of the heterologous modules
synthesis
engineering the ketocarotenoid pathway into Chlamydomonas haploid vegetative green cells instead of the diploid zygospore stage by overexpressing beta-carotene ketolase. Overexpression results in the production of canthaxanthin, as well as a drastic reduction in the chlorophyll concentration. These phenotypes can only be detected from lines transformed and grown heterotrophically in the dark. Once exposed to light, these transformants lose their phenotypes as well as their antibiotic resistance
synthesis
Escherichia coli strain CAR026 with completely balanced metabolic flow is selected for the production of astaxanthin. The expression of beta-carotene ketolase CrtW and beta-carotene hydroxylase CrtZ, iscoordinated, and the copy number of CrtY increased. The resulting strain produces 21.36 mg/L and 4.6 mg/g dry cell weight of astaxanthin in shake flasks. Regulation of chaperone genes groES-groEL further improves the astaxanthin yield to production of 26 mg/L astaxanthin with a yield of 6.17 mg/g dry cell weight in shake flasks and 1.18 g/L astaxanthin after 60 h of fermentation under fed-batch conditions
synthesis
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated introduction of beta-carotene 4,4'-ketolase (crtW) and beta-carotene 3,3'-hydroxylase (crtZ) genes for astaxanthin biosynthesis in addition to the isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (idi) and hygromycin resistance genes embryogenic into calli of Ipomoea obscura results in transgenic plants, which generate bronze (reddish green) leaves and novel petals that exhibit a color change from pale-yellow to pale-orange in the star-shaped center part. The color of their withered leaves changes drastically. The expanded leaves of a transgenic line (T0) produce astaxanthin (5.2% of total carotenoids), adonirubin (3.9%), canthaxanthin (3.8%), and 3-hydroxyechinenone (3.6%), these ketocarotenoids correspond to 16.5% of the total carotenoids produced there (530 microg/g fresh weight)
synthesis
-
construction of an astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing heterologous beta-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) and beta-carotene ketolase (CrtW) into an existing high beta-carotene producing strain. Astaxanthin yield of 3.1 mg/g dry cell weight are achieved. After change of promoter and hrough high cell density fed-batch fermentation using a carbon source restriction strategy, the production of astaxanthin in a 5-L bioreactor reaches to 81.0 mg/l
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Ojima, K.; Breitenbach, J.; Visser, H.; Setoguchi, Y.; Tabata, K.; Hoshino, T.; van den Berg, J.; Sandmann, G.
Cloning of the astaxanthin synthase gene from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) and its assignment as a beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase
Mol. Genet. Genomics
275
148-158
2006
Phaffia rhodozyma, Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96594
brenda
Kim, J.; Cheng, K.; Craft, N.; Hamberger, B.; Douglas, C.
Over-expression of Arabidopsis thaliana carotenoid hydroxylases individually and in combination with a beta-carotene ketolase provides insight into in vivo functions
Phytochemistry
71
168-178
2010
Haematococcus lacustris
brenda
Huang, J.C.; Wang, Y.; Sandmann, G.; Chen, F.
Isolation and characterization of a carotenoid oxygenase gene from Chlorella zofingiensis (Chlorophyta)
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71
473-479
2006
Chromochloris zofingiensis (Q5U931), Chromochloris zofingiensis ATCC 30412 (Q5U931)
brenda
Ye, R.W. Stead, K.J.; Yao, H.; He, H.
Mutational and functional analysis of the beta-carotene ketolase involved in the production of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72
5829-5837
2006
Paracoccus sp. N81106 (P54972)
brenda
Zhu, C.; Naqvi, S.; Capell, T.; Christou, P.
Metabolic engineering of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in higher plants
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
483
182-190
2009
Anabaena sp. (Q8YQS5), Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (Q8YQS5), Gloeobacter violaceus (Q7NNL7), Rhodococcus erythropolis (Q5IKE4), Synechocystis sp. (Q55808)
brenda
Lotan, T.; Hirschberg, J.
Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding beta-C-4-oxygenase, that converts beta-carotene to the ketocarotenoid canthaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis
FEBS Lett.
364
125-128
1995
Haematococcus lacustris (Q39982), Haematococcus lacustris
brenda
Mochimaru, M.; Masukawa, H.; Takaichi, S.
The cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 has two distinct beta-carotene ketolases: CrtO for echinenone and CrtW for ketomyxol synthesis
FEBS Lett.
579
6111-6114
2005
Anabaena sp. (Q8YQS5), Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (Q8YQS5)
brenda
Breitenbach, J.; Misawa, N.; Kajiwara, S.; Sandmann, G.
Expression in Escherichia coli and properties of the carotene ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
140
241-246
1996
Haematococcus lacustris (Q39982)
brenda
Tao, L.; Rouviere, P.E.; Cheng, Q.
A carotenoid synthesis gene cluster from a non-marine Brevundimonas that synthesizes hydroxylated astaxanthin
Gene
379
101-108
2006
Brevundimonas vesicularis (Q0H2C9), Brevundimonas vesicularis DC2630 (Q0H2C9)
brenda
Schpf, L.; Mautz, J.; Sandmann, G.
Multiple ketolases involved in light regulation of canthaxanthin biosynthesis in Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102
Planta
237
1279-1285
2013
Nostoc punctiforme
brenda
Zhou, P.; Xie, W.; Li, A.; Wang, F.; Yao, Z.; Bian, Q.; Zhu, Y.; Yu, H.; Ye, L.
Alleviation of metabolic bottleneck by combinatorial engineering enhanced astaxanthin synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Enzyme Microb. Technol.
100
28-36
2017
Haematococcus lacustris (E2DRF9)
brenda
Wang, R.; Gu, X.; Yao, M.; Pan, C.; Liu, H.; Xiao, W.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, Y.
Engineering of beta-carotene hydroxylase and ketolase for astaxanthin overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Front. Chem. Sci. Engin.
11
89-99
2017
Brevundimonas vesicularis (Q0H2C9), Brevundimonas vesicularis DC263 (Q0H2C9)
-
brenda
Kathiresan, S.; Chandrashekar, A.; Ravishankar, G.A.; Sarada, R.
Regulation of astaxanthin and its intermediates through cloning and genetic transformation of beta-carotene ketolase in Haematococcus pluvialis
J. Biotechnol.
196-197
33-41
2015
Haematococcus lacustris (C7DT95), Haematococcus lacustris SAG 34-1a (C7DT95)
brenda
Lu, Q.; Bu, Y.F.; Liu, J.Z.
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for producing astaxanthin as the predominant carotenoid
Mar. Drugs
15
E296
2017
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 (Q4W8B8), Paracoccus sp. N81106 (P54972), Paracoccus sp. PC1 (Q44261), Sphingomonas sp. DC18 (A3QQZ2)
brenda
Bai, C.; Berman, J.; Farre, G.; Capell, T.; Sandmann, G.; Christou, P.; Zhu, C.
Reconstruction of the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in rice endosperm reveals a metabolic bottleneck at the level of endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylase activity
Transgenic Res.
26
13-23
2017
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Q4VKB4)
brenda
Sandmann, G.; Mautz, J.; Breitenbach, J.
Control of light-dependent keto carotenoid biosynthesis in Nostoc 7120 by the transcription factor NtcA
Z. Naturforsch. C
71
303-311
2016
Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 = FACHB-418 (Q8YSA0)
brenda
Ukibe, K.; Hashida, K.; Yoshida, N.; Takagi, H.
Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for astaxanthin production and oxidative stress tolerance
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
75
7205-7211
2009
Phaffia rhodozyma, Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 24202
brenda
Choi, S.K.; Harada, H.; Matsuda, S.; Misawa, N.
Characterization of two beta-carotene ketolases, CrtO and CrtW, by complementation analysis in Escherichia coli
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
75
1335-1341
2007
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 (Q4W8B8), Rhodococcus erythropolis (C1A0Z0), Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4 (C1A0Z0), Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Q55808)
brenda
Scaife, M.A.; Burja, A.M.; Wright, P.C.
Characterization of cyanobacterial beta-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase genes in Escherichia coli, and their application for astaxanthin biosynthesis
Biotechnol. Bioeng.
103
944-955
2009
Nostoc punctiforme, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Q55808)
brenda
Steiger, S.; Sandmann, G.
Cloning of two carotenoid ketolase genes from Nostoc punctiforme for the heterologous production of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin
Biotechnol. Lett.
26
813-817
2004
Nostoc punctiforme
brenda
Fernandez-Gonzalez, B.; Sandmann, G.; Vioque, A.
A new type of asymmetrically acting beta-carotene ketolase is required for the synthesis of echinenone in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
J. Biol. Chem.
272
9728-9733
1997
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Q55808)
brenda
Zhong, Y.; Huang, J.; Liu, J.; Li, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Sandmann, G.; Chen, F.
Functional characterization of various algal carotenoid ketolases reveals that ketolating zeaxanthin efficiently is essential for high production of astaxanthin in transgenic Arabidopsis
J. Exp. Bot.
62
3659-3669
2011
Haematococcus lacustris (E2DRF9), Haematococcus lacustris
brenda
Choi, S.; Nishida, Y.; Matsuda, S.; Adachi, K.; Kasai, H.; Peng, X.; Komemushi, S.; Miki, W.; Misawa, N.
Characterization of beta-carotene ketolases, CrtW, from marine bacteria by complementation analysis in Escherichia coli
Mar. Biotechnol.
7
515-522
2005
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 (Q4W8B8), Paracoccus sp. PC1 (Q44261), Paracoccus sp. N81106 (P54972)
-
brenda
Tao, L.; Wilczek, J.; Odom, J.M.; Cheng, Q.
Engineering a beta-carotene ketolase for astaxanthin production
Metab. Eng.
8
523-531
2006
Sphingomonas sp. DC18 (A3QQZ2)
brenda
Martin, J.F.; Gudina, E.; Barredo, J.L.
Conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin Two separate enzymes or a bifunctional hydroxylase-ketolase protein?
Microb. Cell Fact.
7
3
2008
Phaffia rhodozyma, Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
brenda
Tao, L.; Cheng, Q.
Novel beta-carotene ketolases from non-photosynthetic bacteria for canthaxanthin synthesis
Mol. Genet. Genomics
272
530-537
2004
Deinococcus radiodurans (Q9RY57), Deinococcus radiodurans R1 (Q9RY57), Rhodococcus erythropolis (Q5IKE4), Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12 (Q5IKE4)
brenda
Kildegaard, K.R.; Adiego-Perez, B.; Domenech Belda, D.; Khangura, J.K.; Holkenbrink, C.; Borodina, I.
Engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for production of astaxanthin
Synth. Syst. Biotechnol.
2
287-294
2017
Paracoccus sp. N81106 (P54972)
brenda
Shindo, K.; Hasunuma, T.; Asagi, E.; Sano, A.; Hotta, E.; Minemura, N.; Miyake, C.; Maoka, T.; Misawa, N.
4-Ketoantheraxanthin, a novel carotenoid produced by the combination of the bacterial enzyme beta-carotene ketolase CrtW and endogenous carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes in higher plants
Tetrahedron Lett.
49
3294-3296
2008
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 (Q4W8B8)
-
brenda
Zhou, Y.; Huang, H.; Li, J.; Wang, R.; Luo, S.; Wu, T.; Zhong, Y.
Transient expression of beta-carotene ketolase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in pumpkin fruit
Acta Hortic. Sin.
44
2126-2134
2017
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
-
brenda
Zhou, P.; Li, M.; Shen, B.; Yao, Z.; Bian, Q.; Ye, L.; Yu, H.
Directed coevolution of beta-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase and its application in temperature-regulated biosynthesis of astaxanthin
J. Agric. Food Chem.
67
1072-1080
2019
Haematococcus lacustris
brenda
Ye, L.; Zhu, X.; Wu, T.; Wang, W.; Zhao, D.; Bi, C.; Zhang, X.
Optimizing the localization of astaxanthin enzymes for improved productivity
Biotechnol. Biofuels
11
278
2018
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 (Q4W8B8)
brenda
Yu, L.; Chen, Q.; Peng, Y.; Xie, L.; Liu, D.; Han, M.; Chen, F.; Xiao, S.; Huang, J.; Li, J.
Arabidopsis thaliana plants engineered to produce astaxanthin show enhanced oxidative stress tolerance and bacterial pathogen resistance
J. Agric. Food Chem.
67
12590-12598
2019
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Q4VKB4)
brenda
Gong, Z.; Wang, H.; Tang, J.; Bi, C.; Li, Q.; Zhang, X.
Coordinated expression of astaxanthin biosynthesis genes for improved astaxanthin production in Escherichia coli
J. Agric. Food Chem.
68
14917-14927
2020
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 (Q4W8B8)
brenda
Chen, H.H.; He, Y.J.; Liang, M.H.; Yan, B.; Jiang, J.G.
The expression pattern of beta-carotene ketolase gene restricts the accumulation of astaxanthin in Dunaliella under salt stress
J. Cell. Physiol.
237
1607-1616
2022
Dunaliella salina (A0A8K1IK28)
brenda
Wu, Y.; Yan, P.; Liu, X.; Wang, Z.; Tang, Y.J.; Chen, T.; Zhao, X.
Combinatorial expression of different beta-carotene hydroxylases and ketolases in Escherichia coli for increased astaxanthin production
J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
46
1505-1516
2019
Paracoccus sp. N81106 (P54972)
brenda
Qi, D.; Jin, J.; Liu, D.; Jia, B.; Yuan, Y.
In vitro and in vivo recombination of heterologous modules for improving biosynthesis of astaxanthin in yeast
Microb. Cell Fact.
19
103
2020
Paracoccus sp. PC1 (Q44261)
brenda
Zhu, Q.; Zeng, D.; Yu, S.; Cui, C.; Li, J.; Li, H.; Chen, J.; Zhang, R.; Zhao, X.; Chen, L.; Liu, Y.G.
From golden rice to aSTARice bioengineering astaxanthin biosynthesis in rice endosperm
Mol. Plant
11
1440-1448
2018
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Q4VKB4)
brenda
Otani, M.; Kitayama, K.; Ishikuro, H.; Hattan, J.I.; Maoka, T.; Harada, H.; Shiotani, Y.; Eguchi, A.; Nitasaka, E.; Misawa, N.
Construction of transgenic Ipomoea obscura that exhibits new reddish leaf and flower colors due to introduction of beta-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase genes
Plant Biotechnol.
38
219-226
2021
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 (Q4W8B8)
brenda
Jia, D.; Fan, L.; Shen, J.; Qin, S.; Li, F.; Yuan, Y.
Genetic transformation of the astaxanthin biosynthetic genes bkt and crtR-B into apple tree to increase photooxidation resistance
Sci. Hortic.
243
428-433
2019
Haematococcus lacustris (Q6J3N5)
-
brenda
Tran, N.; Kaldenhoff, R.
Metabolic engineering of ketocarotenoids biosynthetic pathway in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain CC-4102
Sci. Rep.
10
10688
2020
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Q4VKB4)
brenda
EXTERNAL LINKS (specific for EC-Number 1.14.99.63)
html completed
Use of this online version of BRENDA is free under the CC BY 4.0 license. See terms of use for full details.
Release 2026.1 (March 2026)
About BRENDA
Social media
Help
Survey
Download
Contribution
Legal
Curated at
Member of
![DSMZ Digital Diversity]()
![Global Core Biodata Resource]()
![ELIXIR Core Data Resource]()
![German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure]()
