Information on EC 3.6.3.32 - quaternary-amine-transporting ATPase:
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EC NUMBERCOMMENTARY
3.6.3.32-

RECOMMENDED NAMEGeneOntology No.
quaternary-amine-transporting ATPaseGO:0015596

REACTIONREACTION DIAGRAMCOMMENTARYORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.LITERATURE
ATP + H2O + quaternary amine/out = ADP + phosphate + quaternary amine/in
show the reaction diagram		----
ATP + H2O + quaternary amine/out = ADP + phosphate + quaternary amine/in
show the reaction diagram		the osmotic activation of the transporter is set by the bulk charge in the lipid headgroup region of the membrane, indicating that electrostatic interactions between lipids and the transporter are intrinsic to the osmosensing mechanismLactococcus lactis-655328
ATP + H2O + quaternary amine/out = ADP + phosphate + quaternary amine/in
show the reaction diagram		a single substrate binding domain per dimeric translocator complex is sufficient and minimally needed for transport. Within the complex with two substrate binding domains, the two domains interact in a cooperative manner and enhance the transport capacityLactococcus lactis-655339
ATP + H2O + quaternary amine/out = ADP + phosphate + quaternary amine/in
show the reaction diagram		OpuA is an osmoprotectant uptake system which imports glycine and betaine. It consists of three components, the ATPase OpuAA, the integral membrane protein OpuAB and the extracellular substrate binding domain OpuAC. The ABC transporter couples ATP hydrolysis with substrate translocation across the membrane in a vectorial mannerBacillus subtilis-656531
ATP + H2O + quaternary amine/out = ADP + phosphate + quaternary amine/in
show the reaction diagram		the mechanistica stoichiometry is 2Lactococcus lactis-656670
ATP + H2O + quaternary amine/out = ADP + phosphate + quaternary amine/in
show the reaction diagram		busA locus encodes the glycine betaine uptake system, which expression is reduced by overexpression of busR gene encoding a DNA binding proteinLactococcus lactis-656842

REACTION TYPEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
hydrolysis of phosphoric ester----

PATHWAYKEGG LinkMetaCyc Link
No entries in this field

SYSTEMATIC NAMEIUBMB Comments
ATP phosphohydrolase (quaternary-amine-importing)ABC-type (ATP-binding cassette-type) ATPase, characterized by the presence of two similar ATP-binding domains. Does not undergo phosphorylation during the transport process. A bacterial enzyme that imports betaine and glycine.

SYNONYMSORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
ABC transporterBacillus subtilisP46922-698590
BetTA.halophyticaAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9-671475
glycine betaine porter IIListeria monocytogenes--210323
OpuALactococcus lactis--210318, 655328, 674658, 675495
OpuABacillus subtilis--673631, 674235, 675375, 675495, 685001, 698590
OpuBBacillus subtilis-opuB and opuC operons each encode a binding protein-dependent ABC transport system210321
OpuBListeria monocytogenes--671408
OpuCBacillus subtilis-opuB and opuC operons each encode a binding protein-dependent ABC transport system210321
OpuCListeria monocytogenes--671408, 674236, 687343
OpuCBacillus subtilis--674235
OpuCPseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5-680504
OpuDBacillus subtilis--210325, 674235
Quaternary-amine-transporting ATPase----

CAS REGISTRY NUMBERCOMMENTARY
9000-83-3-

ORGANISMCOMMENTARYLITERATURESEQUENCE CODESEQUENCE DB SOURCE
Aphanothece halophytica-671475Q0PCR9SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Bacillus subtilis-210318, 656531, 673631, 675375, 675495--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bacillus subtilis-685001P46920SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Bacillus subtilisOpuA210320--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bacillus subtilisOpuB and OpuC210321--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bacillus subtilisthree transport systems for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine: OpuA, OpuC and Opu D210325--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bacillus subtiliswild-type strain JH642, gene opuA698590P46922UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Bacillus subtiliswild-type strain JH642, mutant strains RMKB24, RMKB34, RMKB22, and RMKB33674235--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bacillus subtilis OpuAOpuA210318, 210320--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Escherichia coli-210317--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Escherichia coliK-12210319--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lactococcus lactis-655328, 675495--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lactococcus lactisOpuA210318, 210322--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lactococcus lactisstrain NZ9000655339, 656670--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lactococcus lactisstrain Opu401674658Q9KIF7UniprotManually annotated by BRENDA team
Lactococcus lactissubspecies cremonis, strain MG1363656842--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lactococcus lactis NZ9000strain NZ9000655339--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lactococcus lactis Opu401strain Opu401674658Q9KIF7-Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Listeria monocytogenes-210323, 210324--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Listeria monocytogenesstrain 10403S674236--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Listeria monocytogenesstrain LO28671408--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Listeria monocytogenesstrain LO28 derivatives, cultivated on leaf surface of Petroselinum sativum687343--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Pseudomonas syringaeATP-binding protein, gene PSPTO4575, OpuCA; pv. tomato, strain DC3000680504Q87WH5SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team

GENERAL INFORMATIONORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
No entries in this field

SUBSTRATEPRODUCT                      REACTION DIAGRAMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY/
Substrate		 LITERATURE/
Substrate		 COMMENTARY/
Product		 LITERATURE/
Product		 Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ADP + H2OAMP + phosphate
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis-OpuAA protein, ATPase activity656531--?
AMP + H2Oadenine + phosphate
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis-OpuAA protein, ATPase activity, similar substrate affinities to monomeric and dimeric states656531--?
ATP + H2OADP + phosphate
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis--673631--?
ATP + H2OADP + phosphate
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilisP46920-685001--?
ATP + H2OADP + phosphate
show the reaction diagram		Pseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5-680504--?
ATP + H2OADP + phosphate
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis-OpuAA protein, ATPase activity656531--?
ATP + H2OADP + phosphate
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilisP46920ATPase activity of monomeric OpuA protein measured in wild-type and single cysteine mutants, structural information on the architecture of the OpuA-ATPase by application of FRET techniques, C-terminal catalytic domain, helical domain and accessory domain analyzed685001--?
ATP + H2O + betaine/outADP + phosphate + betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis--656531--?
ATP + H2O + betaine/outADP + phosphate + betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis--210322-210322?
ATP + H2O + betaine/outADP + phosphate + betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis--656842--?
ATP + H2O + betaine/outADP + phosphate + betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Aphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9-671475--?
ATP + H2O + dimethylsulfonioacetate/outADP + phosphate + dimethylsulfonioacetate/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilisP46922OpuA is a classic ABC importer that relies on a substrate binding protein priming the transporter with specificity and selectivity, a sulfobetaine698590--?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis--210318-210318?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis--210320-210320?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis--210321-210321?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis--210325-210325?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis--673631, 675375, 675495--?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Escherichia coli--210317-210317?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Escherichia coli--210319-210319?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis--655328, 655339---
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis--210318-210318?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis--210322-210322?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactisQ9KIF7-674658--?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Listeria monocytogenes--210323-210323?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Listeria monocytogenes--210324-210324?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Listeria monocytogenes--687343--?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Escherichia coli-accumulation of glycine betaine which functions as an osmoprotectant, the glycine betaine transport system is osmotically regulated at the level of gene expression and at the level of transport activity210319-210319?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis-a transmembrane osmotic gradient, outside hyperosmotic relative to the inside, of both ionic and nonionic compounds is able to osmotically activate OpuA. OpuA can act both as osmosensor and osmoregulator210318-210318?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Listeria monocytogenes-enzyme is responsible for the cold-activated and osmotically activated glycine betaine transport210323--?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis-enzyme is involved in cytoplasmic accumulation of exogenous betaine which has osmoprotective properties, transcription of busA is strongly regulated by the external osmolarity of the medium210322--?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Listeria monocytogenes-the ability of the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to tolerate environments of elevated osmolarity and reduced temperature is due in part to the transport and accumulation of the osmolyte glycine betaine by the glycine betaine transport system210324---
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis-high osmolarity stimulates de novo synthesis of OpuD and activates preeixisting OpuD proteins to achieve maximal glycine betaine uptake activity210325--?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis-expression of the opuA operon is under osmotic control210320--?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis-no efflux of glycine betaine is observed in the absence of ATP656670---
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Listeria monocytogenes-effects of glycine betaine on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes on leaf surfaces under low humidity studied, protective effect of glycine betaine on survival determined, independence of intracellular glycine betaine accumulation by known uptake systems shown687343--?
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Pseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5enhanced osmoprotection found to be correlated with higher capacity for choline uptake than for glycine uptake, broad substrate specificity including acetylcholine, carnitine, and proline betaine determined, cystathionine-beta-synthase domains shown to be essential for osmoregulatory function680504--?
ATP + H2O + proline betaine/outADP + phosphate + proline betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis--675375, 675495--?
additional information?-Lactococcus lactis-carnitine is no substrate for the enzyme656670---
additional information?-Bacillus subtilisP46922analysis of the OpuA-binding protein OpuAC by structural and mutational means with respect to dimethylsulfonioacetate binding, crystal structure determination and analysis, overview698590---

NATURAL SUBSTRATESNATURAL PRODUCTSREACTION DIAGRAMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARY SUBSTRATELITERATURE
(Substrate)		COMMENTARY PRODUCTLITERATURE
(Product)
ATP + H2OADP + phosphate
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilisP46920-685001--
ATP + H2OADP + phosphate
show the reaction diagram		Pseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5-680504--
ATP + H2O + dimethylsulfonioacetate/outADP + phosphate + dimethylsulfonioacetate/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilisP46922OpuA is a classic ABC importer that relies on a substrate binding protein priming the transporter with specificity and selectivity698590--
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis--210318, 210321--
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Listeria monocytogenes--687343--
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Escherichia coli-accumulation of glycine betaine which functions as an osmoprotectant, the glycine betaine transport system is osmotically regulated at the level of gene expression and at the level of transport activity210319-210319
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis-a transmembrane osmotic gradient, outside hyperosmotic relative to the inside, of both ionic and nonionic compounds is able to osmotically activate OpuA. OpuA can act both as osmosensor and osmoregulator210318-210318
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Listeria monocytogenes-enzyme is responsible for the cold-activated and osmotically activated glycine betaine transport210323--
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Lactococcus lactis-enzyme is involved in cytoplasmic accumulation of exogenous betaine which has osmoprotective properties, transcription of busA is strongly regulated by the external osmolarity of the medium210322--
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Listeria monocytogenes-the ability of the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to tolerate environments of elevated osmolarity and reduced temperature is due in part to the transport and accumulation of the osmolyte glycine betaine by the glycine betaine transport system210324--
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis-high osmolarity stimulates de novo synthesis of OpuD and activates preeixisting OpuD proteins to achieve maximal glycine betaine uptake activity210325--
ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/outADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in
show the reaction diagram		Bacillus subtilis-expression of the opuA operon is under osmotic control210320--

COFACTORORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATUREIMAGE
No entries in this field

METALS and IONS ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARY LITERATURE
Ba2+Lactococcus lactisQ9KIF7bivalent cations more effective activators than monovalent cations674658
K+Lactococcus lactisQ9KIF7maximal enzyme activity reached with 250 mM KCl, no further effect in the presence of the protonophore SF6847674658
K+Bacillus subtilis-K+ binding site within the nucleotide-binding protein domain, stimulation of the nucleotide-binding protein domain 4fold higher than with Na+675495
K2SO4Lactococcus lactis-100 mosmol/kg osmolality, stimulates OpuA activity655328
K3PO4Lactococcus lactis-100 mosmol/kg osmolality, pH 7.0, stimulates OpuA activity. 200 mM, stimulates ATPase activity655328
KClLactococcus lactis-100 mM, activates OpuA instantaneous and reversible655328
Li+Lactococcus lactisQ9KIF7-674658
Mg2+Lactococcus lactis-9 mM MgATP2- in the outside of the membranes activates OpuA655339
Mg2+Lactococcus lactis-significant reduction of glycine betaine efflux when 6 mM ADP/Mg2+ is added to the reaction656670
Mg2+Lactococcus lactisQ9KIF7bivalent cations more effective activators than monovalent cations674658
Na+Listeria monocytogenes-osmotically activated but does not require high concentrations for activity210324
Na+Aphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9enhances betaine uptake rates671475
Na+Lactococcus lactisQ9KIF7-674658
Na+Bacillus subtilis-stimulation of the nucleotide-binding protein domain 4fold lower than with K+675495
Na2SO4Lactococcus lactis-100 mosmol/kg osmolality, stimulates OpuA activity655328
NaClLactococcus lactis-100 mosmol/kg osmolality, stimulates OpuA activity655328
NH4+Lactococcus lactisQ9KIF7less effective than KCl, in the presence of the protonophore SF6847 much more effective674658
Sodium phosphateLactococcus lactis-100 mosmol/kg osmolality, pH 7.0, stimulates OpuA activity655328
Mg2+Bacillus subtilis-essential for effective binding675495
additional informationBacillus subtilis-high osmolarity activates210318, 210325
additional informationLactococcus lactis-high osmolarity activates210318
additional informationEscherichia coli-high osmolarity activates210319
additional informationAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9K+, Li+, Cs+, Rb+, NH4+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ show no effect671475

INHIBITORSORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
ADPLactococcus lactis-inhibits ATPase activity656670 2D-image
Betaine aldehydeAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9weakly inhibits betaine uptake671475 2D-image
BusRLactococcus lactis-acts as a repressor of busA transcription656842-
cholineAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9slightly inhibits betaine uptake671475 2D-image
Cs+Lactococcus lactisQ9KIF7potent inhibitor674658 2D-image
NaClLactococcus lactis-0.5 M, inhibits656842 2D-image
Rb+Lactococcus lactisQ9KIF7potent inhibitor674658 2D-image
TetracaineLactococcus lactis-low concentrations of the cationic amphipath decrease the activation of OpuA655328 2D-image
K3PO4Lactococcus lactis-above 200 mM, inhibits ATPase activity655328 2D-image
additional informationLactococcus lactis-the enzyme is not inhibited by 400 mM glycine betaine on the trans side of the membrane. The enzyme is not inhibited by 250 mM carnitine656670-
additional informationAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9betaine uptake not inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid, proline, glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, asparagine, glycine, sarcosine, dimethylglycine, lysine, histidine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, cysteine, threonine, valine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine671475-
additional informationPseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5competition assays performed, compounds inhibiting the uptake of choline and glycine betaine summarized680504-

ACTIVATING COMPOUNDORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
anionic lipidsLactococcus lactis-absence of phosphatidylglycerol and/or phosphatidylserine results in trapping of the protein in an inactive state655328-
dioleoyl-phosphatidylglycerolLactococcus lactisQ9KIF7needed for full osmoregulatory activity674658 2D-image
negatively charged lipidLactococcus lactis--675495-
phosphate ion-containing bufferLactococcus lactis--675495-
phosphatidylethanolamineLactococcus lactis-non-bilayer lipid essential for high activity of OpuA655328 2D-image
TetracaineLactococcus lactisQ9KIF7instantaneously activates inside-out oriented OpuA, reconstitued in membranes with 40% of anionic lipid, 1mM equally effective than 0.2 mM KCl674658 2D-image
glycerolLactococcus lactis-at 270 mM, the amount of glycine betaine taken up after 30 seconds is 30% higher than that of the iso-osmotic control sample655328 2D-image
additional informationLactococcus lactis-sucrose and D-fructose have no effects on OpuA activity655328-
additional informationAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9sucrose and sorbitol show no effect671475-
additional informationBacillus subtilis-nucleotide-binding protein domain not stimulated by glycine betaine675495-

KM VALUE [mM]KM VALUE [mM] MaximumSUBSTRATEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
0.25-ATPBacillus subtilis-22ºC, pH 8.0, 0.15 M NaCl, monomeric and dimeric OpuAA656531 2D-image
0.45-ATPBacillus subtilis-22ºC, pH 8.0, 1 M NaCl, monomeric OpuAA656531 2D-image
0.6-ATPBacillus subtilisP46920wild-type, performed in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5 and 1 M NaCl, monomeric form685001 2D-image
0.7-ATPBacillus subtilisP46920mutant S45C, performed in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5 and 1 M NaCl, monomeric form685001 2D-image
1.3-ATPBacillus subtilis-22ºC, pH 8.0, 1 M NaCl, dimeric OpuAA656531 2D-image
1.7-ATPBacillus subtilisP46920mutant F19W, performed in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5 and 1 M NaCl, monomeric form685001 2D-image
2.8-ATPBacillus subtilisP46920mutant G161C, performed in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5 and 1 M NaCl, monomeric form685001 2D-image
3-ATPLactococcus lactis-30ºC656670 2D-image
5.4-ATPBacillus subtilis-22ºC, pH 8.0, 1 M KCl, monomeric OpuAA656531 2D-image
0.0017-betaineLactococcus lactis--210322 2D-image
0.00832-betaineAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9Aphanothece halophytica cells supplemented with 0.5 M NaCl671475 2D-image
0.00941-betaineAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9Aphanothece halophytica cells supplemented with 2.0 M NaCl671475 2D-image
0.0608-betaineAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9at pH 8.5, Aphanothece halophytica cells671475 2D-image
0.0834-betaineAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9at pH 7.0, Aphanothece halophytica cells671475 2D-image
0.0919-betaineAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9at pH 8.5, BetTA.halophytica expressing MKH13 cells671475 2D-image
0.128-betaineAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9at pH 7.0, BetTA.halophytica expressing MKH13 cells671475 2D-image
0.143-betaineAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9at pH 5.5, Aphanothece halophytica cells671475 2D-image
0.272-betaineAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9at pH 5.5, BetTA.halophytica expressing MKH13 cells671475 2D-image
0.0012-glycine betaineListeria monocytogenes-at 30°C in presence of 300 mM KCl210323 2D-image
0.0019-glycine betaineLactococcus lactis-30ºC, pH 7.0, wild type/substrate binding domain-less mutant heterodimer; 30ºC, pH 7.0, wild type/W484C heterodimer655339 2D-image
0.0024-glycine betaineBacillus subtilis-OpuA210325 2D-image
0.0025-glycine betaineLactococcus lactis-30ºC, pH 7.0, wild type enzyme655339 2D-image
0.0029-glycine betaineListeria monocytogenes-at 30°C in presence of 600 mM sucrose210323 2D-image
0.0037-glycine betainePseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5kinetics of OpuC-mediated uptake, in 50 mM of phosphate buffer containing 0.5 M of NaCl, 0.2% glucose, pH 7, low-affinity transport of choline determined680504 2D-image
0.0051-glycine betaineBacillus subtilis-OpuC, without NaCl210325 2D-image
0.006-glycine betaineBacillus subtilis-OpuC, in presence of 0.4 M NaCl210325 2D-image
0.0095-glycine betaineBacillus subtilis-OpuD, without NaCl210325 2D-image
0.013-glycine betaineBacillus subtilis-OpuD, in presence of 0.4 M NaCl210325 2D-image
0.0157-glycine betaineListeria monocytogenes-at 4°C, no additions210323 2D-image

TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s] TURNOVER NUMBER MAXIMUM[1/s] SUBSTRATEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
0.004-ATPBacillus subtilis-22ºC, pH 8.0, 0.15 M NaCl, monomeric and dimeric OpuAA; 22ºC, pH 8.0, 1 M NaCl, dimeric OpuAA656531 2D-image
0.038-ATPBacillus subtilis-22ºC, pH 8.0, 1 M NaCl, monomeric OpuAA656531 2D-image
0.25-ATPBacillus subtilis-22ºC, pH 8.0, 1 M KCl, monomeric OpuAA656531 2D-image

kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1] MaximumSUBSTRATEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
No entries in this field

Ki VALUE [mM]Ki VALUE [mM] MaximumINHIBITORORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
12-ADPLactococcus lactis-30ºC656670 2D-image

IC50 VALUE [mM]IC50 VALUE [mM] MaximumINHIBITORORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
No entries in this field

SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg] SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
0.005-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 200 mM K3PO4, 360 mosmol/kg655328
0.009-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 50 mM K3PO4, 290 mM sucrose, 450 mosmol/kg655328
0.018-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 50 mM K3PO4, 90 mosmol/kg655328
0.023-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 100 mM K3PO4, 180 mosmol/kg655328
0.095-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 50 mM K3PO4, 200 mM NaCl, 450 mosmol/kg655328
0.099-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 50 mM K3PO4, 200 mM KCl, 450 mosmol/kg655328
0.117-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 150 mM K3PO4, 270 mosmol/kg655328
0.124-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 350 mM K3PO4, 630 mosmol/kg655328
0.146-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 250 mM K3PO4, 450 mosmol/kg655328
0.148-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 50 mM K3PO4, 160 mM K2SO4, 450 mosmol/kg655328
0.18-Lactococcus lactis-ATPase activity, pH 7.0, 200 mM K3PO4, 360 mosmol/kg655328
additional information-Pseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5osmoprotection assays and transport assays applied, kinetic studies with radiolabeled substrates performed, OpuC identified as sole transporter for glycine betaine and as one of multiple transporters for choline under high osmolarity, close relation to OpuC transporters of Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes determined, cystathionine-beta-synthase domain identification and homology search performed680504
additional information-Bacillus subtilisP46920studies on architecture and potential roles of the C-terminal accessory domain in structural and functional protein regulation performed, conformational changes during the catalytic cycle of the ATPase unit of OpuA protein determined, single cysteine mutants generated, static and time-resolved FRET measurements applied, molecular modelling and structural analysis shown685001
additional information-Listeria monocytogenes-protective effects of glycine betaine on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes on leaf surfaces studied, mutants carrying deletions in glycine betaine uptake systems analyzed, inoculation of leaves described, enumeration of bacterial populations determined, statistical analysis performed687343

pH OPTIMUMpH MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARYLITERATURE
7.5-Bacillus subtilisP46920assay at685001
9-Aphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9for betaine uptake in Aphanothece halophytica cells671475

pH RANGEpH RANGE MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
5.59Aphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9-671475

TEMPERATURE OPTIMUMTEMPERATURE OPTIMUM MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
20-Listeria monocytogenes-30°C, 300 mM KCl210323
22-Bacillus subtilisP46920assay at685001
30-Listeria monocytogenes-30°C, 600 mM sucrose210323

TEMPERATURE RANGE TEMPERATURE MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
1035Listeria monocytogenes-10°C: about 45% of maximal activity, 35°C: about 55% of maximal activity, at 30 mM KCl210323
1540Listeria monocytogenes-about 45% of maximal activity at 15°C and at 40°C, at 600 mM sucrose210323
2024Bacillus subtilisP46920assay at685001
3752Bacillus subtilis-reduced growth rate at higher temperatures, addition of 1 mM glycine betaine, homobetaine, carnitine, butyrobetaine, crotonobetaine, DMSP, choline, or glutamate have a clear thermoprotective effect at 52°C, heat protectants are taken up under heat stress via the OpuA, OpuC, and OpuD transporters, despite the strongly reduced glycine betaine transport rate at 52°C, substantial glycine betaine accumulation, but it is not increased in comparison to cells grown at 37°C, thermoprotection by glutamate does not depend on an increased cellular pool of this amino acid674235

pI VALUEpI VALUE MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
No entries in this field

SOURCE TISSUE ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE SOURCE
No entries in this field

LOCALIZATION ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY GeneOntology No. LITERATURE SOURCE
cytosolBacillus subtilis-OpuAA, a nucleotide binding protein of the OpuA transporter5829656531Manually annotated by BRENDA team
cytosolBacillus subtilis-nucleotide-binding domain of the enzyme5829675495Manually annotated by BRENDA team
membraneListeria monocytogenes--16020210323Manually annotated by BRENDA team
membraneLactococcus lactis--16020655328, 655339, 656670, 656842, 674658Manually annotated by BRENDA team
membraneBacillus subtilis--16020656531, 673631, 675375Manually annotated by BRENDA team
membraneBacillus subtilis-transmembrane domain16020675495Manually annotated by BRENDA team
membraneLactococcus lactis-transmembrane domain fused to the substrate-binding domain16020675495Manually annotated by BRENDA team
periplasmEscherichia coli-glycine betaine binding protein-210317Manually annotated by BRENDA team
periplasmBacillus subtilis-substrate-binding protein domain-675495Manually annotated by BRENDA team

PDBSCOPCATHORGANISM
No entries in this field

MOLECULAR WEIGHT MOLECULAR WEIGHT MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
47700-Bacillus subtilis-OpuAA monomer, calculated from cDNA656531
64660-Aphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9calculated from sequence analysis671475
65000-Bacillus subtilis-OpuAA, gel filtration656531
95400-Bacillus subtilis-OpuAA dimer, calculated from cDNA656531
additional information-Lactococcus lactis-the OpuA component of the wild-type enzyme runs at a lower molecular weight than that of W484C and the substrate binding domain-less mutant655339

SUBUNITS ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
?Lactococcus lactis-x * 45679, BusAA + x * 61966, BusAB + x * ?, BusAC, calculation from nucleotide sequence210322
?Bacillus subtilis-x * 56130, calculation from nucleotide sequence210325
dimerBacillus subtilis-nucleotide-binding protein domain, displays lower ATPase activity than the dimeric form675495
monomerBacillus subtilis-1 * 65000, gel filtration656531
monomerBacillus subtilis-substrate-binding domain, 1 * 28000, SDS-PAGE675375
monomerBacillus subtilis-nucleotide-binding protein domain, displays higher ATPase activity than the dimeric form675495
additional informationEscherichia coli-the periplasmic glycine betaine binding protein has a MW of 31000 Da as determined by SDS-PAGE and 35000 Da as determined by gel filtration210317
additional informationBacillus subtilis--210318
additional informationLactococcus lactis-the glycine betaine transport system consitsts of an ATP-binding/hydrolyzing subunit, OpuAAA and a protein OpuABC that contains both the translocator and the substrate binding domain. The enzyme is composed of five proteins or domains210318
additional informationBacillus subtilis-the transport system consists of an ATPase, OpuAA, an integral membrane protein OpuAB and a hydrophilic polypeptide OpuAC210321
additional informationLactococcus lactis-dimeric OpuA is 220000 Da655339
additional informationBacillus subtilis-a peak of 150000 corresponds to dimeric OpuAA656531

POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
lipoproteinBacillus subtilis-strong indication that OpuAC is a lipoprotein with an amino-terminal Cys-lipid anchor for the mature protein210320
lipoproteinBacillus subtilis-OpuA is a lipoprotein, the lipidless OpuAC-3 protein is held in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus subtilis via its uncleaved hydrophobic signal peptide210321

Crystallization/COMMENTARY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
by hanging-drop method, structures of substrate-binding domain in complex with glycine betaine solved at 2.0 A resolution and in complex with glycine proline at 2.8 A resolution, structures show a substrate-binding protein-dependent-typical class II fold, structural differences of complexes occur within the ligand-binding pocket as well as across the domain-domain interface, explaining the differences in affinity of the substrate-binding domain-glycine betaine complex with KD = 0.017 mM, and substrate-binding domain-proline betaine complex with KD = 0.295 mMBacillus subtilis-675375
substrate-binding domain in complex with glycine betaine solved at 2.0 A resolution and in complex with glycine proline at 2.8 A resolutionBacillus subtilis-675495

pH STABILITYpH STABILITY MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

TEMPERATURE STABILITYTEMPERATURE STABILITY MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARYLITERATURE
additional information-Listeria monocytogenes-enzyme is activated by decreasing temperature within the range of 15°C to 4°C210323

GENERAL STABILITYORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.LITERATURE
both monomeric and dimeric OpuA species are stabilized at 1 M NaClBacillus subtilis-656531
OpuAA forms a stable dimer in the nucleotide-free state in solutionBacillus subtilis-656531

ORGANIC SOLVENT ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

OXIDATION STABILITY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
No entries in this field

STORAGE STABILITY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
No entries in this field

Purification/COMMENTARY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
by affinity tag as first step and gel filtrationBacillus subtilis-675495
gel filtrationBacillus subtilisP46920685001
isolated transmembrane subunits purified by Strep-tag affinity purificationBacillus subtilis-673631
OpuAA, purified to homogeneity, affinity chromatography and gel filtrationBacillus subtilis-656531
substrate-binding domain, to apparent homogeneityBacillus subtilis-675375
glycine betaine binding proteinEscherichia coli-210317
-Lactococcus lactis-210318
affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography of solubilized membrane fractionsLactococcus lactis-655339
affinity chromatography of solubilized membranesLactococcus lactis-655328
by Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid resinLactococcus lactisQ9KIF7674658
gel filtration, recombinant proteinPseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5680504

Cloned/COMMENTARY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
cloned into pApBetT, transfered to Escherichia coli and then to MKH13 cells, overexpression in freshwater Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942 cellsAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9671475
expressed in Escherichia coli, cysteine mutants generated and inserted into pBAD33Bacillus subtilisP46920685001
expression of OpuAA protein in Escherichia coliBacillus subtilis-656531
nucleotide-binding protein domain cloned as an N- or C-terminal His-tagged fusion protein and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) under the control of an arabinose-inducible promoter, overexpression of the transmembrane domain only possible in Walker strains BL21(DE3)C41 and C43 under the control of an ITPG- or arabinose-inducible promoter as N- and C-terminal His- and Strep-tagged versionsBacillus subtilis-675495
opuABacillus subtilis-210320
opuDBacillus subtilis-210325
substrate-binding domain into vector pBKB76, expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)Bacillus subtilis-675375
transmembrane subunits cloned into vector pBAD33 or pET21a, expression in Escherichia coliBacillus subtilis-673631
cloning of the regulatory region of the glycine betaine transport systemEscherichia coli-210319
-Lactococcus lactis-210322
expression in Escherichia coliLactococcus lactis-656842
expression in Escherichia coliListeria monocytogenes-210324
into the pTOPO vectorListeria monocytogenes-674236
expressed in Escherichia coli, DH5-alpha used as host for cloning, MG1655 used as host for mutagenesisPseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5680504

EXPRESSION ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
No entries in this field

ENGINEERINGORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
E171QBacillus subtilis-the monomer is the preferred species for the nucleotide-free state in solution656531
F19WBacillus subtilisP46920mutant analyzed685001
S171CBacillus subtilisP46920single cysteine mutants generated by site-directed mutagenesis685001
G161CBacillus subtilisP46920single cysteine mutants generated by site-directed mutagenesis685001
additional informationBacillus subtilis-mutant strain RMKB24, lacking OpuA, OpuC, and OpuD, is not protected by glycine betaine from the detrimental effects of high temperature, mutant strains RMKB34, RMKB22, and RMKB33, which express only one of the glycine betaine transporters, are protected from heat stress674235
additional informationBacillus subtilis-deletion of the various Opu transport systems prevents thermoprotection by compatible solutes675495
S45CBacillus subtilisP46920single cysteine mutants generated by site-directed mutagenesis685001
additional informationLactococcus lactis-substrate binding domain-less mutant655339
additional informationLactococcus lactisQ9KIF7OpuAdelta12, anionic tail deletion mutant, Rb+ and Cs+ no longer inhibitory, more K+ needed for activation than for the wild-type674658
W484CLactococcus lactis-mutant with 10fold increased KM for glycine betaine than the wild type enzyme655339
additional informationListeria monocytogenes-mutants LO28deltaB, LO28deltaC, LO28deltaG, LO28deltaBG, LO28deltaCG, LO28deltaBCG, LO28deltaBCGsoe, LO28deltaBCGB, deletion of osmolyte transporters reduces growth at low temperatures671408
additional informationPseudomonas syringaeQ87WH5deletion mutants of OpuC generated, complementation of deletion mutants shown680504

Renatured/COMMENTARYORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.LITERATURE
No entries in this field

APPLICATIONORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
additional informationAphanothece halophyticaQ0PCR9Na+-betaine symporter that contributes to the salt stress tolerance at alkaline pH671475
additional informationBacillus subtilis-functional re-association of a substrate-binding protein-dependent ABC-transporter starting from the isolated subunits673631
additional informationBacillus subtilis-osmotic control of the OpuA operon allows the cell to sensitively adjust the number of the OpuA transporter to the physiological need of the cell675495
additional informationLactococcus lactisQ9KIF7the cystathionine beta-synthase module in OpuA constitutes the ionic strength sensor whose activity is modulated by the C-terminal anionic tail674658
molecular biologyListeria monocytogenes-opuC gene is transcribed exclusively from a sigmaB-dependent promoter, transcripts originating from the sigmaB-dependent opuC accumulate substantially after osmotic upshift but are minimal after temperature upshift or ethanol stress674236
additional informationListeria monocytogenes-betaine and carnitine transport upon low temperature exposure is mediated via three osmolyte transporters including OpuC, carnitine uptake for cryoprotective purposes, OpuB shows no significant contribution to listeral chill tolerance671408

REF. AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL VOL. PAGES YEAR ORGANISMLINK TO PUBMEDSOURCE
210317Barron, A.; Jung, J.U.; Villarejo, M.Purification and characterization of a glycine betaine binding protein from Escherichia coliJ. Biol. Chem.26211841-118461987Escherichia coli PubMed
210318Van der Heide, T.; Poolman, B.Osmoregulated ABC-transport system of Lactococcus lactis senses water stress via changes in the physical state of the membraneProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA977102-71062000Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus lactis PubMed
210319May, G.; Faatz, E.; Villarejo, M.; Bremer, E.Binding protein dependent transport of glycine betaine and its osmotic regulation in Escherichia coli K12Mol. Gen. Genet.205225-2331986Escherichia coli PubMed
210320Kempf, B.; Bremer, E.OpuA, an osmotically regulated binding protein-dependent transport system for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Bacillus subtilisJ. Biol. Chem.27016701-167131995Bacillus subtilis PubMed
210321Kempf, B.; Gade, J.; Bremer, E.Lipoprotein from the osmoregulated ABC transport system OpuA of Bacillus subtilis: purification of the glycine betaine binding protein and characterization of a functional lipidless mutantJ. Bacteriol.1796213-62201997Bacillus subtilis PubMed
210322Obis, D.; Guillot, A.; Gripon, J.C.; Renault, P.; Bolotin, A.; Mistou, M.Y.Genetic and biochemical characterization of a high-affinity betaine uptake system (BusA) in Lactococcus lactis reveals a new functional organization within bacterial ABC transportersJ. Bacteriol.1816238-62461999Lactococcus lactis PubMed
210323Gerhardt, P.N.; Tombras Smith, L.; Smith, G.M.Osmotic and chill activation of glycine betaine porter II in Listeria monocytogenes membrane vesiclesJ. Bacteriol.1822544-25502000Listeria monocytogenes PubMed
210324Ko, R.; Smith, L.T.Identification of an ATP-driven, osmoregulated glycine betaine transport system in Listeria monocytogenesAppl. Environ. Microbiol.654040-40481999Listeria monocytogenes PubMed
210325Kappes, R.M.; Kempf, B.; Bremer, E.Three transport systems for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine operate in Bacillus subtilis: characterization of OpuDJ. Bacteriol.1785071-50791996Bacillus subtilis PubMed
655328van der Heide, T.; Stuart, M.C.A.; Poolman, B.On the osmotic signal and osmosensing mechanism of an ABC transport system for glycine betaineEMBO J.207022-70322001Lactococcus lactis PubMed
655339Biemans-Oldehinkel, E.; Poolman, B.On the role of the two extracytoplasmic substrate-binding domains in the ABC transporter OpuAEMBO J.225983-59932003Lactococcus lactis PubMed
656531Horn, C.; Bremer, E.; Schmitt, L.Nucleotide dependent monomer/dimer equilibrium of OpuAA, the nucleotide-binding protein of the osmotically regulated ABC transporter OpuA from Bacillus subtilisJ. Mol. Biol.334403-4192003Bacillus subtilis PubMed
656670Patzlaff, J.S.; van der Heide, T.; Poolman, B.The ATP/substrate stoichiometry of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter OpuAJ.Biol.Chem.27829546-295512003Lactococcus lactis PubMed
656842Romeo, Y.; Obis, D.; Bouvier, J.; Guillot, A.; Fourçans, A.; Bouvier, I.; Gutierrez, C.; Mistou, MY.Osmoregulation in Lactococcus lactis: BusR, a transcriptional repressor of the glycine betaine uptake system BusAMol.Microbiol.471135-11472003Lactococcus lactis PubMed
671408Wemekamp-Kamphuis, H.H.; Sleator, R.D.; Wouters, J.A.; Hill, C.; Abee, T.Molecular and physiological analysis of the role of osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu, and OpuC in growth of Listeria monocytogenes at low temperaturesAppl. Environ. Microbiol.702912-29182004Listeria monocytogenes PubMed
671475Laloknam, S.; Tanaka, K.; Buaboocha, T.; Waditee, R.; Incharoensakdi, A.; Hibino, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Takabe, T.Halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica contains a betaine transporter active at alkaline pH and high salinityAppl. Environ. Microbiol.726018-60262006Aphanothece halophytica PubMed
673631Horn, C.; Bremer, E.; Schmitt, L.Functional overexpression and in vitro re-association of OpuA, an osmotically regulated ABC-transport complex from Bacillus subtilisFEBS Lett.5795765-57682005Bacillus subtilis PubMed
674235Holtmann, G.; Bremer, E.Thermoprotection of Bacillus subtilis by exogenously provided glycine betaine and structurally related compatible solutes: involvement of Opu transportersJ. Bacteriol.1861683-16932004Bacillus subtilis PubMed
674236Cetin, M.S.; Zhang, C.; Hutkins, R.W.; Benson, A.K.Regulation of transcription of compatible solute transporters by the general stress sigma factor, sigmaB, in Listeria monocytogenesJ. Bacteriol.186794-8022004Listeria monocytogenes PubMed
674658Mahmood, N.A.; Biemans-Oldehinkel, E.; Patzlaff, J.S.; Schuurman-Wolters, G.K.; Poolman, B.Ion specificity and ionic strength dependence of the osmoregulatory ABC transporter OpuAJ. Biol. Chem.28129830-298392006Lactococcus lactis PubMed
675375Horn, C.; Sohn-Boesser, L.; Breed, J.; Welte, W.; Schmitt, L.; Bremer, E.Molecular determinants for substrate specificity of the ligand-binding protein OpuAC from Bacillus subtilis for the compatible solutes glycine betaine and proline betaineJ. Mol. Biol.357592-6062006Bacillus subtilis PubMed
675495Horn, C.; Jenewein, S.; Sohn-Boesser, L.; Bremer, E.; Schmitt, L.Biochemical and structural analysis of the Bacillus subtilis ABC transporter OpuA and its isolated subunitsJ. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.1076-912005Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus lactis PubMed
680504Chen, C.; Beattie, G.A.Characterization of the osmoprotectant transporter OpuC from Pseudomonas syringae and demonstration that cystathionine-beta-synthase domains are required for its osmoregulatory functionJ. Bacteriol.1896901-69122007Pseudomonas syringae PubMed
685001Horn, C.; Jenewein, S.; Tschapek, B.; Bouschen, W.; Metzger, S.; Bremer, E.; Schmitt, L.Monitoring conformational changes during the catalytic cycle of OpuAA, the ATPase subunit of the ABC transporter OpuA from Bacillus subtilisBiochem. J.412233-2442008Bacillus subtilis PubMed
687343Dreux, N.; Albagnac, C.; Sleator, R.D.; Hill, C.; Carlin, F.; Morris, C.E.; Nguyen-the, C.Glycine betaine improves Listeria monocytogenes tolerance to desiccation on parsley leaves independent of the osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu and OpuCJ. Appl. Microbiol.1041221-12272008Listeria monocytogenes PubMed
698590Smits, S.H.; Hoeing, M.; Lecher, J.; Jebbar, M.; Schmitt, L.; Bremer, E.The compatible-solute-binding protein OpuAC from Bacillus subtilis: ligand binding, site-directed mutagenesis, and crystallographic studiesJ. Bacteriol.1905663-56712008Bacillus subtilis PubMed

LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 3.6.3.32)
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NCBI: PubMed, Protein, Nucleotide, Structure, Genome, OMIM
IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature
PROSITE Database of protein families and domains
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Protein Mutant Database
InterPro (database of protein families, domains and functional sites)