Information on EC 1.1.1.224 -

Information on EC 1.1.1.224 - mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase:

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EC NUMBER	COMMENTARY
1.1.1.224	-

RECOMMENDED NAME	GeneOntology No.
mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase	GO:0050088

REACTION	REACTION DIAGRAM	COMMENTARY	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	LITERATURE
D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+ = D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+		-	-	-	-
D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+ = D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+		-	Orobanche ramosa	-	348008

REACTION TYPE	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
oxidation	-	-	-	-
redox reaction	-	-	-	-
reduction	-	-	-	-

PATHWAY	KEGG Link	MetaCyc Link
mannitol biosynthesis	-	PWY-3881

SYSTEMATIC NAME	IUBMB Comments
D-mannitol-1-phosphate:NADP+ 6-oxidoreductase	Involved in the biosynthesis of mannitol in celery (Apium graveolens) leaves.

SYNONYMS	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
6-phosphomannose reductase	-	-	-	-
M6PR	-	-	-	-
M6PR	Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348008
M6PR	Apium graveolens	-	-	656972
M6PR	Orobanche aegyptiaca	-	-	700701
mannose 6-phosphate reductase	Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348008
mannose 6-phosphate reductase	Apium graveolens	-	-	656972
mannose 6-phosphate reductase	Orobanche aegyptiaca	-	-	700701
mannose-6-phosphate reductase	-	-	-	-
NADP-dependent mannose-6-P:mannitol-1-P oxidoreductase	-	-	-	-
NADPH-dependent M6P reductase	-	-	-	-
NADPH-dependent mannose 6-phosphate reductase	-	-	-	-
NADPH-mannose-6-P reductase	-	-	-	-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER	COMMENTARY
88747-79-9	-

ORGANISM	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	SEQUENCE CODE	SEQUENCE DB	SOURCE
Apium graveolens	-	686908, 713260	-	-
Apium graveolens	celery	656972, 94715	-	-
Apium graveolens	celery; cv. dulce	348003	-	-
Apium graveolens	celery; cv. Giant Pascal	348002, 348004, 348005	-	-
Ligustrum vulgare	privet	348002	-	-
no activity in Arabidopsis thaliana	-	656972	-	-
Orobanche aegyptiaca	-	700701	-	-
Orobanche ramosa	broomrape	348006, 348007	-	-
Orobanche ramosa	broomrape; parasitic broomrape on tomato roots	348008	-	-
Striga hermonthica	witchweed	348006	-	-

GENERAL INFORMATION	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
No entries in this field

SUBSTRATE	PRODUCT	REACTION DIAGRAM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY/ Substrate	LITERATURE/ Substrate	COMMENTARY/ Product	LITERATURE/ Product	Reversibility r=reversible ir=irreversible ?=not specified
2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH	?		Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348007	-	-	?
D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+	D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+		Orobanche ramosa	-	key enzyme in mannitol production in the parasite	348008	-	-	?
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	?		Orobanche ramosa	-	key enzyme in mannitol production in higher plants	348008	-	-	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	?		Apium graveolens	-	involved in the biosynthesis of mannitol in celery (Apium graveolens) leaves	94715	-	-	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Apium graveolens	-	-	348003	-	348003	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Apium graveolens	-	-	348005	-	348005	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Apium graveolens	-	-	656972	-	-	?
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Apium graveolens	-	-	94715	-	94715	r
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Apium graveolens	-	-	348002	-	348002	r
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Striga hermonthica, Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348006	-	348006	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348007	-	348007	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348008	-	348008	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Ligustrum vulgare	-	no activity with D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 1-phosphate, D-mannose 1-phosphate, D-mannose	348002	-	348002	r
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Orobanche aegyptiaca	-	-	700701	-	-	?

NATURAL SUBSTRATES	NATURAL PRODUCTS	REACTION DIAGRAM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY SUBSTRATE	LITERATURE (Substrate)	COMMENTARY PRODUCT	LITERATURE (Product)
D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+	D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+		Orobanche ramosa	-	key enzyme in mannitol production in the parasite	348008	-	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	?		Orobanche ramosa	-	key enzyme in mannitol production in higher plants	348008	-	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	?		Apium graveolens	-	involved in the biosynthesis of mannitol in celery (Apium graveolens) leaves	94715	-	-
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH	D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+		Apium graveolens	-	-	656972	-	-

COFACTOR	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	IMAGE
NADH	Orobanche ramosa	-	5% activity compared to NADPH	348006	2D-image
NADH	Striga hermonthica	-	10% of activity compared to NADPH	348006	2D-image
NADP+	Apium graveolens, Ligustrum vulgare	-	NAD+ partially (8% activity) substitutes for NADP+ in oxidizing mannitol 1-phosphate	348002	2D-image
NADP+	Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348008	2D-image
NADPH	Apium graveolens, Ligustrum vulgare	-	NADH cannot replace NADPH in reducing mannose 6-phosphate	348002	2D-image
NADPH	Apium graveolens	-	-	348003, 348005, 94715	2D-image
NADPH	Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348006, 348007, 348008	2D-image
NADPH	Striga hermonthica	-	-	348006	2D-image

METALS and IONS	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
No entries in this field

INHIBITORS	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	IMAGE
NaCl	Apium graveolens	-	47% reduction by 100 mM	348002	2D-image
siRNA	Orobanche aegyptiaca	-	transformed tomato plants containing siRNA from the M6PR of Orobanche aegyptiaca show normal growth and development, accumulation of M6PR siRNA in transgenic tomatoes correlates with decreased levels of M6PR mRNA. Amount of endogenous M6PR mRNA in the tubercles and underground shoots of Orobanche aegyptiaca grown on transgenic host plants is reduced by 60%-80%. Concomitant with M6PR mRNA suppression, there is a significant decrease in mannitol level and a significant increase in the percentage of dead Orobanche aegyptiaca tubercles on the transgenic host plants. Detection of mir390, which is involved with cytoplasmic dsRNA processing, indicates to the existence of gene-silencing mechanisms in Orobanche spp. Gene silencing mechanisms are probably involved with the production of decreased levels of M6PR mRNA in the parasites grown on the transformed tomato lines	700701	-
additional information	Orobanche ramosa	-	overview over substrate and product analogues	348007	-

ACTIVATING COMPOUND	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	IMAGE
No entries in this field

KM VALUE [mM]	KM VALUE [mM] Maximum	SUBSTRATE	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	IMAGE
45	-	D-mannitol 1-phosphate	Apium graveolens	-	-	348002	2D-image
5.9	-	D-mannose 6-phosphate	Striga hermonthica	-	enzyme purified from leaves	348006	2D-image
8.6	-	D-mannose 6-phosphate	Orobanche ramosa	-	enzyme purified from flowering spikes	348006	2D-image
10.1	-	D-mannose 6-phosphate	Apium graveolens	-	recombinant enzyme	348005	2D-image
13.6	-	D-mannose 6-phosphate	Apium graveolens	-	enzyme purified from leaves	348005	2D-image
15.8	-	D-mannose 6-phosphate	Apium graveolens	-	-	348002	2D-image
0.0021	-	NADPH	Apium graveolens	-	enzyme purified from leaves	348005	2D-image
0.0062	-	NADPH	Apium graveolens	-	recombinant enzyme	348005	2D-image
0.0102	-	NADPH	Striga hermonthica	-	enzyme purified from leaves	348006	2D-image
0.0698	-	NADPH	Orobanche ramosa	-	enzyme purified from flowering spikes	348006	2D-image

TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]	TURNOVER NUMBER MAXIMUM[1/s]	SUBSTRATE	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	IMAGE
No entries in this field

kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs^-1]	kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs^-1] Maximum	SUBSTRATE	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	IMAGE
No entries in this field

Ki VALUE [mM]	Ki VALUE [mM] Maximum	INHIBITOR	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	IMAGE
No entries in this field

IC50 VALUE [mM]	IC50 VALUE [mM] Maximum	INHIBITOR	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	IMAGE
No entries in this field

SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]	SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MAXIMUM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
0.008	-	Striga hermonthica	-	crude extract from mature leaves	348006
0.00822	-	Orobanche ramosa	-	crude extract from expression in Escherichia coli	348008
0.014	-	Orobanche ramosa	-	crude extract from flowering spikes	348006
0.053	-	Apium graveolens	-	-	348002
0.12	-	Orobanche ramosa	-	in tubercle	348008
3.76	-	Apium graveolens	-	purified from leaves	348002
3.93	-	Apium graveolens	-	purified recombinant enzyme	348005
additional information	-	Apium graveolens	-	measurement of activity during leaf development	348005
additional information	-	Orobanche ramosa	-	measurement of activity during plant development	348008
additional information	-	Apium graveolens	-	16.4 micromol per mg chorophyll and h in protoplast extract, 35.9 micromol per mg chorophyll and h in whole leaf extract	94715

pH OPTIMUM	pH MAXIMUM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
7	-	Orobanche ramosa, Striga hermonthica	-	-	348006
7.5	-	Apium graveolens	-	D-mannose 6-phosphate	348002
8.5	-	Apium graveolens	-	D-mannitol 1-phosphate	348002

pH RANGE	pH RANGE MAXIMUM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
6	9	Apium graveolens	-	inactivated at pH below 6	348002

TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM	TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM MAXIMUM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
25	-	Apium graveolens	-	assay at	94715
35	-	Striga hermonthica	-	-	348006
45	-	Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348006

TEMPERATURE RANGE	TEMPERATURE MAXIMUM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
25	45	Striga hermonthica	-	75% of maximal activity	348006

pI VALUE	pI VALUE MAXIMUM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
No entries in this field

SOURCE TISSUE	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE	SOURCE
bundle sheath	Apium graveolens	-	by immunocytochemistry	348004
cotyledon	Apium graveolens	-	21-d old, low activity	348005
flower	Apium graveolens	-	low activity	348005
leaf	Apium graveolens	-	-	348002, 348004, 348005, 94715
leaf	Apium graveolens	-	mature leaf	348003
leaf	Striga hermonthica	-	-	348006
root	Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348008
seed	Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348008
shoot	Ligustrum vulgare	-	-	348002
shoot	Orobanche ramosa	-	-	348008
shoot	Orobanche aegyptiaca	-	underground	700701
spike	Orobanche ramosa	-	flowering	348006, 348007
tubercle	Orobanche aegyptiaca	-	-	700701
mesophyll	Apium graveolens	-	by immunocytochemistry	348004
additional information	Apium graveolens	-	no activity in sink tissue, i.e. young root, young petiole, young leaf and mature petiole	348003, 348005
additional information	Orobanche ramosa	-	constitutive gene expression during different developmental stages, e.g. germination and procaulome growth, of the parasite attached to tomato roots, high activity during tubercle enlargement and crown root formation; overview over different developmental stages	348008

LOCALIZATION	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	GeneOntology No.	LITERATURE	SOURCE
cytoplasm	Apium graveolens, Ligustrum vulgare	-	-	5737	348002
cytoplasm	Apium graveolens	-	by immunocytochemistry	5737	348004
cytoplasm	Apium graveolens	-	by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation	5737	94715
nucleus	Apium graveolens	-	by immunocytochemistry	5634	348004
protoplast	Apium graveolens	-	-	-	348002, 94715
protoplast	Ligustrum vulgare	-	-	-	348002

PDB	SCOP	CATH	ORGANISM
No entries in this field

MOLECULAR WEIGHT	MOLECULAR WEIGHT MAXIMUM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
27000	-	Orobanche ramosa	-	gel filtration with Sephacryl S-200	348006
33000	-	Striga hermonthica	-	gel filtration with Sephacryl S-200	348006
35000	-	Orobanche ramosa	-	theoretical molecular weight, calculated from cDNA sequence	348008
53000	-	Apium graveolens	-	gel filtration with Superose 12	348002
58000	-	Apium graveolens	-	gel filtration with Sephacryl S-200	348002

SUBUNITS	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
dimer	Apium graveolens	-	2 * 35000, SDS-PAGE	348002
dimer	Apium graveolens	-	2 * 35000, calculated from cDNA sequence	348005
monomer	Orobanche ramosa, Striga hermonthica	-	1* 39000, SDS-PAGE	348006
monomer	Orobanche ramosa	-	1 * 37000, SDS-PAGE of recombinant enzyme	348008

POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
No entries in this field

Crystallization/COMMENTARY	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	LITERATURE
No entries in this field

pH STABILITY	pH STABILITY MAXIMUM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
6	9	Apium graveolens	-	-	348002
additional information	-	Orobanche ramosa, Striga hermonthica	-	rapid decrease in the range of basic pH values	348006

TEMPERATURE STABILITY	TEMPERATURE STABILITY MAXIMUM	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
No entries in this field

GENERAL STABILITY	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	LITERATURE
degassed buffers stabilize	Apium graveolens	-	348002
DTT stabilizes	Apium graveolens	-	348002

ORGANIC SOLVENT	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
No entries in this field

OXIDATION STABILITY	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	LITERATURE
DTT stabilizes	Apium graveolens	-	348002

STORAGE STABILITY	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	LITERATURE
-21�C, 50% activity retained after 1 month	Apium graveolens	-	348002
4�C, lyophilized active fractions stable for several months	Apium graveolens	-	348002

Purification/COMMENTARY	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	LITERATURE
-	Apium graveolens	-	348002, 94715
purification of recombinant enzyme	Apium graveolens	-	348005
-	Orobanche ramosa	-	348006
purification of recombinant enzyme	Orobanche ramosa	-	348008
-	Striga hermonthica	-	348006

Cloned/COMMENTARY	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	LITERATURE
-	Apium graveolens	-	348005, 656972
expression in Arabidopsis thaliana	Apium graveolens	-	686908
transgenic tomato plants bearing a gene construct containing a specific 277-bp fragment from M6PR-mRNA, in an inverted-repeat configuration. Eight independent lines containing the M6PR-silencing inverted-repeat construct pBin-IR-M6PR construct are regenerated	Orobanche aegyptiaca	-	700701
; single gene, constitutive, DNA sequence determination and analysis, expression in Escherichia coli	Orobanche ramosa	-	348008

EXPRESSION	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	LITERATURE
No entries in this field

ENGINEERING	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
additional information	Apium graveolens	-	recombinant expression under control of the CaMV35S promotor in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana cv. LB4404 plants induces de novo mannitol and glucose-mannitol production and enhances salt tolerance in the transgenic plants, cytoplasmic localization of the recombinant enzyme, overview	656972
additional information	Apium graveolens	-	expression of mannose 6-phosphate 6-reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana results in mannitol producing plants that grow normally in the absence of stress, but show enhanced tolerance to presence of 0.1 or 0.2 mM NaCl than wild-type	686908

Renatured/COMMENTARY	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	LITERATURE
No entries in this field

APPLICATION	ORGANISM	UNIPROT ACCESSION NO.	COMMENTARY	LITERATURE
agriculture	Apium graveolens	-	transformation of mannose-6-phosphate reductase gene into Arabidopsis and tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Mannose-6-phosphate reductase can act as a selectable marker gene in either a positive or a negative selection mode depending on the plant species. On medium containing 2 g/l mannose, transgenic seeds germinate, whereas wild type seeds did not. Mannose at 30 g/l blanches leaf explants from all 29 transgenic tobacco events with mannose-6-phosphate reductase. In contrast, 30 g/l mannose does not inhibit shoot regeneration from leaf explants of wild-type or transgenic plants with either an antisense mannose-6-phosphate reductase or a plasmid control. Mannose at 30 g/l inhibits seed germination of transgenic tobacco seeds with mannose-6-phosphate reductase but not that of wild-type or transgenic tobacco with either the antisense mannose-6-phosphate reductase or the plasmid control	713260
agriculture	Orobanche ramosa	-	enzyme is a target for herbizide treatment	348008

REF.	AUTHORS	TITLE	JOURNAL	VOL.	PAGES	YEAR	ORGANISM	LINK TO PUBMED	SOURCE
94715	Rumpho, M.E.; Edwards, G.E.; Loescher, W.H.	A pathway for photosynthetic carbon flow to mannitol in celery leaves	Plant Physiol.	73	869-873	1983	Apium graveolens	PubMed
348002	Loescher, W.H.; Tyson, R.H.; Everard, J.D.; Redgewell, J.; Bieleski, R.L.	Mannitol synthesis in higher plants. Evidence for the role and characterization of a NADPH-dependent mannose 6-phosphate reductase	Plant Physiol.	98	1396-1402	1992	Apium graveolens, Ligustrum vulgare	PubMed
348003	Stoop, J.M.H.; Pharr, D.M.	Mannitol metabolism in celery stressed by excess macronutrients	Plant Physiol.	106	503-511	1994	Apium graveolens	PubMed
348004	Everard, J.D.; Franceschi, V.R.; Loescher, W.H.	Mannose-6-phosphate reductase, a key enzyme in photoassimilate partitioning, is abundant and located in the cytosol of photosynthetically active cells of celery (Apium graveolens L.) source leaves	Plant Physiol.	102	345-356	1993	Apium graveolens	PubMed
348005	Everard, J.D.; Cantini, C.; Grumet, R.; Plummer, J.; Loescher, W.H.	Molecular cloning of mannose-6-phosphate reductase and its developmental expression in celery	Plant Physiol.	113	1427-1435	1997	Apium graveolens	PubMed
348006	Robert, S.; Simier, P.; Fer, A.	Purification and characterization of mannose 6-phosphate reductase, a potential target for the control of Striga hermonthica and Orobanche ramosa	Aust. J. Plant Physiol.	26	233-237	1999	Orobanche ramosa, Striga hermonthica	-
348007	Robert, S.; Dubreuil, D.; Simier, P.; Pradere, J.P.; Fer, A.	Inhibition studies on mannose 6-phosphate reductase purified from Orobanche ramosa	Carbohydr. Lett.	3	231-238	1999	Orobanche ramosa	-
348008	Delavault, P.; Simier, P.; Thoiron, S.; Veronesi, C.; Fer, A.; Thalouarn, P.	Isolation of mannose 6-phosphate reductase cDNA, changes in enzyme activity and mannitol content in broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) parasitic on tomato roots	Physiol. Plant.	115	48-55	2002	Orobanche ramosa	PubMed
656972	Zhifang, G.; Loescher, W.H.	Expression of a celery mannose 6-phosphate reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances salt tolerance and induces biosynthesis of both mannitol and a glucosyl-mannitol dimer	Plant Cell Environ.	26	275-283	2003	Apium graveolens, no activity in Arabidopsis thaliana	-
686908	Sickler, C.M.; Edwards, G.E.; Kiirats, O.; Gao, Z.; Loescher, W.	Response of mannitol-producing Arabidopsis thaliana to abiotic stress	Funct. Plant Biol.	34	382-391	2007	Apium graveolens	-
700701	Aly, R.; Cholakh, H.; Joel, D.M.; Leibman, D.; Steinitz, B.; Zelcer, A.; Naglis, A.; Yarden, O.; Gal-On, A.	Gene silencing of mannose 6-phosphate reductase in the parasitic weed Orobanche aegyptiaca through the production of homologous dsRNA sequences in the host plant	Plant Biotechnol. J.	7	487-498	2009	Orobanche aegyptiaca	PubMed
713260	Song, G.Q.; Sink, K.C.; Ma, Y.; Herlache, T.; Hancock, J.F.; Loescher, W.H.	A novel mannose-based selection system for plant transformation using celery mannose-6-phosphate reductase gene	Plant Cell Rep.	29	163-172	2010	Apium graveolens	PubMed

LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.1.1.224)

NCBI: PubMed, Protein, Nucleotide, Structure, Genome, OMIM

IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature

PROSITE Database of protein families and domains

Protein Mutant Database

InterPro (database of protein families, domains and functional sites)