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EC Tree
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
venom serine proteinase, okinaxobin ii, gabonase,
more
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Proteinase, Bitis gabonica venom serine
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venom serine proteinase
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Selective cleavage at Arg-/- bonds in fibrinogen to form fibrin and release fibrinopeptides A and B
selective cleavage at Arg- bonds in fibrinogen to form fibrin and release fibrinopeptides A and B, the term -+- depicts the point of cleavage
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hydrolysis of peptide bond
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bovine prothrombin + H2O
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casein + H2O
hydrolyzed casein
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coagulation factor VIII + H2O
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moderate activity
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collagen alpha-2(I) chain + H2O
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moderate activity
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Fibrin alpha-chain + H2O
Hydrolyzed fibrin alpha-chain
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fragments of low molecular mass
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Fibrinogen + H2O
Fibrinopeptide A + fibrinopeptide B + ?
FSARGHRP + H2O
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a peptide derived from human fibrinogen beta-chain
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H-D-Cyclohexylglycyl-L-2-aminobutyryl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide + H2O
H-D-Cyclohexylglycyl-L-alpha-aminobutyryl-L-arginine + 4-nitroaniline
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i.e. CBS 34-47, chromogenic substrate
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H-D-Hexahydrotyrosyl-Ala-Arg 4-nitroanilide + H2O
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H-D-phenylglycine-Phe-Arg 4-nitroanilide + H2O
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H-D-Pro-hexahydrotyrosyl-Arg 4-nitroanilide + H2O
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Human blood coagulation factor X + H2O
Human blood coagulation factor Xa
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enzyme appears to act as substitute for both factor VIIIa and IXa by activating factor X
i.e. EC 3.4.21.6
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Human blood coagulation factor XIII + H2O
Activated human blood coagulation factor XIII
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activates factor XIII
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human fibrinogen beta-chain + H2O
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low activity
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human prothrombin + H2O
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moderate activity
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integrin alpha-6 + H2O
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higher activity
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kininogen-1 + H2O
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higher activity
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Nalpha-benzoyl-L-Arg 4-nitroanilide + H2O
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Nalpha-Benzoyl-L-Arg ethyl ester + H2O
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Tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg 4-nitroanilide + H2O
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Tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys 4-nitroanilide + H2O
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Tosyl-L-Arg methyl ester + H2O
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Tripeptide nitroanilide derivatives + H2O
Tripeptide + 4-nitroaniline
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poor substrates
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additional information
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Fibrinogen + H2O
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clots fibrinogen with 45 NIH (National Institute of Health) thrombin equivalent units/mg
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Fibrinogen + H2O
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promotes human platelet aggregation
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Fibrinogen + H2O
Fibrinopeptide A + fibrinopeptide B + ?
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removes fibrinopeptide A and than B from fibrinogen
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Fibrinogen + H2O
Fibrinopeptide A + fibrinopeptide B + ?
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cleaves Aalpha- and Bbeta-chain, preferably Aalpha, no cleavage of gamma-chain
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Fibrinogen + H2O
Fibrinopeptide A + fibrinopeptide B + ?
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Tosyl-L-Arg methyl ester + H2O
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i.e. Nalpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester
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Tosyl-L-Arg methyl ester + H2O
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additional information
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insulin, glucagon, S-peptide of ribonuclease, H-D-cyclohexylglycyl-alpha-aminobutyryl-Arg 4-nitroanilide, benzoyl-Pro-Phe-Arg 4-nitroanilide, H-D-2-aminobutyryl-cyclohexylalanyl-Lys 4-nitroanilide, H-D-Nle-hexahydrotyrosyl-Lys 4-nitroanilide, benzyloxycarbonyl-gamma (alpha-t-butoxy)glutamyl-Gly-Arg 4-nitroanilide, methoxycarbonyl-D-cyclohexylglycyl-Arg 4-nitroanilide
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additional information
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substrate specificity, use of an donor-acceptor detection method for the investigation of proteinase activity of selected crude venoms in a high-throughput setup, enzyme activity comparisons of different species, overview. Analysis and heatmaps of coagulation factors, inflammation-associated proteins, and collagen and integrin-derived peptides during incubation with venom. All of the substrates against which activity is observed in the inhibition experiments contain arginine residues in their sequences
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additional information
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strong arginine esterase and amidase activity on synthetic substrates
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additional information
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the enzyme from Cerastes cerastes exhibits alphabeta-fibrinogenase and alpha-fibrinase properties
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additional information
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no hydrolysis of fibrin gamma-chains, fibrin beta-chains or gammagamma dimer
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additional information
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releases serotonin from previously loaded platelets
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Fibrinogen + H2O
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clots fibrinogen with 45 NIH (National Institute of Health) thrombin equivalent units/mg
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Fibrinogen + H2O
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promotes human platelet aggregation
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Ca2+
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required for structural cohesion of afaâcytin molecule
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diisopropyl fluorophosphate
EGTA
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Ca2+ does not restore
fibrinogen
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substrate inhibition, 3 mg/ml and above
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tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone
diisopropyl fluorophosphate
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inhibits esterase activity
diisopropyl fluorophosphate
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inhibits esterase activity
tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone
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tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone
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less effective on esterase activity than diisopropyl fluorophospate
additional information
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heparin or hirudin (with or without antithrombin III)
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additional information
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heparin or hirudin; no inhibition by plasmic thrombin inhibitors, antithrombin III, ecotin
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0.88
H-D-Hexahydrotyrosyl-Ala-Arg 4-nitroanilide
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3.4
H-D-Phenylglycine-Phe-Arg 4-nitroanilide
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0.82
H-D-Pro-hexahydrotyrosyl-Arg 4-nitroanilide
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0.13
Tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg 4-nitroanilide
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2.72
tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys 4-nitroanilide
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0.12
tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester
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0.065
H-D-Hexahydrotyrosyl-Ala-Arg 4-nitroanilide
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0.952
H-D-Phenylglycine-Phe-Arg 4-nitroanilide
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0.248
H-D-Pro-hexahydrotyrosyl-Arg 4-nitroanilide
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0.014
Tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg 4-nitroanilide
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0.204
tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys 4-nitroanilide
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12.2
tosyl-L-Arg methyl ester
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additional information
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44.9, equivalent to NIH (National Institute of Health)-units of thrombin
additional information
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42 equivalent to NIH (National Institute of Health)-units of thrombin
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additional information
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pI: 5.3
additional information
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pI: 6.25
additional information
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pI: 8.2
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assay at, tosyl-Arg-methyl ester as substrate
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assay at
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synthetic tripeptide amide substrates
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factor X as substrate
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assay at, natural substrates
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fibrinogen as substrate
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Horned viper
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brenda
Himehabu snake
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brenda
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brenda
Gaboon viper
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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evolution
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the enzyme belongs to the family of snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs), phylogenetic analysis of the snakes
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VSPG_BITGA
19
0
2017
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 1 )
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10200
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1 * 40500 + 1 * 35500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions, 1 * 38250 + 1 * 28500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, deglycosylated enzyme, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions
28500
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1 * 40500 + 1 * 35500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions, 1 * 38250 + 1 * 28500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, deglycosylated enzyme, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions
30600
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1 * 30600, Bitis gabonica, SDS-PAGE, reducing and nonreducing conditions
35500
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1 * 40500 + 1 * 35500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions, 1 * 38250 + 1 * 28500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, deglycosylated enzyme, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions
38250
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1 * 40500 + 1 * 35500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions, 1 * 38250 + 1 * 28500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, deglycosylated enzyme, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions
40000
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2 * 40000, Cerastes cerastes, alphabeta (where beta consists of two disufide linked polypeptide chains beta and beta), SDS-PAGE
40500
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1 * 40500 + 1 * 35500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions, 1 * 38250 + 1 * 28500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, deglycosylated enzyme, alphabetabeta, SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions
additional information
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amino acid composition
additional information
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amino acid composition
additional information
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amino acid composition
additional information
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compared to that of related enzymes
additional information
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N-terminal sequence homology to crotolase and B-chain of thrombin
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dimer
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2 * 40000, Cerastes cerastes, alphabeta (where beta consists of two disufide linked polypeptide chains beta and beta'), SDS-PAGE
monomer
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1 * 30600, Bitis gabonica, SDS-PAGE, reducing and nonreducing conditions
trimer
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1 * 40500 + 1 * 35500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, alphabetabeta', SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions, 1 * 38250 + 1 * 28500 + 1 * 10200, Cerastes cerastes, deglycosylated enzyme, alphabetabeta', SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions
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glycoprotein
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carbohydrate content: 20.6%
glycoprotein
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Asn-linked complex-type oligosaccharides
glycoprotein
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alpha and beta subunits are N-glycosylated, not beta'
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requires Ca2+ for stability in crude venom, during purification and storage of purified enzyme
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4°C, in the presence of Ca2+, 2 years
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Pirkle, H.; Theodor, I.; Miyada, D.; Simmons, G.
Thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Bitis gabonica. Purification, properties, and coagulant actions
J. Biol. Chem.
261
8830-8835
1986
Bitis gabonica
brenda
Laraba-Diebari, F.; Martin-Eauclaire, M.F.; Mauco, G.; Marchot, P.
Afaacytin, an alpha beta-fibrinogenase from Cerastes cerastes (horned viper) venom, activates purified factor X and induces serotonin release from human blood platelets
Eur. J. Biochem.
233
756-765
1995
Cerastes cerastes
brenda
Nose, T.; Shimohigashi, Y.; Hattori, S.; Kihara, H.; Ohno, M.
Purification and characterization of a coagulant enzyme, okinaxobin II, from Trimeresurus okinavensis (himehabu snake) venom which release fibrinopeptides A and B
Toxicon
32
1509-1520
1994
Ovophis okinavensis
brenda
Kalogeropoulos, K.; Treschow, A.F.; Auf dem Keller, U.; Escalante, T.; Rucavado, A.; Gutierrez, J.M.; Laustsen, A.H.; Workman, C.T.
Protease activity profiling of snake venoms using high-throughput peptide screening
Toxins
11
170
2019
Bitis gabonica
brenda
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