Information on EC 5.1.3.6 - UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase:
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EC NUMBERCOMMENTARY
5.1.3.6-

RECOMMENDED NAMEGeneOntology No.
UDP-glucuronate 4-epimeraseGO:0050378

REACTIONREACTION DIAGRAMCOMMENTARYORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.LITERATURE
UDP-glucuronate = UDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		----
UDP-glucuronate = UDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		formation of a 4-keto intermediateDolichospermum flos-aquae-2405

REACTION TYPEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
epimerizationArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3; ; 704357
epimerizationOryza sativaQ6K9M5-704357
epimerizationZea maysQ304Y2-704357
epimerization--specific for C-4 of the glycuronosyl moiety-

PATHWAYKEGG LinkMetaCyc Link
ascorbate biosynthesis VII-PWY-6415
UDP-D-galacturonate biosynthesis I (from UDP-D-glucuronate)-PWY-4861

SYSTEMATIC NAMEIUBMB Comments
UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase-

SYNONYMSORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
AtUGlcAE1Arabidopsis thaliana--663134, 704357
AtUGlcAE2Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-704357
AtUGlcAE3Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-704357
Epimerase, uridine diphosphoglucuronate----
GAEArabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium hirsutum--716216
GAELinum usitatissimum--716581
GAE1Arabidopsis thaliana--661739, 663125
GAE2Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-661739
GAE2Arabidopsis sp.Q67ZJ4, Q9STI6-663125
GAE3Arabidopsis thaliana--661739, 663125
GAE3Gossypium hirsutum-isoform716216
GAE4Arabidopsis thaliana--661739, 663125
GAE5Arabidopsis sp.Q67ZJ4, Q9STI6-663125
GAE6Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-661739
GAE6Arabidopsis thaliana-isoform716216
OsUGlcAE3Oryza sativaQ6K9M5-704357
UDP glucuronic epimerase----
UDP-D-galacturonic acid 4-epimerase----
UDP-D-glucuronate-4-epimeraseLinum usitatissimum--716581
UDP-D-glucuronic acid 4-epimeraseArabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium hirsutum--716216
UDP-galacturonate 4-epimerase----
UDP-GlcA 4-epimeraseArabidopsis thaliana--663134
UDP-GlcA 4-epimeraseZea maysQ304Y2-704357
UDP-GlcA 4-epimerase1Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-704357
UDP-GlcA 4-epimerase2Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-704357
UDP-GlcA 4-epimerase3Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-704357
UDP-GlcA 4-epimerase3Oryza sativaQ6K9M5-704357
UDP-glucuronic acid 4-epimeraseArabidopsis thalianaO22141, O81312, Q9LIS3, Q9LPC1, Q9M0B6, Q9STI6-700488
UDPGLEStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259
UGlcAEZea maysQ304Y2-704357
uridine diphosphate galacturonate 4-epimeraseStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259
Uridine diphospho-D-galacturonic acid----
Uridine diphosphoglucuronate epimerase----
Uridine diphosphoglucuronic epimerase----
ZmUGlcAEZea maysQ304Y2-704357

CAS REGISTRY NUMBERCOMMENTARY
9024-17-3-

ORGANISMCOMMENTARYLITERATURESEQUENCE CODESEQUENCE DB SOURCE
Abies grandis-2401--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Acer pseudoplatanus-2403--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis sp.-663125Q67ZJ4, Q9STI6SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thaliana-663125, 663134, 704357O22141SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thaliana-663125, 704357Q9M0B6SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thaliana-704357Q9LIS3SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thaliana-716216--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianacv. Columbia-0661739--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianacv. Columbia-0661739Q9LIS3SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianasyncytia induced by nematode Heterodera schachtii700488O22141SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianasyncytia induced by nematode Heterodera schachtii700488O81312UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianasyncytia induced by nematode Heterodera schachtii700488Q9LIS3SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianasyncytia induced by nematode Heterodera schachtii700488Q9LPC1UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianasyncytia induced by nematode Heterodera schachtii700488Q9M0B6SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianasyncytia induced by nematode Heterodera schachtii700488Q9STI6UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Dolichospermum flos-aquae-2405, 2406--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Gossypium hirsutumcultivar Xuzhou 142716216--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Linum usitatissimum-716581--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Oryza sativa-704357Q6K9M5UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Pinus sylvestris-2401--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Raphanus sativus-2407--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Streptococcus pneumoniaetype 1653259--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Vigna radiata var. radiata-2408--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Zea mays-704357Q304Y2UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team

GENERAL INFORMATIONORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
physiological functionArabidopsis thaliana-GAE is necessary for Arabidopsis root hair growth716216
physiological functionLinum usitatissimum-GAE delivers the main substrate for pectin biosynthesis716581

SUBSTRATEPRODUCT                      REACTION DIAGRAMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY/
Substrate		 LITERATURE/
Substrate		 COMMENTARY/
Product		 LITERATURE/
Product		 Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-D-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium hirsutum--716216--?
UDP-D-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Linum usitatissimum--716581--?
UDP-D-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Streptococcus pneumoniae-equilibrium constant in direction of UDP-galacturonate formation is 1.3653259-653259r
UDP-D-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana-recombinant AtUGlcAE1DELTA1-64 favors the formation of UDP-D-galacturonate over UDP-glucuronate663134--r
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-661739--r
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thalianaO22141, Q9M0B6-663125--?
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-704357--r
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis sp.Q67ZJ4, Q9STI6-663125--?
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Zea maysQ304Y2-704357--r
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Oryza sativaQ6K9M5-704357--r
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thalianaO22141, Q9M0B6the recombinant enzyme establishes a 1.3:1 equilibrium between UDP-D-galacturonate and UDP-glucuronate663125--r
UDPglucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Vigna radiata var. radiata--2408-2408-
UDPglucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Pinus sylvestris, Abies grandis--2401-2401-
UDPglucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Acer pseudoplatanus--2403-2403-
UDPglucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Dolichospermum flos-aquae--2405-2405-
UDPglucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Dolichospermum flos-aquae--2406-2406-
UDPglucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Raphanus sativus--2407-2407-
additional information?-Pinus sylvestris, Abies grandis-enzyme is required for the nucleoside diphosphate sugar interconversion2401---
additional information?-Streptococcus pneumoniae-the enzyme is required for capsular biosynthesis653259-653259?
additional information?-Arabidopsis thalianaO22141, Q9M0B6no epimerization of UDP-D-glucose and UDP-D-xylulose663125---

NATURAL SUBSTRATESNATURAL PRODUCTSREACTION DIAGRAMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARY SUBSTRATELITERATURE
(Substrate)		COMMENTARY PRODUCTLITERATURE
(Product)
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-704357--
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Zea maysQ304Y2-704357--
UDP-glucuronateUDP-D-galacturonate
show the reaction diagram		Oryza sativaQ6K9M5-704357--
additional information?-Pinus sylvestris, Abies grandis-enzyme is required for the nucleoside diphosphate sugar interconversion2401--
additional information?-Streptococcus pneumoniae-the enzyme is required for capsular biosynthesis653259-653259

COFACTORORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATUREIMAGE
NAD+Streptococcus pneumoniae-50 nM to 5 mM, does not affect activity653259 2D-image
NAD+Arabidopsis thaliana-GAE1 expressed in Pichia pastoris already contains tightly bound NAD+ or NADP+663125 2D-image
NADP+Arabidopsis thaliana-GAE1 expressed in Pichia pastoris already contains tightly bound NAD+ or NADP+663125 2D-image

METALS and IONS ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

INHIBITORSORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
ADP-AraArabidopsis thaliana-2 mM, about 55% inhibition663134 2D-image
ADPglucoseDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
AMPDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
CDP-glucoseStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
CDPglucoseDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
CMPDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
galactoseStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
GDPDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
GDP-glucoseStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
GMPDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
GMPStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
NaClStreptococcus pneumoniae-progressive decrease in activity above 100 mM NaCl, activity drops below 50% at 250 mM653259 2D-image
NaClArabidopsis thaliana-above 300 mM, inhibits activity of recombinant AtUGlcAE1DELTA1-64663134 2D-image
NAD+Dolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
NADP+Dolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
p-hydroxymercuribenzoateStreptococcus pneumoniae-reactivation by NAD+ and 2-mercaptoethanol653259 2D-image
TDPDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
TDPglucoseDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
UDPDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
UDPStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
UDPArabidopsis thaliana-2 mM, about 60% inhibition663134 2D-image
UDPArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3; ; 704357 2D-image
UDPOryza sativaQ6K9M5-704357 2D-image
UDPZea maysQ304Y22 mM, strong inhibition of recombinant ZmUGlcAE1-47704357 2D-image
UDP-D-XylArabidopsis thaliana-strong663125 2D-image
UDP-galactoseStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
UDP-glucoseStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
UDP-mannoseStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
UDP-XylArabidopsis thaliana-2 mM, about 60% inhibition663134 2D-image
UDP-xyloseStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
UDP-xyloseArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3; ; 704357 2D-image
UDP-xyloseOryza sativaQ6K9M5-704357 2D-image
UDP-xyloseZea maysQ304Y22 mM, strong inhibition of recombinant ZmUGlcAE1-47704357 2D-image
UDPglucoseDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
UMPDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
UMPStreptococcus pneumoniae--653259 2D-image
UTPDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image
KClArabidopsis thaliana-above 300 mM, inhibits activity of recombinant AtUGlcAE1DELTA1-64663134 2D-image
additional informationArabidopsis thaliana-no inhibition: UDP, UDP-D-glucose or UDP-D-galactose663125-

ACTIVATING COMPOUNDORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
No entries in this field

KM VALUE [mM]KM VALUE [mM] MaximumSUBSTRATEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
0.23-UDP-D-glucuronateArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS325°C, pH 7.9, recombinant enzyme661739 2D-image
0.24-UDP-D-glucuronateStreptococcus pneumoniae-pH 7.5, 37°C653259 2D-image
0.72-UDP-D-glucuronateArabidopsis thaliana--663134 2D-image
0.19-UDP-glucuronateArabidopsis thaliana--663125 2D-image
0.259-UDP-glucuronateOryza sativaQ6K9M5recombinant OsUGlcAE3, lacking the amino acid position 1-53, in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.6704357 2D-image
0.358-UDP-glucuronateArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE2, lacking the amino acid position 1-68, in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.6704357 2D-image
0.397-UDP-glucuronateZea maysQ304Y2recombinant ZmUGlcAE, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-47, in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.6704357 2D-image
0.426-UDP-glucuronateArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE3, lacking the amino acid position 1-53, in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.6704357 2D-image
0.037-UDPglucuronateDolichospermum flos-aquae--2406 2D-image

TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s] TURNOVER NUMBER MAXIMUM[1/s] SUBSTRATEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
0.9-UDP-glucuronateArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE2, lacking the amino acid position 1-68, in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.6704357 2D-image
10-UDP-glucuronateArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE3, lacking the amino acid position 1-53, in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.6704357 2D-image
10.1-UDP-glucuronateZea maysQ304Y2recombinant ZmUGlcAE, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-47, in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.6704357 2D-image
24-UDP-glucuronateArabidopsis thaliana--663134 2D-image
37.4-UDP-glucuronateOryza sativaQ6K9M5recombinant OsUGlcAE3, lacking the amino acid position 1-53, in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.6704357 2D-image

kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1] MaximumSUBSTRATEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
No entries in this field

Ki VALUE [mM]Ki VALUE [mM] MaximumINHIBITORORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
0.0632-UDPZea maysQ304Y2recombinant ZmUGlcAE, position 1-47 is lacking704357 2D-image
0.1107-UDPArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE3, position 1-53 is lacking704357 2D-image
0.1145-UDPOryza sativaQ6K9M5recombinant OsUGlcAE3, position 1-53 is lacking704357 2D-image
0.1341-UDPArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE2, position 1-68 is lacking704357 2D-image
0.1436-UDPArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE1, position 1-64 is lacking704357 2D-image
0.0731-UDP-xyloseZea maysQ304Y2recombinant ZmUGlcAE, position 1-47 is lacking704357 2D-image
0.1599-UDP-xyloseOryza sativaQ6K9M5recombinant OsUGlcAE3, position 1-53 is lacking704357 2D-image
0.2473-UDP-xyloseArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE3, position 1-53 is lacking704357 2D-image
0.2972-UDP-xyloseArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE1, position 1-64 is lacking704357 2D-image
0.3051-UDP-xyloseArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE2, position 1-68 is lacking704357 2D-image

IC50 VALUE [mM]IC50 VALUE [mM] MaximumINHIBITORORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
No entries in this field

SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg] SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

pH OPTIMUMpH MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARYLITERATURE
7.27.8Zea maysQ304Y2optimal pH in phosphate buffer for the activity of recombinant enzyme ZmUGlcAE1-47 lacking the transmembrane domain704357
7.47.6Arabidopsis thaliana-recombinant AtUGlcAE1DELTA1-64663134
7.5-Streptococcus pneumoniae--653259
7.6-Arabidopsis thaliana--663125
7.6-Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE2, lacking the amino acid position 1-68; recombinant AtUGlcAE3, lacking the amino acid position 1-53704357
7.6-Oryza sativaQ6K9M5recombinant OsUGlcAE3, lacking the amino acid position 1-53704357
7.9-Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-661739
8.5-Dolichospermum flos-aquae-epimerization of UDPglucuronate to UDPgalacturonate2406

pH RANGEpH RANGE MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
410Zea maysQ304Y2the activity of ZmUGlcAE1-47 is completely abolished when assays are conducted at pH value below 4 or above 10704357
58.9Arabidopsis thaliana-pH 5.0: about 75% of maximal activity, pH 8.9: 93% of maximal activity663125
59Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3pH 5.0: about 65% of maximal activity, pH 9.0: about 95% of maximal activity661739
6.510Streptococcus pneumoniae-pH 6.5: about 50% of maximal activity, pH 10.0: about 25% of maximal activity653259
710Dolichospermum flos-aquae-about 50% of maximal activity at pH 7 and 10, epimerization of UDPglucuronate to UDPgalacturonate2406

TEMPERATURE OPTIMUMTEMPERATURE OPTIMUM MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
3042Arabidopsis thaliana-recombinant AtUGlcAE1DELTA1-64663134
3742Streptococcus pneumoniae--653259
37-Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3assay at; recombinant AtUGlcAE2, lacking the amino acid position 1-68; recombinant AtUGlcAE2, lacking the amino acid position 1-68704357
37-Oryza sativaQ6K9M5recombinant OsUGlcAE3, lacking the amino acid position 1-53704357
37-Zea maysQ304Y2assay at704357

TEMPERATURE RANGE TEMPERATURE MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

pI VALUEpI VALUE MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
No entries in this field

SOURCE TISSUE ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE SOURCE
antherArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3-661739Manually annotated by BRENDA team
cambiumAbies grandis, Pinus sylvestris-enzyme activity decreases during the differentiation of cambial cells to xylem2401Manually annotated by BRENDA team
cauline leafArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3; GAE1; GAE2661739Manually annotated by BRENDA team
cotton fiberGossypium hirsutum-isoform GAE3 is highly preferentially expressed in fast elongating fiber cells716216Manually annotated by BRENDA team
flowerArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3; GAE1; GAE2661739Manually annotated by BRENDA team
flowerArabidopsis thaliana-strong expression663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team
flowerArabidopsis thaliana--663134Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3GAE1; GAE2; only in leaf veins661739Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafArabidopsis sp.Q67ZJ4, Q9STI6moderate expression663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafArabidopsis thaliana-strong expression663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team
pollenArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3only detected after pollen maturation661739Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootRaphanus sativus--2407Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3expressed in root hair zone; expression of GAE4 is confined to root tips; GAE1 is expressed throughout the root; GAE2 is expressed throughout the root; GAE3 is expressed in root hair zone661739Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootArabidopsis thaliana-strong expression663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootArabidopsis thaliana--663134Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootArabidopsis thalianaO22141, O81312, Q9LIS3, Q9LPC1, Q9M0B6, Q9STI6; ; ; ; ; 700488Manually annotated by BRENDA team
root hairArabidopsis thaliana--716216Manually annotated by BRENDA team
seedlingVigna radiata var. radiata--2408Manually annotated by BRENDA team
seedlingArabidopsis thalianaO22141, O81312, Q9LIS3, Q9LPC1, Q9M0B6, Q9STI6; ; ; ; ; 700488Manually annotated by BRENDA team
seedlingLinum usitatissimum--716581Manually annotated by BRENDA team
siliqueArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3; GAE1; GAE2661739Manually annotated by BRENDA team
siliqueArabidopsis sp.Q67ZJ4, Q9STI6moderate expression663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team
siliqueArabidopsis thaliana-strong expression663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3; GAE1; GAE2661739Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemArabidopsis thaliana-strong expression663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemArabidopsis thaliana--663134Manually annotated by BRENDA team
xylemAbies grandis, Pinus sylvestris-differentiated and differentiating cells, enzyme activity decreases during the differentiation of cambial cells to xylem2401Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafArabidopsis thaliana--663134Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional informationArabidopsis sp.Q67ZJ4, Q9STI6moderate expression throughout the plant; no expression in root or inflorescence663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional informationArabidopsis thaliana-moderate expression throughout the plant; moderate expression throughout the plant663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team

LOCALIZATION ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY GeneOntology No. LITERATURE SOURCE
microsomeArabidopsis thaliana-exclusively localized in microsomal fraction, anchored to membrane-663125Manually annotated by BRENDA team

PDBSCOPCATHORGANISM
No entries in this field

MOLECULAR WEIGHT MOLECULAR WEIGHT MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
54000-Dolichospermum flos-aquae-gel filtration2406
80000-Streptococcus pneumoniae-gel filtration653259
81400-Zea maysQ304Y2recombinant ZmUGlcAE, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-47, determined by gel filtration704357
88000-Arabidopsis thaliana-recombinant AtUGlcAE1DELTA1-64, gel filtration663134
88500-Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant AtUGlcAE2, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-68, determined by gel filtration; recombinant AtUGlcAE3, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-53, determined by gel filtration704357
92200-Oryza sativaQ6K9M5recombinant OsUGlcAE3, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-53, determined by gel filtration704357

SUBUNITS ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
dimerStreptococcus pneumoniae-2 * 40000, SDS-PAGE653259
dimerArabidopsis thaliana-2 * 43500663134
dimerArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS32 * 44100, recombinant enzyme, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-53, determined by gel filtration; 2 * 45500, recombinant AtUGlcAE2, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-68, determined by gel filtration704357
dimerOryza sativaQ6K9M52 * 44300, recombinant OsUGlcAE3, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-53, determined by gel filtration704357
dimerZea maysQ304Y22 * 42900, recombinant ZmUGlcAE, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-47, determined by gel filtration704357

POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

Crystallization/COMMENTARY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
No entries in this field

pH STABILITYpH STABILITY MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

TEMPERATURE STABILITYTEMPERATURE STABILITY MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARYLITERATURE
-2065Zea maysQ304Y2the activity of ZmUGlcAE lacking the putative transmembrane domain is completely abolished when assays are conducted at pH value below 4 or above 10, or when the assay temperature is above 65°C704357
-20-Arabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3recombinant enzyme is still fully active after 1 year in storage704357
-20-Zea maysQ304Y2recombinant enzyme ZmUGlcAE lacking the putative transmembrane domain is stable (more than 6 months) when stored as a crude extract at 20°C704357
25-Streptococcus pneumoniae-60 min, about 35% loss of activity653259
30-Streptococcus pneumoniae-60 min, about 50% loss of activity653259
37-Streptococcus pneumoniae-60 min, about 75% loss of activity653259
42-Streptococcus pneumoniae-60 min, about 20% loss of activity653259

GENERAL STABILITYORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.LITERATURE
freezing and thawing of the crude extract in absence of cryoprotectants abolishes enzymatic activity entirelyArabidopsis thaliana-663125
KCl or NaCl, above 300 mM, completly inactivates the enzyme, when stored at -20°C for 2 weeksArabidopsis thaliana-663134

ORGANIC SOLVENT ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

OXIDATION STABILITY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
No entries in this field

STORAGE STABILITY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
-20°C or -80°C in 50% v/v glycerol, 7 days, enzyme retains approximately 80% of its activityArabidopsis thaliana-663125
-10°C, stable for at least 1 yearRaphanus sativus-2407
-20°C, recombinant enzyme ZmUGlcAE lacking the putative transmembrane domain is stable (more than 6 months) when stored as a crude extractZea maysQ304Y2704357

Purification/COMMENTARY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
by using gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography; by using gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography; by using gel filtration and anion exchange chromatographyArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3704357
nickel-charged His-Bind column chromatography and Superdex 200 gel filtrationArabidopsis thaliana-716216
partial, AtUGlcAE1DELTA1-64 expressed in Escherichia coliArabidopsis thaliana-663134
partialDolichospermum flos-aquae-2406
nickel-charged His-Bind column chromatography and Superdex 200 gel filtrationGossypium hirsutum-716216
by using gel filtration and anion exchange chromatographyOryza sativaQ6K9M5704357
-Raphanus sativus-2407
-Streptococcus pneumoniae-653259
by using gel filtration and anion exchange chromatographyZea maysQ304Y2704357

Cloned/COMMENTARY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens; expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens; expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens; expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens; expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens; expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciensArabidopsis thalianaO22141, O81312, Q9LIS3, Q9LPC1, Q9M0B6, Q9STI6700488
expression in Escherichia coli; expression in Escherichia coli; expression in Escherichia coliArabidopsis thalianaQ9LIS3704357
expression in Pichia pastorisArabidopsis thaliana-661739, 663125
isoform GAE6 is expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cellsArabidopsis thaliana-716216
no recovery of active recombinant enzyme when full-length AtUGlcAE1 is expressed in Escherichia coli due to the hydrophobic domain that results in un- or misfolded protein in inclusion bodies within Escherichia coli. Recombinant AtUGlcAE1DELTA1-64, lacking the putative transmembrane domain, can be expressed in Escherichia coliArabidopsis thaliana-663134
isoform GAE3 is expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cellsGossypium hirsutum-716216
expression in Escherichia coliOryza sativaQ6K9M5704357
overexpression in Escherichia coliStreptococcus pneumoniae-653259
recombinant ZmUGlcAE, lacking the putative transmembrane domain at amino acid position 1-47, is expressed in Escherichia coliZea maysQ304Y2704357

EXPRESSION ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
GAE mRNA level decreases after Fusarium oxysporum infectionLinum usitatissimum-716581

ENGINEERINGORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
DELTA1-47Zea maysQ304Y2recombinant product ZmUGlcAE, lacking the putative transmembrane domain, converts UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-alpha-D-galacturonic acid while control Escherichia coli cells containing empty vector have no enzyme activity704357

Renatured/COMMENTARYORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.LITERATURE
No entries in this field

APPLICATIONORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
No entries in this field

REF. AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL VOL. PAGES YEAR ORGANISMLINK TO PUBMEDSOURCE
2401Dalessandro, G.; Northcote, D.H.Changes in enzymic activities of nucleoside diphosphate sugar interconversions during differentiation of cambium to xylem in pine and firBiochem. J.162281-2881977Abies grandis, Pinus sylvestris PubMed
2403Bolwell, G.P.; Dalessandro, G.; Northcote, D.H.Decrease of polygalacturonic acid synthase during xylem differentiation in sycamorePhytochemistry24699-7021985Acer pseudoplatanus-
2405Maitra, U.S.; Gaunt, M.A.; Ankel, H.The mechanism of uridine diphosphate sugar-4-epimerase reactions. Isotope discrimination with 4-tritiated substratesJ. Biol. Chem.2493075-30781974Dolichospermum flos-aquae PubMed
2406Gaunt, M.A.; Maitra, U.S.; Ankel, H.Uridine diphosphate galacturonate 4-epimerase from the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquaeJ. Biol. Chem.2492366-23721974Dolichospermum flos-aquae PubMed
2407Davidson, E.A.UDP-D-galacturonic acid 4-epimerase from radish rootsMethods Enzymol.8276-2771966Raphanus sativus-
2408Feingold, D.S.; Neufeld, E.F.; Hassid, W.Z.The 4-epimerization and decarboxylation of uridine diphosphate D-glucuronic acid by extracts from Phaseolus aureus seedlingsJ. Biol. Chem.235910-9131960Vigna radiata var. radiata PubMed
653259Munoz, R.; Lopez, R.; De Frutos, M.; Garcia, E.First molecular characterization of a uridine diphosphate galacturonate 4-epimerase: an enzyme required for capsular biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae type 1Mol. Microbiol.31703-7131999Streptococcus pneumoniae PubMed
661739Usadel, B.; Schluter, U.; Molhoj, M.; Gipmans, M.; Verma, R.; Kossmann, J.; Reiter, W.D.; Pauly, M.Identification and characterization of a UDP-D-glucuronate 4-epimerase in ArabidopsisFEBS Lett.569327-3312004Arabidopsis thaliana PubMed
663125Molhoj, M.; Verma, R.; Reiter, W.D.The biosynthesis of D-galacturonate in plants. functional cloning and characterization of a membrane-anchored UDP-D-glucuronate 4-epimerase from ArabidopsisPlant Physiol.1351221-12302004Arabidopsis sp., Arabidopsis thaliana PubMed
663134Gu, X.; Bar-Peled, M.The biosynthesis of UDP-galacturonic acid in plants. Functional cloning and characterization of Arabidopsis UDP-D-glucuronic acid 4-epimerasePlant Physiol.1364256-42642004Arabidopsis thaliana PubMed
700488Siddique, S.; Endres, S.; Atkins, J.M.; Szakasits, D.; Wieczorek, K.; Hofmann, J.; Blaukopf, C.; Urwin, P.E.; Tenhaken, R.; Grundler, F.M.; Kreil, D.P.; Bohlmann, H.Myo-inositol oxygenase genes are involved in the development of syncytia induced by Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis rootsNew Phytol.184457-4722009Arabidopsis thaliana PubMed
704357Gu, X.; Wages, C.; Davis, K.; Guyett, P.; Bar-Peled, M.Enzymatic characterization and comparison of various poaceae UDP-GlcA 4-epimerase isoformsJ. Biochem.146527-5342009Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Zea mays PubMed
716216Pang, C.Y.; Wang, H.; Pang, Y.; Xu, C.; Jiao, Y.; Qin, Y.M.; Western, T.L.; Yu, S.X.; Zhu, Y.X.Comparative proteomics indicates that biosynthesis of pectic precursors is important for cotton fiber and Arabidopsis root hair elongationMol. Cell. Proteomics92019-20332010Arabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium hirsutum PubMed
716581Wojtasik, W.; Kulma, A.; Kostyn, K.; Szopa, J.The changes in pectin metabolism in flax infected with FusariumPlant Physiol. Biochem.49862-8722011Linum usitatissimum PubMed

LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 5.1.3.6)
ExplorEnz
ExPASy
KEGG
MetaCyc
NCBI: PubMed, Protein, Nucleotide, Structure, Genome, OMIM
IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature
PROSITE Database of protein families and domains
SYSTERS
Protein Mutant Database
InterPro (database of protein families, domains and functional sites)