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Information on EC 1.14.13.79 - ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.14.13.79transferred to EC 1.14.14.107
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1.14.13.79 ent-kaurenoic acid oxidaseSynonyms
ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase 1, HvKAO1, KAO, KAO1, KAO2, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
KAO
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2
gibberellin A12 + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2
gibberellin A12 + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2
gibberellin A12 + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2
gibberellin A12 + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2
gibberellin A12 + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2
gibberellin A12 + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2
gibberellin A12 + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2
gibberellin A12 + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
overall reaction
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
expression patterns of isozymes reveal that both genes, KAO1 and KAO2, are mainly expressed in germinating seeds and young developing organs, thus suggesting functional redundancy. The expression of KAO2 is much stronger than that of KAO1. KAO1 expression is almost exclusively restricted to the shoot apical meristem, the leaf primordia and the root meristem
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additional information
expression patterns of isozymes reveal that both genes, KAO1 and KAO2, are mainly expressed in germinating seeds and young developing organs, thus suggesting functional redundancy. The expression of KAO2 is much stronger than that of KAO1. KAO1 expression is almost exclusively restricted to the shoot apical meristem, the leaf primordia and the root meristem
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additional information
expression patterns of isozymes reveal that both genes, KAO1 and KAO2, are mainly expressed in germinating seeds and young developing organs, thus suggesting functional redundancy. The expression of KAO2 is much stronger than that of KAO1. KAO2 is expressed in hypocotyl and petioles of the cotyledons, in the vegetative shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia, and in the meristematic zone of the root and lateral roots
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additional information
expression patterns of isozymes reveal that both genes, KAO1 and KAO2, are mainly expressed in germinating seeds and young developing organs, thus suggesting functional redundancy. The expression of KAO2 is much stronger than that of KAO1. KAO2 is expressed in hypocotyl and petioles of the cotyledons, in the vegetative shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia, and in the meristematic zone of the root and lateral roots
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additional information
the enzyme level of MdKAO is significantly lower in the columnar parent, and in F1 progeny with the columnar phenotype, compared to standard parent and F1 progeny with the standard phenotype
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additional information
KAO is broadly expressed in many organs and tissues
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO) belongs to a class of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of the subfamily CYP88A
malfunction
metabolism
the enzyme is important in the gibberellin biosynthesis, pathway overview
physiological function
additional information
OsWOX3A acts as a transcriptional repressor, generation of transgenic rice overexpressing OsWOX3A, OsWOX3A-OX, the mutant consistently exhibits severe dwarfism with very short and wide leaves, a phenotype that resembles that of gibberellic acid (GA)-deficient or GA-insensitive mutants. OsWOX3A expression is drastically and temporarily upregulated by gibberellin GA3 and is downregulated by paclobutrazol, a blocker of gibberellic acid biosynthesis
malfunction
kao1 and kao2 single mutants are indistinguishable from wild-type plants. By contrast, the kao1/kao2 double mutant exhibits typical non-germinating GA-dwarf phenotypes, similar to those observed in the severely gibberellic acid-deficient ga1-3 mutant. Phenotype, overview. Loss of KAO1 and KAO2 function affects seed germination and alters plant growth and reproductive development. Effects of the kao mutations on GA signaling and on feedback regulation of GA metabolism gene expression
malfunction
the rice mutant of KAO (oskao-1) has low levels of GA53, GA20, and GA1, OsWOX3A-OX downregulates KAO expression, which causes significantly reduced levels of GA53, GA20, and, finally, bioactive GA1. Quantitative analysis of gibberellic acid intermediates reveals significantly reduced levels of GA20 and bioactive GA1 in transgenic rice overexpressing OsWOX3A-OX, due to downregulation of the expression of KAO. The mutant OsWOX3A-OX exhibits severe dwarfism with very short and wide leaves, a phenotype that resembles that of gibberellic acid (GA)-deficient or GA-insensitive mutants. Loss of OsWOX3A function in narrow leaf2 (nal2) nal3 double mutants (termed nal2/3) causes pleiotropic effects, such as narrow and curly leaves, opened spikelets, narrow grains, more tillers, and fewer lateral roots, but almost normal plant height. Loss-of-function nal2/3 mutants show increased expression of KAO, changes in gibberellic acid contents are consistent with the expression levels of KAO and GA20ox2 in nal2/3 mutants
physiological function
ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO) catalyzes the conversion of ent-kaurenoic acid (KA) to gibberellin (GA) GA12, the precursor of all gibberellins, thereby playing an important role in determining gibberellin concentration in plants, overlapping role of KAO1 and KAO2 throughout Arabidopsis development, overview
physiological function
ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, encoded by gene KAO, is a gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme. WUSCHEL-related homeobox 3 in Oryza sativa, OsWOX3A, is a gibberellic acid-responsive gene and functions in the negative feedback regulation of the gibberellic acid biosynthetic pathway for gibberellic acid homeostasis to maintain the threshold levels of endogenous gibberellic acid intermediates throughout development. OsWOX3A interacts directly with the KAO promoter to repress KAO expression. Changes in gibberellic acid contents are consistent with the expression levels of KAO and GA20ox2 in nal2/3 mutants. OsWOX3A directly downregulates the expression of KAO as a trans-repressor or upregulates the expression of GA20ox2 as a trans-activator
physiological function
lower expression of the MdKAO gene is responsible for the reduced concentrations of bioactive gibberellins in the apical tissue of columnar apple stems
physiological function
reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by NADPH oxidase, are involved in gibberellin biosynthesis through the regulation of ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase HvKAO1 and GA3-oxidase HvGA3ox1, relationship between ROS and gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis enzymes, overview
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
construction of single kao1 and double kao1/kao2 mutants, mutant gibberellin contents and phenotypes, detailed overview
additional information
construction of single kao1 and double kao1/kao2 mutants, mutant gibberellin contents and phenotypes, detailed overview
additional information
construction of single kao2 and double kao1/kao2 mutants, mutant gibberellin contents and phenotypes, detailed overview
additional information
construction of single kao2 and double kao1/kao2 mutants, mutant gibberellin contents and phenotypes, detailed overview
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
gene KAO encoding ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, quantitative RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene MdKAO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, the sequence contains 7 introns, location on chromosome 2, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
diphenyleneiodonium reduces the expression of HvKAO1, about 20% at 1 mM
OsWOX3A interacts directly with the KAO promoter to repress KAO expression. OsWOX3A interacts with a WOX-binding motif, TTAATCG, in the KAO promoter, mechanism modeling, overview. OsWOX3A is involved in the negative feedback regulation of KAO expression for gibberellic acid homeostasis
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Cho, S.H.; Kang, K.; Lee, S.H.; Lee, I.J.; Paek, N.C.
OsWOX3A is involved in negative feedback regulation of the gibberellic acid biosynthetic pathway in rice (Oryza sativa)
J. Exp. Bot.
67
1677-1687
2016
Oryza sativa Japonica Group (Q33DK1)
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Wang, C.; Bai, M.; Tian, Y.; Tian, W.
Characterisation of two genes encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in gibberellin biosynthesis in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)
J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol.
89
329-337
2014
Malus domestica (M9R757)
-
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Regnault, T.; Daviere, J.M.; Heintz, D.; Lange, T.; Achard, P.
The gibberellin biosynthetic genes AtKAO1 and AtKAO2 have overlapping roles throughout Arabidopsis development
Plant J.
80
462-474
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana (O23051), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9C5Y2)
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Kai, K.; Kasa, S.; Sakamoto, M.; Aoki, N.; Watabe, G.; Yuasa, T.; Iwaya-Inoue, M.; Ishibashi, Y.
Role of reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase in gibberellin biosynthesis during barley seed germination
Plant Signal. Behav.
11
e1180492
2016
Hordeum vulgare (Q9AXH9)
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