Information on EC 1.2.1.44 - cinnamoyl-CoA reductase:
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EC NUMBERCOMMENTARY
1.2.1.44-

RECOMMENDED NAMEGeneOntology No.
cinnamoyl-CoA reductaseGO:0016621

REACTIONREACTION DIAGRAMCOMMENTARYORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.LITERATURE
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+ = cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		also acts on a number of substituted cinnamoyl esters of coenzyme A---

REACTION TYPEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
oxidation----
oxidationTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472
oxidationSolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5; 675132
oxidationPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451
oxidationArabidopsis thaliana--676643
oxidationOryza sativa--676843
redox reaction----
reduction----
reductionTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472
reductionSolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5; 675132
reductionPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451
reductionArabidopsis thaliana--676643
reductionOryza sativa--676843
reductionPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45; 700489

PATHWAYKEGG LinkMetaCyc Link
capsiconiate biosynthesis-PWY-6027
phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-PWY-361

SYSTEMATIC NAMEIUBMB Comments
cinnamaldehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-cinnamoylating)Acts also on a number of substituted cinnamoyl esters of coenzyme A.

SYNONYMSORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
AtCCR1Arabidopsis thaliana--676643
CCREucalyptus gunnii-ambiguous288235, 288236
CCRNicotiana tabacum-ambiguous288237, 288238, 694669
CCRArabidopsis thaliana-ambiguous288239, 676522, 676643, 694669
CCRZea mays-ambiguous288240, 656926
CCRSaccharum officinarum-ambiguous656926
CCRTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8ambiguous672472
CCREucalyptus sp.-ambiguous673861
CCRPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631ambiguous676451
CCRPopulus trichocarpaO65880ambiguous694626, 694669
CCRPicea abiesQ1EL79ambiguous695222
CCRPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45ambiguous; ambiguous700489
CCRIsatis tinctoriaD3J7Z3-712994
CCR1Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5-675132
CCR1Triticum aestivumA8DNN6-693407
CCR1Arabidopsis thaliana--694775
CCR2Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5-675132
CCR2Arabidopsis thaliana--694775
cinnamoyl CoA reductaseArabidopsis thalianaQ9S9N9-694669
cinnamoyl CoA reductaseNicotiana tabacum, Populus trichocarpa--694669
cinnamoyl CoA reductasePicea abiesQ1EL79-695222
cinnamoyl CoA reductasePanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45; 700489
cinnamoyl-Co-enzyme A reductasePopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451
cinnamoyl-CoA reductaseTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472
cinnamoyl-CoA reductaseEucalyptus sp.--673861
cinnamoyl-CoA reductaseSolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5; 675132
cinnamoyl-CoA reductasePopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451
cinnamoyl-CoA reductaseArabidopsis thaliana--676522, 676643
cinnamoyl-CoA reductaseOryza sativa--676843
cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1Arabidopsis thaliana--676643, 694775
cinnamoyl-CoA:NADPH reductase----
cinnamoyl-coenzyme A reductase----
cinnamoyl-coenzyme A reductasePopulus trichocarpa--694626
feruloyl coenzyme A reductase----
feruloyl-CoA reductase----
ferulyl-CoA reductase----
OsCCR1Oryza sativa--676843
p-hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase----
PtCCRPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451
PvCCR1Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489
PvCCR2Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489
reductase, cinnamoyl coenzyme A----
Ta-CCR2Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472

CAS REGISTRY NUMBERCOMMENTARY
59929-39-4-

ORGANISMCOMMENTARYLITERATURESEQUENCE CODESEQUENCE DB SOURCE
Arabidopsis thaliana-288239, 676643--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thaliana-694669Q9S9N9UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thaliana irregular xylem 4 (irx4) mutant676522--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Arabidopsis thalianaecotype Columbia694775--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Arachis hypogaeapeanut288232--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Brassica napus var. napobrassicaswede root389601--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Eucalyptus gunnii-288235, 288236--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Eucalyptus sp.-673861--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Forsythia suspensa-288234--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Glycine maxL. var. Mandarin, soybean288230, 288233--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Hordeum vulgare-656624Q8H1H7SwissprotManually annotated by BRENDA team
Isatis tinctoria-712994D3J7Z3UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Lolium perenne-657109Q9FUW8SwissprotManually annotated by BRENDA team
Nicotiana tabacum-694669--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Nicotiana tabacumL. cv. Samsun; tobacco; transgenic, antisense CCR plants288237--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Nicotiana tabacumtobacco; transgenic, antisense CCR plants288238--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Oryza sativa-676843--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Panicum virgatum-700489D2IX40, D2IX45UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Picea abies-695222Q1EL79UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Picea abiesL. Karst, spruce288233--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Populus tremuloides-676451Q9M631SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Populus trichocarpacultivar Trichobel694626, 694669O65880UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Populus x canadensispoplar288228--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Saccharum officinarum-656926--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Solanum lycopersicum-675132Q4U1I4, Q4U1I5SwissProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Solanum tuberosum-656624Q8H1H6SwissprotManually annotated by BRENDA team
Triticum aestivum-672472Q4KUK8UniprotManually annotated by BRENDA team
Triticum aestivumH4564 cultivar and C6001 cultivar693407A8DNN6UniProtManually annotated by BRENDA team
Vigna mungoL. cv. La Victoire, infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes288231--Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Zea mays-288240, 656926--Manually annotated by BRENDA team

GENERAL INFORMATIONORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
No entries in this field

SUBSTRATEPRODUCT                      REACTION DIAGRAMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY/
Substrate		 LITERATURE/
Substrate		 COMMENTARY/
Product		 LITERATURE/
Product		 Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
4-coumaroyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+4-coumaroylaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489--r
4-coumaroyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+4-coumaroylaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45preferenced substrate700489--r
4-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+4-coumaraldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472--?
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + NADPH5-hydroxyferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Forsythia suspensa-low activity288234-288234-
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + NADPH5-hydroxyferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max-i.e. 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl-CoA288230-288230-
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + NADPH5-hydroxyferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Forsythia suspensa-i.e. 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl-CoA288234-288234-
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472--?
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Populus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451--?
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+5-hydroxyferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumA8DNN6-693407--?
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+? + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489--r
caffeoyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+caffeolylaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489--r
caffeoyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+caffeolylaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45preferenced substrate700489--r
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPHcaffeic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max--288230-288230-
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPHcaffeic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--288239---
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPHcaffeic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Forsythia suspensa-poor substrate288234-288234-
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+caffealdehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472--?
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+caffealdehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Populus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451--?
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+caffealdehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumA8DNN6-693407--?
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+caffealdehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5activity assay675132--?
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472--?
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--676522---
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--676643--?
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Oryza sativa--676843--?
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Eucalyptus sp.--673861---
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5-675132--?
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Populus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451--?
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Zea mays--288240-288240-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Nicotiana tabacum--288237-288237-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max--288230-288230-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max--288233-288233-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--288239-288239-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Picea abies--288233-288233-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Arachis hypogaea--288232-288232-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Vigna mungo--288231-288231-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Brassica napus var. napobrassica--389601-389601-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Eucalyptus gunnii--288235-288235-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Eucalyptus gunnii--288236-288236-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Forsythia suspensa-low activity288234-288234-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPHcinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Populus x canadensis-catalyzes preferentially the formation of cinnamaldehyde288228catalyzes preferentially the formation of cinnamaldehyde288228-
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Isatis tinctoriaD3J7Z3-712994--?
coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+coumaraldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5activity assay675132--?
feruloyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489--r
feruloyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45preferred substrate700489--r
feruloyl-CoA + NADP+ferulic aldehyde + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Forsythia suspensa-enzyme of lignification288234-288234-
feruloyl-CoA + NADP+ferulic aldehyde + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Vigna mungo-enzyme of lignification288231-288231-
feruloyl-CoA + NADPHferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max--288230-288230-
feruloyl-CoA + NADPHferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max--288233-288233r
feruloyl-CoA + NADPHferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--288239-288239-
feruloyl-CoA + NADPHferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Forsythia suspensa--288234-288234-
feruloyl-CoA + NADPHferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Picea abies--288233-288233r
feruloyl-CoA + NADPHferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Populus x canadensis--288228-288228r
feruloyl-CoA + NADPHferulic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Eucalyptus gunnii--288235-288235-
feruloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472--?
feruloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--676643--?
feruloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Populus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451--?
feruloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Oryza sativa-activity assay676843--?
feruloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5activity assay675132--?
feruloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumA8DNN6best substrate, which indicates preferential biosynthesis of G-type lignin693407--?
p-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPHp-coumaric aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max--288230-288230-
p-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPHp-coumaric aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Populus x canadensis--288228-288228-
p-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPHp-coumaric aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Eucalyptus gunnii--288235-288235-
p-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPHp-coumaric aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max-i.e. p-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA, poor substrate288233-288233-
p-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPHp-coumaric aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Forsythia suspensa-i.e. p-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA, poor substrate288234---
p-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPHp-coumaric aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Picea abies-i.e. p-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA, poor substrate288233-288233-
p-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+p-coumaraldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--676643--?
p-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+p-coumaraldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Populus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451--?
sinapoyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+sinapaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45very low efficiency700489--r
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPHsinapic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max--288230-288230-
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPHsinapic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Glycine max--288233-288233-
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPHsinapic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--288239-288239-
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPHsinapic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Picea abies--288233-288233-
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPHsinapic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Populus x canadensis--288228-288228-
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPHsinapic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Eucalyptus gunnii--288235-288235-
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPHsinapic aldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Forsythia suspensa-low activity288234-288234-
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+sinapaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472--?
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+sinapaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--676643--?
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+sinapaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Populus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451--?
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+sinapaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumA8DNN6-693407--?
sinapoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+sinapaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5activity assay675132--?
hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+hydroxycinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5activity assay675132--?
additional information?-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45based on its properties and expression pattern, PvCCR1 is probably associated with lignin biosynthesis during plant development and is therefore a target for the engineering of improved biomass, whereas PvCCR2 may function in defense700489---
additional information?-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45PvCCR1 is probably associated with lignin biosynthesis during plant development700489---

NATURAL SUBSTRATESNATURAL PRODUCTSREACTION DIAGRAMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARY SUBSTRATELITERATURE
(Substrate)		COMMENTARY PRODUCTLITERATURE
(Product)
4-coumaroyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+4-coumaroylaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489--
4-coumaroyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+4-coumaroylaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45preferenced substrate700489--
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+? + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489--
caffeoyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+caffeolylaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489--
caffeoyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+caffeolylaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45preferenced substrate700489--
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472--
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Arabidopsis thaliana--676522, 676643--
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Oryza sativa--676843--
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Eucalyptus sp.--673861--
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5-675132--
cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
show the reaction diagram		Populus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451--
cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Isatis tinctoriaD3J7Z3-712994--
feruloyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45-700489--
feruloyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45preferred substrate700489--
feruloyl-CoA + NADP+ferulic aldehyde + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Forsythia suspensa-enzyme of lignification288234-288234
sinapoyl-CoA + + NADPH + H+sinapaldehyde + CoA + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45very low efficiency700489--
feruloyl-CoA + NADP+ferulic aldehyde + NADP+
show the reaction diagram		Vigna mungo-enzyme of lignification288231-288231
additional information?-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45based on its properties and expression pattern, PvCCR1 is probably associated with lignin biosynthesis during plant development and is therefore a target for the engineering of improved biomass, whereas PvCCR2 may function in defense700489--
additional information?-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45PvCCR1 is probably associated with lignin biosynthesis during plant development700489--

COFACTORORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATUREIMAGE
CoAEucalyptus sp.--673861 2D-image
CoAArabidopsis thaliana--676522 2D-image
NADP+Populus x canadensis-not: NADH288228 2D-image
NADP+Glycine max--288230, 288233 2D-image
NADP+Vigna mungo--288231 2D-image
NADP+Arachis hypogaea--288232 2D-image
NADP+Picea abies--288233 2D-image
NADP+Forsythia suspensa-not: NADH288234 2D-image
NADP+Brassica napus var. napobrassica-not: NADH389601 2D-image
NADPHTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472 2D-image
NADPHEucalyptus sp.--673861 2D-image
NADPHSolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5; 675132 2D-image
NADPHPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451 2D-image
NADPHArabidopsis thaliana--676522, 676643 2D-image
NADPHOryza sativa--676843 2D-image
NADPHIsatis tinctoriaD3J7Z3-712994 2D-image

METALS and IONS ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARY LITERATURE
additional informationForsythia suspensa-addition of Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ has no effect288234

INHIBITORSORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
1,10-phenanthrolinePopulus x canadensis--288228 2D-image
4-chloromercuribenzoatePopulus x canadensis--288228 2D-image
4-chloromercuribenzoateGlycine max-0.01 mM, 50% inhibition288230 2D-image
5-Hydroxyferuloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibitor676451 2D-image
5-Hydroxyferuloyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45substrate inhibition at high concentration above 60 microM; substrate inhibition at high concentration above 60 microM700489 2D-image
caffeoyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibitor676451 2D-image
CoASHGlycine max-product inhibition288230 2D-image
Feruloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibitor676451 2D-image
Feruloyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45substrate inhibition at high concentration above 60 microM; substrate inhibition at high concentration above 60 microM700489 2D-image
N-ethylmaleimidePopulus x canadensis--288228 2D-image
NADP+Glycine max-product inhibition288230 2D-image
S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
Sinapoyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibitor676451 2D-image
iodoacetamideGlycine max-1 mM, 50% inhibition288230 2D-image
additional informationNicotiana tabacum-inhibition by antisense strategy alters lignin content and structure288237, 288238-
additional informationTriticum aestivumA8DNN6CCR enzyme activity declines dramatically at the heading and milky stages in stems of the C6001 cultivar693407-
additional informationPopulus trichocarpa-CCR is more downregulated in colored than in the white zones of stems of transformants694626-
additional informationPicea abiesQ1EL79the transcript abundance of CCR can be reduced by 35% in transgenic Norway spruce plants expressing antisense CCR. Down-regulation of CCR results in up to 8% lower lignin content and the apparent contribution of H-lignin to the total lignin decreases. The kappa number of small-scale Kraft pulps is reduced in one CCR down-regulated line695222-

ACTIVATING COMPOUNDORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
2-mercaptoethanolPopulus x canadensis--288228 2D-image
Bovine serum albuminPopulus x canadensis-twofold increase of enzyme activity288228-
OsRac1Oryza sativa-interaction with OsRac1, one of the Rac/Rop family of small GTPases, lead to the enzymatic activation of OsCCR1 in vitro676843-
sphingolipid elicitorOryza sativa-induction of expression676843-
dithiothreitolPopulus x canadensis--288228 2D-image
additional informationTriticum aestivumA8DNN6CCR enzyme activity is increased progressively along with lignin biosynthesis and stem maturity. During stem development, CCR1 mRNA levels remain high at elongation, heading, and milky stages in the wheat H4564 cultivar. High CCR1 mRNA levels and high CCR enzyme activity in wheat stem are correlated with a higher Klason lignin content and greater stem mechanical strength in the H4564 cultivar. Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and BL21(DE3)pLysS strains produce a much higher amount of CCR1 protein compared with the RIL and RP strains693407-

KM VALUE [mM]KM VALUE [mM] MaximumSUBSTRATEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
0.0316-4-Coumaroyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.0397-4-Coumaroyl-CoATriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472 2D-image
0.0572-4-Coumaroyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.0346-5-Hydroxyferuloyl-CoATriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472 2D-image
0.05-5-Hydroxyferuloyl-CoAGlycine max--288230 2D-image
0.099-5-Hydroxyferuloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451 2D-image
0.1824-5-Hydroxyferuloyl-CoATriticum aestivumA8DNN6-693407 2D-image
0.00516-caffeoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR2288239 2D-image
0.0125-caffeoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR1288239 2D-image
0.01437-caffeoyl-CoATriticum aestivumA8DNN6-693407 2D-image
0.0296-caffeoyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.0376-caffeoyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.061-caffeoyl-CoATriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472 2D-image
0.0763-caffeoyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451 2D-image
0.2-caffeoyl-CoAGlycine max--288230 2D-image
0.9-cinnamoyl-CoAGlycine max--288230 2D-image
0.00042-Feruloyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
0.00098-Feruloyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR1288239 2D-image
0.00235-Feruloyl-CoAPopulus x canadensis--288228 2D-image
0.0047-Feruloyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR2288239 2D-image
0.0137-Feruloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451 2D-image
0.022-Feruloyl-CoAForsythia suspensa--288234 2D-image
0.023-Feruloyl-CoATriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472 2D-image
0.0254-Feruloyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.047-Feruloyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.073-Feruloyl-CoAGlycine max--288230 2D-image
0.0116-NADPHPopulus x canadensis-cosubstrate sinapoyl-CoA288228 2D-image
0.0143-NADPHPopulus x canadensis-cosubstrate p-coumaroyl-CoA288228 2D-image
0.0188-NADPHPopulus x canadensis-cosubstrate feruloyl-CoA288228 2D-image
0.028-NADPHGlycine max-cosubstrate feruloyl-CoA288230 2D-image
0.045-NADPHForsythia suspensa-cosubstrate feruloyl-CoA288234 2D-image
0.12-NADPHGlycine max-cosubstrate sinapoyl-CoA288230 2D-image
0.29-NADPHGlycine max-cosubstrate p-coumaroyl-CoA288230 2D-image
0.00227-p-Coumaroyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
0.00427-p-Coumaroyl-CoAPopulus x canadensis--288228 2D-image
0.1-p-Coumaroyl-CoAGlycine max--288230 2D-image
0.00055-Sinapoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
0.0037-Sinapoyl-CoAPopulus x canadensis--288228 2D-image
0.00632-Sinapoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR1288239 2D-image
0.0307-Sinapoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR2288239 2D-image
0.0366-Sinapoyl-CoATriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472 2D-image
0.0548-Sinapoyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.0565-Sinapoyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.06006-Sinapoyl-CoATriticum aestivumA8DNN6-693407 2D-image
0.1045-Sinapoyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451 2D-image
0.4-Sinapoyl-CoAGlycine max--288230 2D-image
0.07697-Feruloyl-CoATriticum aestivumA8DNN6-693407 2D-image
additional information-additional informationGlycine max, Picea abies--288233-

TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s] TURNOVER NUMBER MAXIMUM[1/s] SUBSTRATEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
0.188-4-Coumaroyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.32-4-Coumaroyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
4.9-5-Hydroxyferuloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451 2D-image
0.0145-caffeoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR2288239 2D-image
0.0363-caffeoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR1288239 2D-image
0.162-caffeoyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.23-caffeoyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.33-caffeoyl-CoASolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5CCR1675132 2D-image
0.7-caffeoyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451 2D-image
0.43-coumaroyl-CoASolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5CCR1675132 2D-image
0.0372-Feruloyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR2288239 2D-image
0.038-Feruloyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR1288239 2D-image
0.063-Feruloyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
1.6-Feruloyl-CoASolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5CCR2675132 2D-image
1.9-Feruloyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
2.01-Feruloyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
7.8-Feruloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451 2D-image
14.2-Feruloyl-CoASolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5CCR1675132 2D-image
1.63-p-Coumaroyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
0.013-Sinapoyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.0583-Sinapoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR2288239 2D-image
0.0612-Sinapoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana-recombinant fusion protein GST-AtCCR1288239 2D-image
0.2-Sinapoyl-CoAPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45100 mM sodium/potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.3, 250 mM NADPH700489 2D-image
0.96-Sinapoyl-CoASolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5CCR1675132 2D-image
1.67-Sinapoyl-CoAArabidopsis thaliana--676643 2D-image
5.3-Sinapoyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451 2D-image

kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1] MaximumSUBSTRATEORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
No entries in this field

Ki VALUE [mM]Ki VALUE [mM] MaximumINHIBITORORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
0.0157-5-Hydroxyferuloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibition of 5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA on the feruloyl-CoA reaction676451 2D-image
0.0153-caffeoyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibition of caffeoyl-CoA on the feruloyl-CoA reaction676451 2D-image
0.0063-Feruloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibition of feruloyl-CoA on the 5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA reaction676451 2D-image
0.0066-Feruloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibition of feruloyl-CoA on the sinapoyl-CoA reaction676451 2D-image
0.0083-Feruloyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibition of feruloyl-CoA on the caffeoyl-CoA reaction676451 2D-image
0.031-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with feruloyl-CoA as substrate, uncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.156-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with sinapoyl-CoA as substrate, uncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.0071-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with sinapoyl-CoA as substrate, noncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.055-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with feruloyl-CoA as substrate, uncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.0044-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with feruloyl-CoA as substrate, noncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.057-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with sinapoyl-CoA as substrate, noncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.212-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with sinapoyl-CoA as substrate, uncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.422-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with feruloyl-CoA as substrate, uncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.068-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with sinapoyl-CoA as substrate, noncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.29-S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl [(E)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phosphonothioateArabidopsis thaliana-with feruloyl-CoA as substrate, uncompetitive inhibition676643 2D-image
0.02-Sinapoyl-CoAPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631competitive inhibition of sinapoyl-CoA on the feruloyl-CoA reaction676451 2D-image

IC50 VALUE [mM]IC50 VALUE [mM] MaximumINHIBITORORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE IMAGE
No entries in this field

SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg] SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
0.01-Populus tremuloidesQ9M631feruloyl-CoA as a substrate at pH 7.0676451
0.02-Populus tremuloidesQ9M631feruloyl-CoA as a substrate at pH 6.5676451
0.1-Populus tremuloidesQ9M631feruloyl-CoA as a substrate at pH 5.0676451
0.12-Populus tremuloidesQ9M631feruloyl-CoA as a substrate at pH 5.5676451
0.14-Populus tremuloidesQ9M631feruloyl-CoA as a substrate at pH 6.0676451
1.78-Populus x canadensis-with feruloyl-CoA as substrate288228
16.2-Glycine max--288230
17.15-Picea abies--288233
84.07-Glycine max--288233

pH OPTIMUMpH MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARYLITERATURE
5.36.5Eucalyptus gunnii--288235
66.2Glycine max--288230
66.5Populus x canadensis--288228
6-Populus tremuloidesQ9M631activity assay, feruloyl-CoA as substrate676451
6.2-Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5activity assay; activity assay675132
6.25-Arabidopsis thaliana-activity assay676643
6.25-Oryza sativa-activity assay676843
6.3-Picea abies--288233
6.3-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45assay at; assay at700489
7.47.8Forsythia suspensa--288234

pH RANGEpH RANGE MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
56.5Populus tremuloidesQ9M631when the pH is above 6.5, the activity becomes negligible, feruloyl-CoA as substrate676451
5.48Glycine max-pH 5.4: about 10% of activity maximum, pH 8.0: about 15% of activity maximum288230
additional information-Populus x canadensis--288228

TEMPERATURE OPTIMUMTEMPERATURE OPTIMUM MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
30-Populus x canadensis-assay at288228
30-Glycine max-assay at288230
30-Brassica napus var. napobrassica-assay at389601
30-Arabidopsis thaliana-activity assay676643
30-Oryza sativa-activity assay676843
30-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45assay at; assay at700489

TEMPERATURE RANGE TEMPERATURE MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

pI VALUEpI VALUE MAXIMUMORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
6-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45predicted700489
6.6-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45predicted700489

SOURCE TISSUE ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE SOURCE
callusVigna mungo--288231Manually annotated by BRENDA team
cambiumPicea abies-cambium sap, mainly from cambial and young xylem cells288233Manually annotated by BRENDA team
cell cultureGlycine max--288230, 288233Manually annotated by BRENDA team
cell cultureArachis hypogaea--288232Manually annotated by BRENDA team
flowerArabidopsis thaliana-AtCCR1, not AtCCR 2, northern blot analysis288239Manually annotated by BRENDA team
flowerSolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5; 675132Manually annotated by BRENDA team
hypocotylVigna mungo-inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, maximum activity 8 days after inoculation288231Manually annotated by BRENDA team
hypocotylPicea abies--288233Manually annotated by BRENDA team
internodePanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45; 700489Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafArabidopsis thaliana-AtCCR1, not AtCCR2, northern blot analysis; strong and transient increase of AtCCR2 mRNA after inoculation with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, northern blot analysis288239Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafSolanum tuberosumQ8H1H6-656624Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafSolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5; 675132Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafTriticum aestivumA8DNN6lower expression693407Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45; 700489Manually annotated by BRENDA team
leafIsatis tinctoriaD3J7Z3-712994Manually annotated by BRENDA team
nodePanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45; 700489Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootZea mays--288240Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootBrassica napus var. napobrassica--389601Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootHordeum vulgareQ8H1H7-656624Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootSolanum tuberosumQ8H1H6-656624Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootSaccharum officinarum, Zea mays-active lignifying tissue656926Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472Manually annotated by BRENDA team
rootIsatis tinctoriaD3J7Z3highest expression712994Manually annotated by BRENDA team
seedlingPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45Alamo cultivar; Alamo cultivar700489Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemPopulus x canadensis-xylem, sclerenchyma288228Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemForsythia suspensa--288234Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemArabidopsis thaliana-AtCCR1, not AtCCR2, northern blot analysis288239Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemHordeum vulgareQ8H1H7-656624Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemSolanum tuberosumQ8H1H6very low level656624Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemSaccharum officinarum-active lignifying tissue656926Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemLolium perenneQ9FUW8sole localization657109Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8-672472Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemSolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5; 675132Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemTriticum aestivumA8DNN6highly expressed693407Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemArabidopsis thaliana-the CCR2 gene, which is not expressed in wild-type stems, is found to be expressed in the stems of two CCR1 mutants694775Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45; 700489Manually annotated by BRENDA team
stemIsatis tinctoriaD3J7Z3-712994Manually annotated by BRENDA team
xylemEucalyptus gunnii--288235, 288236Manually annotated by BRENDA team
xylemPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631-676451Manually annotated by BRENDA team
xylemPopulus trichocarpaO65880-694626, 694669Manually annotated by BRENDA team
xylemArabidopsis thaliana--694775Manually annotated by BRENDA team
mesocotylZea mays-active lignifying tissue656926Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional informationHordeum vulgareQ8H1H7not: leaf, flower656624Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional informationTriticum aestivumA8DNN6undetectable expression in roots693407Manually annotated by BRENDA team

LOCALIZATION ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY GeneOntology No. LITERATURE SOURCE
cytosolPicea abies-of cambial cells5829288233Manually annotated by BRENDA team
cytosolSaccharum officinarum, Zea mays--5829656926Manually annotated by BRENDA team
cytosolOryza sativa-cytosolic localization of OsCCR1-GFP in rice protoplast5829676843Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional informationPicea abiesQ1EL79cambial sap-695222Manually annotated by BRENDA team

PDBSCOPCATHORGANISM
No entries in this field

MOLECULAR WEIGHT MOLECULAR WEIGHT MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
33000-Picea abies-gel filtration288233
36000-Populus x canadensis-gel filtration288228
36000-Glycine max-SDS slab-gel electrophoresis288233
36600-Arabidopsis thaliana-AtCCR2, predicted from gene sequence288239
36800-Solanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5predicted molecular mass for CCR1 and CCR2; predicted molecular mass for CCR1 and CCR2675132
37000-Arabidopsis thaliana-determined by SDS-PAGE676643
37500-Arabidopsis thaliana-AtCCR1, predicted from gene sequence288239
37500-Isatis tinctoriaD3J7Z3calculated from amino acid sequence712994
37880-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45predicted700489
38000-Glycine max-gel filtration288230
38000-Eucalyptus gunnii-gel filtration288235
39040-Panicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45predicted700489
39420-Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8calculated molecular mass672472
40000-Forsythia suspensa-gel filtration288234
50000-Triticum aestivumQ4KUK8SDS-PAGE672472

SUBUNITS ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
?Lolium perenneQ9FUW8x * 37400, deduced from gene sequence657109
?Triticum aestivumA8DNN6x * 43000, SDS-PAGE693407
monomerPopulus x canadensis-1 * 38000, SDS-PAGE288228
monomerGlycine max-1 * 36000 SDS-PAGE288230, 288233
monomerPicea abies-1 * 38700, SDS-PAGE288233

POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

Crystallization/COMMENTARY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
No entries in this field

pH STABILITYpH STABILITY MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
7-Glycine max-30°C, 30 min, most stable around288230

TEMPERATURE STABILITYTEMPERATURE STABILITY MAXIMUM ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARYLITERATURE
No entries in this field

GENERAL STABILITYORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.LITERATURE
2-mercaptoethanol: stabilizes , only stable in presence ofGlycine max-288230, 288233
ethyleneglycol, 15%, stabilizesGlycine max-288230, 288233
2-mercaptoethanol: stabilizes , only stable in presence ofPicea abies-288233
ethyleneglycol, 15%, stabilizesPicea abies-288233
2-mercaptoethanol: stabilizes , only stable in presence ofPopulus x canadensis-288228
ethyleneglycol, 15%, stabilizesPopulus x canadensis-288228

ORGANIC SOLVENT ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. COMMENTARY LITERATURE
No entries in this field

OXIDATION STABILITY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
No entries in this field

STORAGE STABILITY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
-20°C, 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, 10% ethyleneglycol, several weeksGlycine max-288230
-20°C, presence of: NADP+, 2-mercaptoethanol, ethyleneglycol, several monthsPicea abies-288233
4°C, mercaptoethanol, ethyleneglycol, 1 month, 35% loss of activityPopulus x canadensis-288228

Purification/COMMENTARY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
recombinant fusion proteins GST-AtCCR1 and GST-AtCCR2, expressed in Escherichia coliArabidopsis thaliana-288239
using a glutathione-sepharose 4 Fast Flow column, purified GST-AtCCR1 is cleaved by thrombin to remove the GST tagArabidopsis thaliana-676643
partial, two formsBrassica napus var. napobrassica-389601
-Eucalyptus gunnii-288235
partialForsythia suspensa-288234
-Glycine max-288230, 288233
as His-tagged enzyme by means of Ni-NTA beads; as His-tagged enzyme by means of Ni-NTA beadsPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45700489
-Picea abies-288233
CCR protein is purified using a Bug-Buster GSTclosed circleBind purification kit, and the fused tag is cleaved and removed using the Enterokinase Cleavage capture kitPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631676451
poplar stemPopulus x canadensis-288228
recombinant proteins are purified on a glutathione resin; recombinant proteins are purified on a glutathione resinSolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5675132
by gel filtration, to homogeneityTriticum aestivumA8DNN6693407
using Ni-NTA His-Bind resinTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8672472

Cloned/COMMENTARY ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
into the pGEX-4T vector for expression in Escherichia coli BL21DE3 cellsArabidopsis thaliana-676643
two genes AtCCR1 and AtCCR2, localised on chromosome 1, AtCCR1 is associated with lignin biosynthesis during development, AtCCR2 is associated with the hypersensitive response to pathogen attack; two recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coliArabidopsis thaliana-288239
production of active enzyme in Escherichia coliEucalyptus gunnii-288236
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cellsIsatis tinctoriaD3J7Z3712994
-Lolium perenneQ9FUW8657109
for the construction of a yeast two-hybrid assay prey vectors containing different fragments of OsCCR1 are made by using the pVP16 vector, for transient expression in rice protoplasts a OsCCR1-GFP construct is generated, full length OsCCR1 is cloned into a pET30 vector for expression in Escherichia coli cellsOryza sativa-676843
heterologous expression as His-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli; heterologous expression as His-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coliPanicum virgatumD2IX40, D2IX45700489
five-year-old transgenic plants of Norway spruce Picea abies expressing the Norway spruce gene encoding CCR in antisense orientation under the control of the maize ubiquitin promoterPicea abiesQ1EL79695222
into the pET41a+ and pET23b+ vector for expression in Escherichia coli BL21DE3 cellsPopulus tremuloidesQ9M631676451
introduction of four different constructs into poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba)Populus trichocarpa-694626
for generation of RNAi constructs and for tomato transformation through Agrobacterium tumefaciens, into the pGEX4T-1 vector for expression in Escherichia coli BL21 cells; for generation of RNAi constructs and for tomato transformation through Agrobacterium tumefaciens, into the pGEX4T-1 vector for expression in Escherichia coli BL21 cellsSolanum lycopersicumQ4U1I4, Q4U1I5675132
cloned into the pET-29b vector and expressed in Escherichia coli strains BL21(DE3), BL21(DE3)pLysS, RIL, and RPTriticum aestivumA8DNN6693407
specific PCR product is cloned into the pGEM-T Easy vector, as an expression vector for Escherichia coli, pET28a is usedTriticum aestivumQ4KUK8672472
two genes ZmCCR1 and ZmCCR2, ZmCCR1 is involved in constitutive lignification, function of ZmCCR2 unknownZea mays-288240

EXPRESSION ORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO. LITERATURE
No entries in this field

ENGINEERINGORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
additional informationArabidopsis thalianaQ9S9N9in CCR-deficient plants, valuable marker compound is present in lignins, which derivates from novel structures produced when ferulic acid is incorporated into lignins694669
additional informationArabidopsis thaliana-two knockout mutants for CCR1. Both have a dwarf phenotype and a delayed senescence. At complete maturity, their inflorescence stems display a 25-35% decreased lignin level, some alterations in lignin structure with a higher frequency of resistant interunit bonds and a higher content in cell wall-bound ferulic esters. Ferulic acid-coniferyl alcohol ether dimers in cell walls show similar levels in wild-type and mutant plants. Expression of CCR2, involved in plant defense, is increased in the mutants and can account for the biosynthesis of lignins in the CCR1-knockout plants. CCR1-mutant plantlets have 3 to 4times less sinapoyl malate than controls and accumulate some feruloyl malate. The same compositional changes occurr in the rosette leaves of greenhouse-grown plants. Relative to the control, stems accumulate unusually high levels of both sinapoyl malate and feruloyl malate as well as more kaempferol glycoside694775
additional informationNicotiana tabacum-in CCR-deficient plants, valuable marker compound is present in lignins, which derivates from novel structures produced when ferulic acid is incorporated into lignins694669
additional informationPopulus trichocarpa-in CCR-deficient poplar, valuable marker compound is present in lignins, which derivates from novel structures produced when ferulic acid is incorporated into lignins694669

Renatured/COMMENTARYORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.LITERATURE
No entries in this field

APPLICATIONORGANISM UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.COMMENTARYLITERATURE
industryPicea abiesQ1EL79down-regulated CCR lines with a reduced kappa number of small-scale Kraft pulps may be a starting point for constructing double mutants with enhanced properties of significance for practical forestry695222
additional informationArabidopsis thalianaQ9S9N9the thioacidolysis monomer 1,2,2-trithioethyl ethylguaiacol is a general marker for incorporation of ferulic acid into the lignification process, and is an indicator that can be used judiciously for CCR downregulation in a variety of plants as long as the background levels in control materials are measured694669
additional informationNicotiana tabacum-the thioacidolysis monomer 1,2,2-trithioethyl ethylguaiacol is a general marker for incorporation of ferulic acid into the lignification process, and is an indicator that can be used judiciously for CCR downregulation in a variety of plants as long as the background levels in control materials are measured694669
industryPopulus trichocarpa-downregulation of CCR in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) is associated with up to 50% reduced lignin content and an orange-brown, often patchy, coloration of the outer xylem. Lignin is relatively more reduced in syringyl than in guaiacyl units. Elevated ferulic acid levels, ferulic acid is incorporated into the lignin via ether bonds. Reduced levels of lignin and hemicellulose are associated with an increased proportion of cellulose. Stress response induced by altered cell wall structure. Chemical pulping of wood derived from 5-year-old, field-grown transgenic lines reveal improved pulping characteristics, but growth is affected in all transgenic lines tested. Trees harboring CCR alleles that result in reduced CCR activity are interesting progenitors for breeding programs. The lower lignin and hemicellulose levels and associated relative increase in cellulose suggest that CCR downregulation may be a good strategy to improve plant biomass for bioethanol production694626
additional informationPopulus trichocarpa-the thioacidolysis monomer 1,2,2-trithioethyl ethylguaiacol is a general marker for incorporation of ferulic acid into the lignification process, and is an indicator that can be used judiciously for CCR downregulation in a variety of plants as long as the background levels in control materials are measured694669
additional informationTriticum aestivumA8DNN6CCR1 is present as a single-copy gene in the wheat genome. It groups together with other monocot CCR sequences while it diverges from CCR2. It may be involved in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis during stem maturity and may contribute to stem strength support in wheat693407

REF. AUTHORS TITLE JOURNAL VOL. PAGES YEAR ORGANISMLINK TO PUBMEDSOURCE
288228Sarni, F.; Grand, C.; Boudet, A.M.Purification and properties of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from poplar stems (Populus X euramericana)Eur. J. Biochem.139259-2651984Populus x canadensis PubMed
288230Wengenmayer, H.; Ebel, J.; Grisebach, H.Enzymic synthesis of lignin precursors. Purification and properties of a cinnamoyl-CoA: NADPH reductase from cell suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max)Eur. J. Biochem.65529-5361976Glycine max PubMed
288231Grima-Pettenati, J.; Chriqui, D.; Sarni-Manchado, P.; Prinsen, E.Stimulation of lignification in neoformed calli induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes on bean hypocotylsPlant Sci.61179-1881989Vigna mungo-
288232Rolfs, C.H.; Schön, H.; Steffens, M.; Kindl, H.Cell-suspension culture of Arachis hypogaea L.: model system of specific enzyme induction in secondary metabolismPlanta172238-2441987Arachis hypogaea-
288233Luderitz, T.; Grisebach, H.Enzymic synthesis of lignin precursors. Comparison of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and cinnamyl alcohol:NADP+ dehydrogenase from spruce (Picea abies L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.)Eur. J. Biochem.119115-1241981Glycine max, Picea abies PubMed
288234Gross, G.G.; Kreiten, W.Reduction of coenzyme A thioesters of cinnamic acids with an enzyme preparation from lignifying tissue of ForsythiaFEBS Lett.54259-2621975Forsythia suspensa PubMed
288235Goffner, D.; Campbell, M.M.; Boudet, A.M.Purification and characterization of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase from Eucalyptus gunniiColloq. Inst. Natl. Rech. Agron.69329-3301995Eucalyptus gunnii-
288236Goffner, D.; Grima-Pettenati, J.; Feuillet, C.; Boudet, A.M.Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase: Characterization at the biochemical and molecular level of two enzymes involved in lignin synthesisColloq. Inst. Natl. Rech. Agron.69331-3321995Eucalyptus gunnii-
288237Ralph, J.; Hatfield, R.D.; Piquemal, J.; Yahiaoui, N.; Pean, M.; Lapierre, C.; Boudet, A.M.NMR characterization of altered lignins extracted from tobacco plants down-regulated for lignification enzymes cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductaseProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA9512803-128081998Nicotiana tabacum PubMed
288238Pincon, G.; Chabannes, M.; Lapierre, C.; Pollet, B.; Ruel, K.; Joseleau, J.P.; Boudet, A.M.; Legrand, M.Simultaneous down-regulation of caffeic/5-hydroxy ferulic acid-O-methyltransferase I and cinnamoyl-coenzyme A reductase in the progeny from a cross between tobacco lines homozygous for each transgene. Consequences for plant development and lignin synthesisPlant Physiol.126145-1552001Nicotiana tabacum PubMed
288239Lauvergeat, V.; Lacomme, C.; Lacombe, E.; Lasserre, E.; Roby, D.; Grima-Pettenati, J.Two cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) genes from Arabidopsis thaliana are differentially expressed during development and in response to infection with pathogenic bacteriaPhytochemistry571187-11952001Arabidopsis thaliana PubMed
288240Pichon, M.; Courbou, I.; Beckert, M.; Boudet, A.M.; Grima-Pettenati, J.Cloning and characterization of two maize cDNAs encoding cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and differential expression of the corresponding genesPlant Mol. Biol.38671-6761998Zea mays PubMed
389601Rhodes, Michael J.C.; Wooltorton, Leonard S.C.Enzymes involved in the reduction of ferulic acid to coniferyl alcohol during the aging of disks of swede root tissuePhytochemistry141235-12401975Brassica napus var. napobrassica-
656624Larsen, K.Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) from barley (Hordeum vulgare) and potato (Solanum tuberosum)J. Plant Physiol.161105-1122004Hordeum vulgare, Solanum tuberosum PubMed
656926Ruelland, E.; Campalans, A.; Selman-Housein, G.; Puigdomenech, P.; Rigau, J.Cellular and subcellular localization of the lignin biosynthetic enzymes caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and cinnamoyl-coenzyme A reductase in two monocots, sugarcane and maizePhysiol. Plant.11793-992003Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays-
657109Larsen, K.Cloning and characterization of a ryegrass (Lolium perenne) gene encoding cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR)Plant Sci.166569-5812004Lolium perenne-
672472Ma, Q.H.; Tian, B.Biochemical characterization of a cinnamoyl-CoA reductase from wheatBiol. Chem.386553-5602005Triticum aestivum PubMed
673861Thumma, B.R.; Nolan, M.F.; Evans, R.; Moran, G.F.Polymorphisms in cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) are associated with variation in microfibril angle in Eucalyptus sppGenetics1711257-12652005Eucalyptus sp. PubMed
675132van der Rest, B.; Danoun, S.; Boudet, A.M.; Rochange, S.F.Down-regulation of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) induces dramatic changes in soluble phenolic poolsJ. Exp. Bot.571399-14112006Solanum lycopersicum PubMed
676451Li, L.; Cheng, X.; Lu, S.; Nakatsubo, T.; Umezawa, T.; Chiang, V.L.Clarification of cinnamoyl co-enzyme A reductase catalysis in monolignol biosynthesis of AspenPlant Cell Physiol.461073-10822005Populus tremuloides PubMed
676522Laskar, D.D.; Jourdes, M.; Patten, A.M.; Helms, G.L.; Davin, L.B.; Lewis, N.G.The Arabidopsis cinnamoyl CoA reductase irx4 mutant has a delayed but coherent (normal) program of lignificationPlant J.48674-6862006Arabidopsis thaliana PubMed
676643Baltas, M.; Lapeyre, C.; Bedos-Belval, F.; Maturano, M.; Saint-Aguet, P.; Roussel, L.; Duran, H.; Grima-Pettenati, J.Kinetic and inhibition studies of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 from Arabidopsis thalianaPlant Physiol. Biochem.43746-7532005Arabidopsis thaliana PubMed
676843Kawasaki, T.; Koita, H.; Nakatsubo, T.; Hasegawa, K.; Wakabayashi, K.; Takahashi, H.; Umemura, K.; Umezawa, T.; Shimamoto, K.Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, is an effector of small GTPase Rac in defense signaling in riceProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA103230-2352006Oryza sativa PubMed
693407Ma, Q.H.Characterization of a cinnamoyl-CoA reductase that is associated with stem development in wheatJ. Exp. Bot.582011-20212007Triticum aestivum PubMed
694626Leple, J.C.; Dauwe, R.; Morreel, K.; Storme, V.; Lapierre, C.; Pollet, B.; Naumann, A.; Kang, K.Y.; Kim, H.; Ruel, K.; Lefebvre, A.; Joseleau, J.P.; Grima-Pettenati, J.; De Rycke, R.; Andersson-Gunneras, S.; Erban, A.; Fehrle, I.; Petit-Conil, M.; Kopka, J.; Polle, A.; Messens, E.; Sundberg, B.; Mans, M.a.n.s.f.Downregulation of cinnamoyl-coenzyme A reductase in poplar: multiple-level phenotyping reveals effects on cell wall polymer metabolism and structurePlant Cell193669-36912007Populus trichocarpa PubMed
694669Ralph, J.; Kim, H.; Lu, F.; Grabber, J.H.; Leple, J.C.; Berrio-Sierra, J.; Derikvand, M.M.; Jouanin, L.; Boerjan, W.; Lapierre, C.Identification of the structure and origin of a thioacidolysis marker compound for ferulic acid incorporation into angiosperm lignins (and an indicator for cinnamoyl CoA reductase deficiency)Plant J.53368-3792008Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, Populus trichocarpa PubMed
694775Mir Derikvand, M.; Sierra, J.B.; Ruel, K.; Pollet, B.; Do, C.T.; Thevenin, J.; Buffard, D.; Jouanin, L.; Lapierre, C.Redirection of the phenylpropanoid pathway to feruloyl malate in Arabidopsis mutants deficient for cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1Planta227943-9562008Arabidopsis thaliana PubMed
695222Wadenbaeck, J.; von Arnold, S.; Egertsdotter, U.; Walter, M.H.; Grima-Pettenati, J.; Goffner, D.; Gellerstedt, G.; Gullion, T.; Clapham, D.Lignin biosynthesis in transgenic Norway spruce plants harboring an antisense construct for cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR)Transgenic Res.17379-3922008Picea abies PubMed
700489Escamilla-Trevino, L.L.; Shen, H.; Uppalapati, S.R.; Ray, T.; Tang, Y.; Hernandez, T.; Yin, Y.; Xu, Y.; Dixon, R.A.Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) possesses a divergent family of cinnamoyl CoA reductases with distinct biochemical propertiesNew Phytol.185143-1552009Panicum virgatum PubMed
712994Hu, Y.; Di, P.; Chen, J.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, L.; Chen, W.Isolation and characterization of a gene encoding cinnamoyl-CoA reductase from Isatis indigotica Fort.Mol. Biol. Rep.382075-20832010Isatis tinctoria PubMed

LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.2.1.44)
ExplorEnz
ExPASy
KEGG
MetaCyc
NCBI: PubMed, Protein, Nucleotide, Structure, Genome, OMIM
IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature
PROSITE Database of protein families and domains
SYSTERS
Protein Mutant Database
InterPro (database of protein families, domains and functional sites)