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(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
5-ethyl-hydantoin + H2O
?
allantoic acid
(S)-allantoin + H2O
-
-
-
r
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
additional information
?
-
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
allantoinase catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of allantoin into allantoate by hydrolytic cleavage of the N1-C2 amide bond of the five-membered hydantoin ring. The enzyme shows an inverted enantioselectivity towards allantoin, R-enantioselective
-
-
r
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
best substrate, enantioselectivity of Co2+-enzyme toward allantoin enantiomers
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
allantoinase catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of allantoin into allantoate by hydrolytic cleavage of the N1-C2 amide bond of the five-membered hydantoin ring. The enzyme shows an inverted enantioselectivity towards allantoin, R-enantioselective
-
-
r
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
best substrate, enantioselectivity of Co2+-enzyme toward allantoin enantiomers
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
zinc enzyme uses only the S-isomer, cobalt-enzyme prefers S-isomer but also hydrolyses R-isomer
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
final step of ureide pathway
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
?
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
0.2 mM, assay at pH 7.6, 25°C, 10 min
-
-
r
(S)-allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
absolute substrate specificity
-
-
?
5-ethyl-hydantoin + H2O
?
low activity
-
-
?
5-ethyl-hydantoin + H2O
?
low activity
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
ir
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
key enzyme in the biogenesis and catabolism of ureide compounds in plants, pathway overview
-
-
ir
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
step in the purine degradation pathway producing nitrogen waste for excretion
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
development of a enzyme cycling method for measuring allantoin concentrations in human serum involving allantoinase, glutamine synthetase II, EC 6.3.1.2, allantoate amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.9, and NAD synthetase, EC 6.3.1.5, followed by action of glucose dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.47, and diaphorase, EC 1.6.99.2, in the presence of glucose and 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, overview, optimal reaction for allantoinase at 0.07 mM allantoin concentration
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
a key reaction step in the biosynthesis and degradation of ureides, overview
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
ir
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
key enzyme in the biogenesis and catabolism of ureide compounds in plants, pathway overview
-
-
ir
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
step in the purine degradation pathway, changes during the annual reproductive cycle of the fish
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
allantoin + H2O
allantoate
-
-
-
-
?
dihydrouracil + H2O
?
low activity
-
-
?
dihydrouracil + H2O
?
low activity
-
-
?
hydantoin + H2O
?
low activity
-
-
?
hydantoin + H2O
?
low activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme might be regulated by exogenous nitrogen conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no substrate: hydantoin, dihydrouracil, phthalimide, dihydroorotate, and 3-imonoisoindolinone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with hydantoin and 5-bromouracil
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
spectrometric fluorescence quantification of allantoin in biological samples by cap-immobilized allantoinase/resorcinol assay, formation of the lactone of 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxy-diphenylacetic acid at 100°C, specific for allantoin, method development and evaluation, overview. Other compounds such as sodium pyruvate, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 2-oxobutyric acid, oxalacetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, citric acid,glycolic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid and salicylic acid do not form the fluorescent species. Also no reactivity with the intermediates of uricolytic pathway, 5-hydroxyisourate and 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline. The assay can be applied to the evaluation of the catalytic activity of PEGylated enzymes conceived for the treatment of hyperuricemia-related conditions
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is inducible by allantoin and is upregulated in spring in trunk bark, the enzyme might be regulated by exogenous nitrogen conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is inducible by allantoin and is upregulated in spring in trunk bark, the enzyme might be regulated by exogenous nitrogen conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
dihydroorotate, hydantoin, and phthalimide are not hydrolyzed by allantoinase
-
-
?
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malfunction
allantoin accumulation is mediated by allantoinase downregulation. Knockout, knockdown, and stress-inducible mutants of AtALN reveal that allantoin accumulation is essential for salt stress tolerance, phenotypes, overview
malfunction
ALN-overexpressing (ALNox) lines. in ALNox lines the ALN gene expression increase leads to increased enzyme activity and suppressed allantoin accumulation. Therefore, ALNox Arabidopsis thaliana lines exhibit the opposite phenotype in comparison with aln-3 mutants, namely sensitivity sto abiotic stress. The aln-3 enzyme-deficient mutant lines exhibit increased Cd tolerance
malfunction
T-DNA insertions in allantoinase cause the constitutive accumulation of allantoin resulting in plant resistance to different abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity (NaCl), and heavy metal cadmium toxicity. High concentration of allantoin in allantoinase-negative mutant (aln-3) leaves alleviates cadmium toxicity via inducing antioxidant mechanisms in these plants. In contrast with wild-type leaves, high levels of Cd in Col-0 roots reduces transcript abundance of uricase, leading to a significant decline in allantoin level of treated roots at 1000 and 1500 mM CdCl2, molecular mechanism underlying allantoin content of root in response to Cd stress, overview. Root elongation is reduced in Cd-treated wild-type but not enzyme-deficient plants. Despite higher Cd content, aln-3 roots contain lower reactive oxygen species concentrations. Antioxidant enzymes are more active in aln-3 roots following Cd treatment
malfunction
-
allantoin accumulation is mediated by allantoinase downregulation. Knockout, knockdown, and stress-inducible mutants of AtALN reveal that allantoin accumulation is essential for salt stress tolerance, phenotypes, overview
-
malfunction
-
T-DNA insertions in allantoinase cause the constitutive accumulation of allantoin resulting in plant resistance to different abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity (NaCl), and heavy metal cadmium toxicity. High concentration of allantoin in allantoinase-negative mutant (aln-3) leaves alleviates cadmium toxicity via inducing antioxidant mechanisms in these plants. In contrast with wild-type leaves, high levels of Cd in Col-0 roots reduces transcript abundance of uricase, leading to a significant decline in allantoin level of treated roots at 1000 and 1500 mM CdCl2, molecular mechanism underlying allantoin content of root in response to Cd stress, overview. Root elongation is reduced in Cd-treated wild-type but not enzyme-deficient plants. Despite higher Cd content, aln-3 roots contain lower reactive oxygen species concentrations. Antioxidant enzymes are more active in aln-3 roots following Cd treatment
-
malfunction
-
ALN-overexpressing (ALNox) lines. in ALNox lines the ALN gene expression increase leads to increased enzyme activity and suppressed allantoin accumulation. Therefore, ALNox Arabidopsis thaliana lines exhibit the opposite phenotype in comparison with aln-3 mutants, namely sensitivity sto abiotic stress. The aln-3 enzyme-deficient mutant lines exhibit increased Cd tolerance
-
metabolism
allantoin treatment of wild-type Col-0 seeds increases superoxide dismutase activity causing an enhanced seed germination and seedling growth following Cd exposure. Allantoinase-overexpressing (ALNox) lines with lower levels of allantoin exhibit more susceptibility to Cd treatment than wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana, implying that there is a positive correlation between allantoin concentration and Cd resistance in plants. The potential regulatory function of allantoin does not require abscisic acid (ABA) at germination but may be ABA-dependent at later stages of seedling growth, suggesting a potential crosstalk between allantoin-mediated stress response and ABA signalling pathway in plants. Protective role for allantoin at early stages of seedling growth. Increased allantoin concentration (both in vivo and in vitro) causes Cd-tolerance in plants
metabolism
Cd tolerance and the role allantoin plays in plant abiotic stress response are linked
metabolism
expression of genes for allantoin synthesis and degradation are oppositely regulated during salt stress. The AtALN promoter activity is present in specific plant tissues during plant development and is strongly repressed by salt stress. Allantoin transport mediated by ureide permease 5 (AtUPS5) is an important event in salt stress alleviation
metabolism
the rice genome is predicted to contain singles gene for each of the allantoin-catabolic enzymes: allantoinase (OsALN), allantoate amidohydrolase (OsAAH), ureidoglycine aminohydrolase (OsUGlyAH), and ureidoglycolate amidohydrolase (OsUAH), analysis of transcriptional regulation of these allantoin-catabolic genes in response to the N status, quantitative expression analysis, and production of allantoin-derived metabolites in response to changes in exogenous N status, overview
metabolism
-
expression of genes for allantoin synthesis and degradation are oppositely regulated during salt stress. The AtALN promoter activity is present in specific plant tissues during plant development and is strongly repressed by salt stress. Allantoin transport mediated by ureide permease 5 (AtUPS5) is an important event in salt stress alleviation
-
metabolism
-
Cd tolerance and the role allantoin plays in plant abiotic stress response are linked
-
metabolism
-
allantoin treatment of wild-type Col-0 seeds increases superoxide dismutase activity causing an enhanced seed germination and seedling growth following Cd exposure. Allantoinase-overexpressing (ALNox) lines with lower levels of allantoin exhibit more susceptibility to Cd treatment than wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana, implying that there is a positive correlation between allantoin concentration and Cd resistance in plants. The potential regulatory function of allantoin does not require abscisic acid (ABA) at germination but may be ABA-dependent at later stages of seedling growth, suggesting a potential crosstalk between allantoin-mediated stress response and ABA signalling pathway in plants. Protective role for allantoin at early stages of seedling growth. Increased allantoin concentration (both in vivo and in vitro) causes Cd-tolerance in plants
-
physiological function
allantoin accumulation is essential for salt stress tolerance. The regulation of the enzyme-encoding gene is mainly responsible for allantoin accumulation observed under salt stress. Possible roles of allantoin as a protectant compound in oxidative events or signaling, overview
physiological function
allantoin is used as an N source in rice plants, allantoin-derived metabolites following the up-regulation of OsALN and OsAAH expression, under N starvation conditions
physiological function
-
allantoin accumulation is essential for salt stress tolerance. The regulation of the enzyme-encoding gene is mainly responsible for allantoin accumulation observed under salt stress. Possible roles of allantoin as a protectant compound in oxidative events or signaling, overview
-
additional information
residue Ser292 is likely implicated in the binding of the allantoin ring through the carbonyl group of the polypeptide main chain, which is the common mechanism observed in other members of the amidohydrolase family. Modeling and docking studies
additional information
-
residue Ser292 is likely implicated in the binding of the allantoin ring through the carbonyl group of the polypeptide main chain, which is the common mechanism observed in other members of the amidohydrolase family. Modeling and docking studies
-
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D319A
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant, altered thermal denaturation compared to the wild-type enzyme
D319N
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant, altered thermal denaturation compared to the wild-type enzyme
S292A
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows reduced activity and altered thermal denaturation compared to the wild-type enzyme
T155A
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
T155Y
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows reduced activity and altered thermal denaturation compared to the wild-type enzyme
D319A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant, altered thermal denaturation compared to the wild-type enzyme
-
D319N
-
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant, altered thermal denaturation compared to the wild-type enzyme
-
S292A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows reduced activity and altered thermal denaturation compared to the wild-type enzyme
-
T155A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
-
T155Y
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows reduced activity and altered thermal denaturation compared to the wild-type enzyme
-
D315A
complete loss of activity
H186A
complete loss of activity
H242A
complete loss of activity
H59A
complete loss of activity
H61A
complete loss of activity
K146A
complete loss of activity
R215K
no significant effect on enzyme activity
S288D
no significant effect on enzyme activity
S288V
no significant effect on enzyme activity
additional information
-
construction of an ALN insertion mutant
additional information
-
a T-DNA insertion allantoinase mutant is unable to grow on 10 mM allantoin as the sole nitrogen source, although it still shows some root elongation with a few plants reaching the four-leaf stage, the mutant is rescued by a C-terminally tagged Arabidopsis thaliana AtAln variant, overview
additional information
downregulation of ALN and UO (uricase) genes impairing allantoin accumulation in Cd-treated Col-0 roots. In enzyme-deficient aln-3 roots, allantoin content increases nearly 2fold at 1 mM CdCl2 but is similar to untreated roots at 1.5 mM CdCl2. T-DNA insertions in allantoinase cause the constitutive accumulation of allantoin resulting in plant resistance to different abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity (NaCl), and heavy metal cadmium toxicity
additional information
generation of ALN-overexpressing (ALNox) lines. in ALNox lines the ALN gene expression increase leads to increased enzyme activity and suppressed allantoin accumulation. Therefore, ALNox Arabidopsis thaliana lines exhibit the opposite phenotype in comparison with aln-3 mutants, namely sensitivity to abiotic stress. The aln-3 enzyme-deficient mutant lines exhibit increased Cd tolerance
additional information
generation of knockout by T-DNA insertion, knockdown, and stress-inducible mutants for AtALN revealing that allantoin accumulation is essential for salt stress tolerance, phenotypes, overview
additional information
-
generation of knockout by T-DNA insertion, knockdown, and stress-inducible mutants for AtALN revealing that allantoin accumulation is essential for salt stress tolerance, phenotypes, overview
additional information
-
generation of knockout by T-DNA insertion, knockdown, and stress-inducible mutants for AtALN revealing that allantoin accumulation is essential for salt stress tolerance, phenotypes, overview
-
additional information
-
downregulation of ALN and UO (uricase) genes impairing allantoin accumulation in Cd-treated Col-0 roots. In enzyme-deficient aln-3 roots, allantoin content increases nearly 2fold at 1 mM CdCl2 but is similar to untreated roots at 1.5 mM CdCl2. T-DNA insertions in allantoinase cause the constitutive accumulation of allantoin resulting in plant resistance to different abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity (NaCl), and heavy metal cadmium toxicity
-
additional information
-
generation of ALN-overexpressing (ALNox) lines. in ALNox lines the ALN gene expression increase leads to increased enzyme activity and suppressed allantoin accumulation. Therefore, ALNox Arabidopsis thaliana lines exhibit the opposite phenotype in comparison with aln-3 mutants, namely sensitivity to abiotic stress. The aln-3 enzyme-deficient mutant lines exhibit increased Cd tolerance
-
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Piedras, P.; Cardenas, J.; Pineda, M.
Solubilization and extraction of allantoinase and allantoicase from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Phytochem. Anal.
6
239-243
1995
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
-
brenda
Costigan, S.A.; Franceschi, V.R.; Ku, M.S.B.
Allantoinase activity and ureide content of mesophyll and paraveinal mesophyll of soybean leaves
Plant Sci.
50
179-187
1987
Glycine max
-
brenda
Noguchi, T.; Fujiwara, S.; Hayashi, S.
Evolution of allantoinase and allantoicase involved in urate degradation in liver peroxisomes
J. Biol. Chem.
261
4221-4223
1986
Lithobates pipiens
brenda
Amarjit; Singh, R.
Allantoinase from nodules of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Phytochemistry
24
415-418
1985
Cajanus cajan
-
brenda
Thomas, R.J.; Meyers, S.P.; Schrader, L.E.
Allantoinase from shoot tissues of soybean
Phytochemistry
22
1117-1120
1983
Glycine max
-
brenda
Takada, Y.; Noguchi, T.
The degradation of urate in liver peroxisomes. Association of allantoinase with allantoicase in amphibian liver but not in fish and invertebrate liver
J. Biol. Chem.
258
4762-4764
1983
Lithobates pipiens
brenda
Janssen, D.B.; Smits, R.A.M.M.; van der Drift, C.
Allantoinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
718
212-219
1982
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
brenda
Mary, A.; Nirmala, J.; Sastry, K.S.
Specific effect of manganese on the allantoinase of Vigna radiata
Phytochemistry
20
2647-2650
1981
Vigna radiata
-
brenda
Mary, A.; Sastry, K.S.
An unusual allantoinase from Dolichos biflorus
Phytochemistry
17
397-399
1978
Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica
-
brenda
De Windt, F.E.; van der Drift, C.
Inactivation of allantoinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a subunit of urease
Arch. Microbiol.
111
117-122
1976
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
brenda
Nirmala, J.; Sastry, K.S.
The allantoinase of Lathyrus sativus
Phytochemistry
14
1971-1974
1975
Lathyrus sativus
-
brenda
Rijnierse, V.F.M.; van der Drift, C.
Inactivation of allantoinase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vivo
Arch. Microbiol.
96
319-328
1974
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
brenda
Theimer, R.R.; Beevers, H.
Uricase and allantoinase in glyoxysomes
Plant Physiol.
47
246-251
1971
Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Zea mays
brenda
Singh, R.; Angelo, A.J.St.; Neucere, N.J.
Unusual heat stability of peanut allantoinase
Phytochemistry
9
1535-1538
1970
Arachis hypogaea
-
brenda
Angelo, A.J.St.; Ory, R.L.
Localization of allantoinase in glyoxysomes of germinating castor beans
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
240
290-296
1970
Ricinus communis
-
brenda
Ory, R.L.; Gordon, C.V.; Singh, R.
Ureide metabolism in castor beans. Evidence for a particle-bound allantoinase
Phytochemistry
8
401-404
1969
Ricinus communis
-
brenda
Visentin, L.P.; Allan, J.M.
Allantoinase: Association with amphibian hepatic peroxysomes
Science
163
1463-1464
1969
Lithobates pipiens
brenda
Hayashi, S.; Jain, S.; Chu, R.; Alvares, K.; Xu, B.; Erfurth, F.; Usuda, N.; Rao, M.S.; Reddy, S.K.; Noguchi, T.; Reddy, J.K.; Yeldandi, A.V.
Amphibian allantoinase, molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and functional expression
J. Biol. Chem.
269
12269-12276
1994
Lithobates catesbeianus
brenda
Lukaszewski, K.M.; Blevins, D.G.; Randall, D.D.
Asparagine and boric acid cause allantoate accumulation in soybean leaves by inhibiting manganese-dependent allantoate amidohydrolase
Plant Physiol.
99
1670-1676
1992
Glycine max
brenda
Webb, M.A.; Lindell, J.S.
Purification of allantoinase from soybean seeds and production and characterization of anti-allantoinase antibodies
Plant Physiol.
103
1235-1241
1993
Glycine max
brenda
Romanov, V.; Merski, M.T.; Hausinger, R.P.
Assays for allantoinase
Anal. Biochem.
268
49-53
1999
Glycine max
brenda
Usuda, N.; Hayashi, S.; Fujiwara, S.; Noguchi, T.; Nagata, T.; Rao, M.S.; Alvares, K.; Reddy, J.K.; Yeldandi, A.V.
Uric acid degrading enzymes, urate oxidase and allatoinase, are associated with different subcellular organelles in frog liver and kidney
J. Cell Sci.
107
1073-1081
1994
Lithobates catesbeianus
brenda
Muruke, M.S.H.; Op den Camp, H.J.M.; Semesi, A.K.; van der Drift, C.
The level of enzymes involved in the allantoin metabolism of Bacillus fastidiosus grown under different conditions
Curr. Microbiol.
30
45-47
1995
Metabacillus fastidiosus
brenda
Masuda, W.; Fujiwara, S.; Noguchi, T.
A new type of allantoinase in amphibian liver
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
65
2558-2560
2001
Lithobates catesbeianus
brenda
Mulrooney, S.B.; Hausinger, R.P.
Metal ion dependence of recombinant Escherichia coli allantoinase
J. Bacteriol.
185
126-134
2003
Escherichia coli
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Resende, A.D.; Rocha, E.; Lobo-da-Cunha, A.
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