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Information on EC 3.2.2.22 - rRNA N-glycosylase
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3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylaseIUBMB Comments
Ricin A-chain and related toxins show this activity. Naked rRNA is attacked more slowly than rRNA in intact ribosomes. Naked rRNA from Escherichia coli is cleaved at a corresponding position.
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Word Map
- 3.2.2.22
-
checkpoint
-
immunotherapy
- lymphocyte
-
death-ligand
-
nsclc
-
non-small
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-
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-
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pembrolizumab
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-
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-
death-1
- ligand-1
-
resect
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-
toxin-producing
-
anti-pd-1
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-
nivolumab
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monotherapy
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durable
-
hemolytic
-
first-line
-
ctla-4
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urothelial
-
tregs
-
intratumoral
-
evasion
-
immune-related
-
non-small-cell
-
immunotherapeutic
-
diarrhea
-
treatment-related
- alk
-
second-line
-
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myeloid-derived
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- foxp3
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cytotoxin
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serogroups
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- pharmacology
- diagnostics
- analysis
-
recist
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
pd-l1, ricin, shiga toxin, saporin, abrin, ricinus communis agglutinin, gelonin, ricin a chain, trichosanthin, ribosome-inactivating proteins, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
abrin
B-32
cinnamomin
cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating lectin
diphtheria toxin
gelonin
karasurin-A
MAP
ME1
Mirabilis antiviral protein
-
-
-
-
momorcochin-S
-
-
-
-
nigrin b
PAGase
PAP
PAP-II
PAP-S
PD-L1
PGase
pokeweed anti-viral protein
pokeweed antiviral protein
polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase
ribosomal ribonucleate N-glycosidase
-
-
-
-
ribosome inactivating protein
ribosome-inactivating protein
ribosome-inactivating protein type II
ricin
ricin A chain
RIP
RIPII
riproximin
RNA N-glycosidase
RNA-specific N-glycosidase
Rpx
rRNA N-glycosidase
RTA
saporin
saporin-6
saporin-L1
saporins
-
-
-
-
Shiga toxin
Shiga toxin 1
Shiga toxin 2
Shiga toxin type 2
single-chain ribosome-inactivating protein
Stx
Stx1
Stx2
TCS
trichosanthin
type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein
type 1 RIP
type 2 RIP
type 3 RIP
type I ribosome-inactivating protein
type I RIP
type II ribosome-inactivating protein
type II RIP
type III ribosome-inactivating protein
type III RIP
type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein
type-2 RIP
additional information
gelonin
-
-
-
-
karasurin-A
KRN recombinantly combined with pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP)
MAP
-
MAP, a MAP variant with Arg-26 changed to Leu is designated R26L, a MAP variant with Arg-28 changed to Leu is designated R28L
nigrin b
-
-
-
-
PAP
-
recombinantly combined with karasurin-A (KRN) of Trichosanthes kirilowii
ricin
-
-
-
-
ricin
-
-
ricin
-
ricin is a ribosome-inactivating protein and consists of a 32-kDa enzymatically active A-subunit [ricin A-chain] and a 34-kDa galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-binding B-subunit
RNA N-glycosidase
-
-
-
-
rRNA N-glycosidase
-
-
-
-
Shiga toxin
variant Stx2dact (mucus-activatable Shiga toxin type 2), elastase cleaves 2 amino acids of toxin subunit A rendering it more toxic
type I ribosome-inactivating protein
-
-
type I ribosome-inactivating protein
-
-
type II ribosome-inactivating protein
-
-
additional information
the enzyme belongs to the type-II-ribosome-inactivating protein family
additional information
-
the enzyme belongs to the class of polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidases, PNAG
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
-
-
-
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
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A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
catalytic mechanism
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
active site structure and catalytic mechanism, residue R213 is important for catalysis
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
anti-viral mechanism of type 1 RIP pokeweed anti-viral protein PAP
-
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
N70 of PAP is required for depurination catalytic activity, N70 facilitates depurination in trans
A4324 in 28S rRNA + H2O = deadenylated 28S rRNA + adenine
substrate recogition via glycoprotein binding, overview
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hydrolysis
hydrolysis of N-glycosyl bond
-
-
-
-
hydrolysis
-
removal of specific adenine residue from eukaryotic larger rRNA subunit, inhibiting translation, N-glycosidase independent induction of apoptosis
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
rRNA N-glycohydrolase
Ricin A-chain and related toxins show this activity. Naked rRNA is attacked more slowly than rRNA in intact ribosomes. Naked rRNA from Escherichia coli is cleaved at a corresponding position.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
113756-12-0
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
14-mer rRNA with GAGA tetraloop + H2O
14-mer rRNA with GabGA + ?
-
substrate and product with specific DNA loop probe, fluorophore and quencher, 37°C, citrate buffer, pH 4.0, than neutralization to pH 7.6 and hybridization with DNA-probes
-
-
?
2'-anthraniloyl 7-methylguanosine triphosphate + H2O
?
-
depurination downstream of cap structure, 2.4-fold enhanced binding to m7GTP upon the addition of translation initiation factor G4 (elFiso4G)
-
-
?
25S rNA + H2O
?
-
-
enzyme depurinates the sarcin/ricin loop when the A-site of the ribosomal peptidyl-transferase center is unoccupied
-
?
26S rRNA + H2O
?
-
depurination of ribosomes from yeast, product determination using aniline coupling
-
-
?
28S RNA + H2O
?
substrate from rat liver ribosomes, depurination of A4324, generation of a 420nt fragment, product determination using aniline coupling
-
-
?
5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5A6dG7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5dA6dG7A8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4dG5dA6G7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-dG1dC2dG3dC4G5dA6dG7dA8dG9dC10dG11dC12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6dG7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4dG5A6G7dA8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6dG7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, preferred substrates to DNA stem loop derivatives, overview
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7dA8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6G7mA8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
RNA-2'-methoxy nucleic acid hybrid stem-loop substrate
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4G5A6mG7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
RNA-2'-methoxy nucleic acid hybrid stem-loop substrate
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4G5dA6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
GAGA stem-loop RNA-DNA hybrid substrate, analysis of activity with substrate derivative possessing variations in the tetraloop G5-A8, overview
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4G5mA6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
RNA-2'-methoxy nucleic acid hybrid stem-loop substrate
-
-
?
5'-G1C2G3C4mG5A6G7A8G9C10G11C12-3' + H2O
?
-
RNA-2'-methoxy nucleic acid hybrid stem-loop substrate
-
-
?
8-vinyl-2'-deoxyadenosine containing 10-mer stem-tetraloop RNA + H2O
8-vinyladenine + ?
-
-
slow
-
?
adenosine + H2O
adenine + D-ribose
-
-
holoenzyme is active against small substrates
-
?
cyclic phosphorothioyl dGdAdGdA + H2O
?
-
ring closure via a phosphorothioate bond
-
-
?
GCGCGAGAGCGC + H2O
GCGCGGAGCGC + ?
-
DNA substrate (100 pmol/microl) mimicking natural rRNA substrate, reaction buffer: 10 mM ammonium citrate with 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, pH 4, 37°C, 4 h
-
-
?
human mtDNA + H2O
?
-
saporin 6 shows specific nuclease activity towards the D-loop of human mitochondrial, covalently closed circular DNA, determination of sites of action by restriction analysis
-
-
?
large RNA + H2O
?
removal of a single adenine
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
large rRNA fragments, partially deadenylated
substrate are intact rabbit ribosomes, best substrate, or ribosomes from Aspergillus flavus, low activity, or Zea mays, the latter are poor substrates, depurination of specific sites in rRNA, formation of RNA fragments
fragment size overview, product determination using aniline coupling
-
?
mRNA + H2O
?
-
in vitro translation inhibition assay in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, 30 degrees Celsius
-
-
?
mRNA cap + H2O
?
mRNA cap structures including N7-methyl guanine, N7-methyl guanosine diphosphate, and N7-methyl guanosine triphosphate bind to RIP-1
-
-
?
non-ribosomal RNA + H2O
?
-
e.g. mRNA: Phytophthora cryptotogea B26 RNA, or Arabidopsis thaliana RNA, single-stranded, identification of cleavage sites, overview
-
-
?
pGEM-4Z plasmid DNA + H2O
?
-
isozyme saporin-SO6 wrappes the DNA and localizes in a variable manner along the DNA molecule to perform fragmentalized digestion
-
-
ir
rabbit ribosome 80S rRNA + H2O
?
-
good substrate for saporin-L1, low activity by saporin-S6
-
-
?
ribosome + H2O
?
-
inhibition of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysate by depurination of rRNA
-
-
?
supercoiled DNA + H2O
?
-
isozyme saporin-SO6 cleaves the supercoiled DNA resulting in linearized and relaxed DNA forms
-
-
?
23S rRNA + H2O
?
substrate is from Escherichia coli ribosomes, the naked 23S rRNA is a good substrate, while the intact native ribosome ins no substrate
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
28S rRNA fragment + ?
-
depurination at A4324, removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
28S rRNA fragment + ?
depurination or 28S rRNA, removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
source: rat liver, depurination of residue A4324, 50% cleavage at 62.8 pM
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
substrate from rat liver ribosomes, generation of an R-fragment from 28S RNA, product determination using aniline coupling
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
from ribosomes of Chenopodium, tomato and tobacco leaves, depurination of the large rRNA
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
inactivation of protein translation in targeted cells, e.g. bacterial cells, where the toxin is transported into the cytosol
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomes, depurination of rRNA
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
substrate is from Saccharomyces cerevisiae YPH500 ribosomes, depurination of an adenine of the 28S rRNA, substrate structure oveview
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
source: ribosome of HeLa cell
depurination of rRNA and release of RNA fragment of approximately 400 nucleotides
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
in ribosomes, generation of an R-fragment from 28S RNA, depurination of A4324
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
of eukaryotic ribosomes, generation of an R-fragment from 28S RNA, depurination of a single adenylate on a GAGA stem-loop region
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
substrate is from rat liver ribosomes, depurination of A4324 of rat 28S rRNA, generation of an R-fragment from 28S RNA, the enzyme prefers the native ribosome to the naked 28S rRNA, the toxin recognizes the sarcin-ricin domain, structure overview
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
the protein removes a specific adenine residue from the ribosomal RNA inducing the block of protein synthesis by inhibiting the binding of the elongation factor 2
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
saporin is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein with N-glycosidase activity. It removes adenine residues from the 28S ribosomal RNA resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
the protein removes a specific adenine residue from the ribosomal RNA inducing the block of protein synthesis by inhibiting the binding of the elongation factor 2
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
apurinic 28S rRNA + adenine
-
depurination of a specific adenine in 28S rRNA
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
apurinic 28S rRNA + adenine
-
depurination of a specific adenine in 28S rRNA
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
apurinic 28S rRNA + adenine
-
depurination of a specific adenine in 28S rRNA
-
-
?
28Sdelta rRNA + H2O
?
-
depurination of the A51 residue of Trypanosoma cruzi 28Sdelta rRNA, the C-terminal end of ribosomal P proteins is not required for full activity
-
?
28Sdelta rRNA + H2O
?
-
depurination of the A51 residue of Trypanosoma cruzi 28Sdelta rRNA, the C-terminal end of ribosomal P proteins is required for full activity of trichosanthin
-
?
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAGdAAAUCUCCC + H2O
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAG + ?
-
RNA GdAAA substrate hybridized with ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide 50/Ru/TTTTTdAdCdCTdCTdCTdCdGdCTdC to give a electrochemiluminescence signal
-
-
?
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAGdAAAUCUCCC + H2O
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAG + ?
-
RNA GdAAA substrate hybridized with ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide 50/Ru/TTTTTdAdCdCTdCTdCTdCdGdCTdC to give a electrochemiluminescence signal
-
-
?
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAGdAGAUCUCCC + H2O
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAG + ?
-
RNA GdAGA substrate hybridized with ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide 50/Ru/TTTTTdAdCdCTdCTdCTdCdGdCTdC to give a electrochemiluminescence signal
-
-
?
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAGdAGAUCUCCC + H2O
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAG + ?
-
RNA GdAGA substrate hybridized with ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide 50/Ru/TTTTTdAdCdCTdCTdCTdCdGdCTdC to give a electrochemiluminescence signal
-
-
?
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAGdUGAUCUCCC + H2O
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAG + ?
-
RNA GdUGA substrate hybridized with ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide 50/Ru/TTTTTdAdCdCTdCTdCTdCdGdCTdC to give a electrochemiluminescence signal to test for false positive signal
-
-
?
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAGdUGAUCUCCC + H2O
5'/biotin/AGCGGGAGAG + ?
-
RNA GdUGA substrate hybridized with ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide 50/Ru/TTTTTdAdCdCTdCTdCTdCdGdCTdC to give a electrochemiluminescence signal to test for false positive signal
-
-
?
adenosine in rRNA + H2O
deadenylated rRNA + adenine
-
rRNA is depurinated thus producing inactive ribosomes and inhibition protein synthesis probably due to the lack of the interaction between depurinated ribosomes and elongation factor 2
-
-
?
brome mosaic virus RNA + H2O
?
-
depurination of the viral RNA, anti-viral activity of PAP by inhibition of accumulation of viral RNA and viral proliferation in barley protoplasts, overview
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
?
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
GdAGA + H2O
?
-
substrate forms a hairpin structure, clevage in presence of N,N'-dimethylethylendiamine
-
-
?
GdAGA + H2O
?
-
substrate forms a hairpin structure, clevage in presence of N,N'-dimethylethylendiamine
-
-
?
GdAGA + H2O
?
-
substrate forms a hairpin structure, clevage in presence of N,N'-dimethylethylendiamine
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
inhibition of translation and protein synthesis, cytotoxic
-
-
?
naked rRNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
naked rRNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
naked rRNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
naked rRNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
naked rRNA + H2O
?
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
naked rRNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
naked rRNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
naked rRNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
naked rRNA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
polyA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
polyA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
polyA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
polyA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
polyA + H2O
?
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
polyA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
polyA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
polyA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
polyA + H2O
?
-
primarily DNA substrate, polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
-
-
?
RNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme is active on viral RNA, e.g. from Human immunodeficiency virus-1 and Brome mosaic virus, RNA accession mechanism via interaction with translation initiation factors 4G and iso4G, overview
-
-
?
RNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme is active on viral RNA, e.g. from Human immunodeficiency virus-1 and Brome mosaic virus
-
-
?
RNA + H2O
?
-
ribosomes from rat liver (eukaryotic) and Escherichia coli JM109 (prokaryotic), 37°C, 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.6 with 50 mM KCl and 5 mM MgCl2
-
-
?
RNA + H2O
?
ribosomes from rat liver (eukaryotic) and Escherichia coli JM109 (prokaryotic), 37°C, 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.6 with 50 mM KCl and 5 mM MgCl2
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
abrin plays an important role in the early development of immunology
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
believed to protect the seeds they inhabit against plant-eating organisms like phytophagous invertebrates and herbivorous animals
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
activitiy test with ribosomes isolated from Nicotiana tabacum leaves, antiviral activity tested with Nicotiana glutinosa leaves treated with enzyme and subsequently with tobacco mosaic virus
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
cleaves the N-glycosidic bond and removes adenine at A-4324 in 28 S rRNA when intact rat ribosomes are the substrate, cleaves the same N-glycosidic bond in naked 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
cannot inactivate its own autologous ribosome, RIPs are less efficient on plant than on mammalian ribosomes and on naked RNA than on intact ribosomes
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
cleaves the N-glycosidic bond and removes adenine at A-4324 in 28 S rRNA when intact rat ribosomes are the substrate, cleaves the same N-glycosidic bond in naked 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
pepocin cleaves the N-glycosidic bond at A4324 in rabbit 28S rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
cleaves the N-glycosidic bond and removes adenine at A-4324 in 28 S rRNA when intact rat ribosomes are the substrate, cleaves the same N-glycosidic bond in naked 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
inhibits mechanical transmission of plant viruses such as tobacco mosaic virus
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
a total of 20 and 40 microg of ribosome inactivating protein on 1 square cm discs of Physeolus vulgaris leaves, monitoring of weight gain (day 4 and 10), survival rate, DNA lesions, and oxidative status as catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and lipidic peroxidation in third instar butterfly larvae of Noctuidae Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
removes G4323 from rabbit reticulocyte, tobacco and yeast ribosomes
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
depurination of the sarcin-ricin loop of eukaryotic large rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
PAP causes translation arrest and is cytotoxic in targeted cells
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
pokeweed antiviral protein binds to ribosomes and depurinates a specific adenine in the highly conserved alpha-sarcin/ricin loop of the large subunit rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
a total of 20 and 40 microg of ribosome inactivating protein on 1 square cm discs of Physeolus vulgaris leaves, monitoring of weight gain (day 4 and 10), survival rate, DNA lesions, and oxidative status as catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and lipidic peroxidation in third instar butterfly larvae of Noctuidae Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
-
646314, 646894, 646895, 646920, 646923, 646924, 666379, 698877, 714904, 731351, 731676, 731786, 732952, 732953
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
with deproteinized Escherichia coli rRNA as substrate, ricin A-chain cleaves the N-glycosidic bond at A-2600 in 23S rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
cleaves the N-glycosidic bond and removes adenine at A-4324 in 28 S rRNA when intact rat ribosomes are the substrate, cleaves the same N-glycosidic bond in naked 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
believed to protect the seeds they inhabit against plant-eating organisms like phytophagous invertebrates and herbivorous animals
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
source: rat liver ribosome, surface charge properties of enzyme correlate with the presence of the transport chain within the enzyme molecule
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
cleaves the N-glycosidic bond and removes adenine at A-4324 in 28 S rRNA when intact rat ribosomes are the substrate, cleaves the same N-glycosidic bond in naked 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
cleaves the N-glycosidic bond and removes adenine at A-4324 in 28 S rRNA when intact rat ribosomes are the substrate, cleaves the same N-glycosidic bond in naked 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
PAP causes translation arrest and is cytotoxic in targeted eukaryotic cells
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
the ribotoxin depurinates a specific adenine in the highly conserved alpha-sarcin loop of the large subunit rRNA of eukaryotic ribosomes
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
source: rat liver ribosome, surface charge properties of enzyme correlate with the presence of the transport chain within the enzyme molecule
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
a total of 20 and 40 microg of ribosome inactivating protein on 1 square cm discs of Physeolus vulgaris leaves, monitoring of weight gain (day 4 and 10), survival rate, DNA lesions, and oxidative status as catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and lipidic peroxidation in third instar butterfly larvae of Noctuidae Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
removal of adenine residue from rRNA loop, caspase-dependent apoptosis induction in human histiocytic lymphoma U937 cells via mitochondiral pathway
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
a total of 20 and 40 microg of ribosome inactivating protein on 1 square cm discs of Physeolus vulgaris leaves, monitoring of weight gain (day 4 and 10), survival rate, DNA lesions, and oxidative status as catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and lipidic peroxidation in third instar butterfly larvae of Noctuidae Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
physiological role of RIPs in plants may be to defense against pathogens
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
a total of 20 and 40 microg of ribosome inactivating protein on 1 square cm discs of Physeolus vulgaris leaves, monitoring of weight gain (day 4 and 10), survival rate, DNA lesions, and oxidative status as catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and lipidic peroxidation in third instar butterfly larvae of Noctuidae Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
cleaves the N-glycosidic bond and removes adenine at A-4324 in 28 S rRNA when intact rat ribosomes are the substrate, cleaves the same N-glycosidic bond in naked 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
depurination of A-4324 of 28S rRNA, inhibition of protein synthesis in a nuclease-untreated rabbit reticulocyte lysate
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
rat ribosomes, depurination at a single adenine residue of the conserved sarcin-ricin loop of eukaryotic large rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
inhibition of translation and protein synthesis, cytotoxic
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
-
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
-
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
highly purified enzymes depurinate extensively pBR322 circular, supercoiled DNA at neutral pH and exhibit neither DNase nor DNA glycosylase activities, DNA modifications other than depurination may be attributed to contamination with nucleases, gelonin, momordin I, PAP-S, and saporin-S6 do not cleave DNA strands, the only base released is adenine, it may be concluded that polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase is the enzymatic activity on DNA of these, and possibly all, ribosome-inactivating proteins
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
-
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
highly purified enzymes depurinate extensively pBR322 circular, supercoiled DNA at neutral pH and exhibit neither DNase nor DNA glycosylase activities, DNA modifications other than depurination may be attributed to contamination with nucleases, gelonin, momordin I, PAP-S, and saporin-S6 do not cleave DNA strands, the only base released is adenine, it may be concluded that polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase is the enzymatic activity on DNA of these, and possibly all, ribosome-inactivating proteins
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
topological activity on pBlueScript SK+DNA
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
saporin-L1 depurinates DNA extensively and releases adenine from all adenine-containing polynucleotides
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
highly purified enzymes depurinate extensively pBR322 circular, supercoiled DNA at neutral pH and exhibit neither DNase nor DNA glycosylase activities, DNA modifications other than depurination may be attributed to contamination with nucleases, gelonin, momordin I, PAP-S, and saporin-S6 do not cleave DNA strands, the only base released is adenine, it may be concluded that polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase is the enzymatic activity on DNA of these, and possibly all, ribosome-inactivating proteins
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
herring sperm DNA
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
-
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
highly purified enzymes depurinate extensively pBR322 circular, supercoiled DNA at neutral pH and exhibit neither DNase nor DNA glycosylase activities, DNA modifications other than depurination may be attributed to contamination with nucleases, gelonin, momordin I, PAP-S, and saporin-S6 do not cleave DNA strands, the only base released is adenine, it may be concluded that polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase is the enzymatic activity on DNA of these, and possibly all, ribosome-inactivating proteins
-
-
?
supercoiled double-stranded DNA + H2O
nicked and linear forms of DNA
-
-
-
-
?
tobacco mosaic virus RNA + H2O
?
-
SNA-I, SNA-V, and SNLRP show anti-viral activity
-
-
?
tobacco mosaic virus RNA + H2O
?
-
SNA-I, SNA-V, and SNLRP show polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity, i.e. PAG activity, releasing adenine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the cytotoxic enzyme irreversibly inactivates eukaryotic ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Sp2/0 cells and SMMC-7721 cells, by depurinating a key adenine residue from a highly conserved GAGA loop in 28S rRNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal and/or GalNAc of the target cell surface receptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, abrin causes apoptosis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
protein inhibition assay in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system with inhibition of L-leucine incorporation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
removal of specific adenine of ribosomal RNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis by inactivation of ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Caco-2 and Vero cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, high doses of modeccin are lethal e.g. in rats, retrograde transport of modeccin when injected in the central nervous system of mice
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ribosome-inactivating proteins, RIPs, are specific RNA N-glycosidases and inhibit protein synthesis and induce cell death by removing a single adenine from a specific rRNA loop. Type 1 RIPs are single-chain enzymes with N-glycosidase activity. Type 2 RIPs contain two chains A and B linked by a disulfide bond. The A chain has RIP enzymatic activity, whereas the B chain shows lectin activity and is able to bind to glycosylated receptors on the cell surface. Stenodactylin is a type 2 RIP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal of the target cell surface receptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, high doses of volkensin are lethal e.g. in rats, retrograde transport of modeccin when injected in the central nervous system of mice
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits the target cell protein synthesis and causes apoptosis, interaction of volkensin with HeLa cells: binding to cell surface receptors, uptake by endocytosis and accumulation, intracellular localization in the Golgi apparatus and translocation via endoplamic reticulum into the cytosol, degradation and exocytosis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme induces apoptosis in transformed cells by inhibiting protein synthesis and inactivating ribosomes, the enzyme targets diverse cells, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme targets diverse cells, e.g. WI-38 cells or VA-13 cells, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
CAP30 exhibits antibacterial activity and is induced in case of infection or wounding
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
damages eukaryotic ribosomes by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond at A4324 of the 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted BA/F3beta cells, the cytotoxicity is low compared to ricin of Ricinus communis due to the low affinity of the B-chain subunit for the cell surface ligands
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
damages eukaryotic ribosomes by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond at A4324 of the 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis by inactivation of ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Caco-2 and Vero cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
also active on wheat-germ ribosomes and Escherichia coli ribosomes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase, PAGase, activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase, PAGase, activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
releases adenine from highly purified Artemia salina ribosomes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
pentameric B subunit binds to its cell surface receptor Gb3 for toxin internalization, and the A subunit follows intracellular retrograde transport to the cytosol where its RNA N-glycosidase activity shuts down the protein synthesis, and leads to cell death
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate is 28S rRNA from RAW264.7 cells. RIPs remove a specific adenine from rRNA. Development of an assay method involving reverse transcriptase, evaluation, detailed overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
inhibits protein synthesis by a rabbit-reticulocyte lysate, smaller effect on poly(U)-directed phenylalanine polymerisation by rat liver ribosomes and on protein synthesis by various cell lines
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
damages eukaryotic ribosomes by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond at A4324 of the 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows antifungal activity and inactivates fungal ribosomes, which is increased by association with glucanase and chitinase facilitating the entry of RIP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Iris sp.
-
IRAb shows strong local antiviral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus, but cannot confersystemic protection against viruses, e.g. the tobacco etch virus
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Iris sp.
-
IRIP shows strong local antiviral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus, but cannot confer systemic protection against viruses, e.g. the tobacco etch virus
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Iris sp.
-
IRAb shows strong local antiviral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Iris sp.
-
IRIP shows strong local antiviral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
MAP shows antifungal activity and inactivates fungal ribosomes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no activity with Escherichia coli ribosomes by native and recombinant enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with Escherichia coli ribosomes by native and recombinant enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate specificity, no activity with double-stranded heat-denatured DNA, the N-glycosidase activity of the ribosome-inactivating protein ME1 targets single-stranded regions of nucleic acids independent of sequence or structural motifs
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
inactivates both eukaryotic and procaryotic ribosomes by means of site-specific RNA N-glycosidase activity, inhibits mechanical transmission of plant viruses
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase, PAGase, activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
balsamin exhibits both RNA N-glycosidase activity, and DNase-like activity, converting the supercoiled form of a plasmid into the linear form in a concentration-dependent manner
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal and GalNAc of the target cell surface receptor, preferring Gal
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme inhibits the growth of the fungus Sphaerotheca fuliginea in vitro
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme inhibits the growth of the fungus Sphaerotheca fuliginea in vitro
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ribosome-inactivating proteins, RIPs, are a family of enzymes that depurinate rRNA and inhibit protein biosynthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
alpha-momorcharin has both N-glycosidase activity and DNA-nuclease activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
alpha-momorcharin has both N-glycosidase activity and DNA-nuclease activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
inhibits protein synthesis by a rabbit-reticulocyte lysate and phenylalanine polymerization by isolated ribosomes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
momorcochin-S damages rRNA in the same manner as ricin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme shows strong inhibitory activity on protein synthesis in rabbit cell-free reticulocyte lysate system with IC50 value of 0.36nM. Enzyme is cytotoxic. IC50 values of Cochinin B are 16.9, 114 and 574 nM for human cervical epithelial carcinoma cell, HEK 293 and NCI-H187 cell, respectively
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits translation of rabbit reticulocytes and wheat germ lysate, the enzyme shows anti-microbial activity, e.g. against Trichoderma reesei, Ervinia amylovora, Shigella asonei, Salmonella typhimurium, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Cytospora cankar, and Pseudomonas solancearum, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
anti-viral activity of PAP in CBA mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV strain WE54, inoculated by intracerebral injections, overview, anti-viral activity against HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with strain HIV-1 HLTVIIIB, IC50p24 is 14 nM
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PAP shows high antiviral activity against both plant and animal viruses, mechanism study, viral particles are not attacked directly, the ribosome inactivation is not essential for antiviral effectivity, PAP acts as immunotoxin, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
anti-viral activity of PAP in vitro against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV, and against HIV-1
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PAP does not show rRNA depurination activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme interacts with translation initiation factors 4G and iso4G, binding and interaction study with wild-type and mutant factors, overview, PAP binds to thr m7G cap structure
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase, PAGase, activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PAP shows RNA N-glycosidase activity towards eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes, karasurin-A only towards eukaryotic ribosomes, removal of specific adenine from alpha-sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, substrate specificity (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) determined by C-terminus residues 209-225
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte. Structure-function relationship, influence of carbohydrate moieties, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte. Structure-function relationship, influence of carbohydrate moieties, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no effect on 23S rRNA in Escherichia coli ribosomes, N-glycosidic bond is cleaved in naked 23S rRNA, also acts on naked 16S rRNA, cleaves the N-glycosidic bond of adenine at position 1014
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
damages eukaryotic ribosomes by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond at A4324 of the 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ricin biosynthesis, overview, ricin acts also on the endogenous ribosomes and is thus localized in vacuoles in seeds, the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal and GalNAc of target cell surface components, target cells are mammalian cells, the toxin enters by binding to the target cell surface followed by endocytosis and retrograde transport via the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum where the active part is set free and membrane translocated to the cytosol dependent on several factors, in the cytosol the toxin attacks the rRNA via interaction with the sarcin-ricin domain of the large ribosome, inhibiting the ribosomes, and leading to apoptosis, different mechanism of endocytosis are possible, detailed overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin or the catalytic A-chain are highly cytotoxic
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted BA/F3beta cells, the cytotoxicity is high compared to cinnamomin of Cinnamomum camphora due to the high affinity of the B-chain subunit for the cell surface ligands
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme induces cytokinins, e.g. interleukin-8, the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis by inactivation of ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Caco-2 and Vero cells, the enzyme targets the cell surface of the target cell followed by endocytosis and transport to the endoplasmic reticulum where the active part is set free and translocated to the cytosol dependent on several factors, in the cytosol the toxin attacks its target
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic and causes apoptosis, high doses of ricin are lethal e.g. in rats, ricin enters the targeted cell by endocytosis, is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi and retrograde transported to the cytosol, ricin is transported along nerves in rats, ricin A-chain shows antifungal activity and inactivates fungal ribosomes, ricin is strongly immunogenic and acts as immunotoxin, overview, ricin causes disruption of human umbilical endothelial cell DNA before activation of caspase 3
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is a cytotoxin inhibiting protein synthesis and DNA lesions repair in human cells and causing apoptosis, in addition, the enzyme causes DNA lesions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the wild-type holotoxin ricin is lethal for the target cell, e.g. Verocells, due to inactivation of ribosomes and inhibition of protein synthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
binding of RTA to the GAGA tetraloop of rRNA, interaction analysis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
reaction of catalytic ricin A-chain with RNA stem-loop structures
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
reduced ricin holotoxin shows no depurination activity with viral ribosomes from TMV, AMCV, or MS 2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin A-chain activity on stem-loop and unstructured DNA substrates, structural requirements for activity, stem and tetraloop structures are essential, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate specificity of catalytic ricin A-chain with RNA, DNA, and hybrid stem-loop structures
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme catalyzes the release of two adenine residues
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin A chain expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibits activation of unfolded protein response by preventing HAC1 mRNA splicing. The inability to activate unfolded protein response contributes to ricin cytotoxicity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin stimulates human monocyte/macrophage cell line 28SC to secrete interleukin IL-8. IL-8 induction can be blocked by brefeldin A. After ricin exposure, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase levels are elevated. Treatment of cells with p38 mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 suppresses ricin-mediated IL-8 release
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin A-chain can inactivate eukaryotic ribosomes, but exhibits no N-glycosidase activity on intact Escherichia coli ribosomes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin inhibits translation by removal of a specific adenine from 28S RNA, all seven full-length ricin family members are active
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
RTA catalyzes adenosine depurination of 28S rRNA to inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell death
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin-A-chain catalyzes the depurination of synthetic 32mer and 25mer oligoribonucleotides mimicking the sarcin/ricin domain of the Rattus norvegicus 28S rRNA and Escherichia coli 23S rRNA, comparative analysis, overview. Synthesis of synthetic 5'-FAM-fluorescence-labeled GAGA tetraloop oligoribonucleotide substrates, substrate recognition and binding, dynamics, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin toxin A-chain catalyzes the hydrolytic depurination of a single base from a GAGA tetraloop of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA to release a single adenine from the sarcin-ricin loop. It catalyzes depurination of 80S rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes and 60S yeast ribosomes by RTA, substrates are stem-loop substrate A-10 and A-14 2-dA stem-loop RNA/DNA hybrid, in general 6mer to 18mer stem-loop DNA and RNA 28S SRL mimic oligonucleotides. Development of a high-sensitive quantitative adenine detection method for enzyme activity measurement through coupling of RIP activity with adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, EC 2.4.2.7, and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, EC 2.7.9.1, in a colimetric assay, discontinous and continouos formats, optimization, overview. Deoxyadenosine at the depurination site, GdAGA, of RNA stem-loop oligonucleotides increases the catalytic efficiency by RTA a factor of about 4
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
RTA catalyzes adenosine depurination of 28S rRNA to inhibit protein synthesis, substrate binding structure, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate is 28S rRNA from RAW264.7 cells. RIPs remove a specific adenine from rRNA. Development of an assay method involving reverse transcriptase,evaluation, detailed overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the flexibility of the alpha-helix is responsible for controlling the depurination activity of ricin and determining the extent of protein synthesis inhibition
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal N-acetylneuramic acid of the target cell surface receptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase, PAGase, activity
-
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?
additional information
?
-
-
isozyme SNAV, i.e. nigrin b, binds specifically to terminal GalNAc or to a lesser extent to Gal, while isozymes SNAI and SNAIf bind preferably to terminal N-acetylneuramic acid of the target cell surface receptor
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?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits the target cell protein synthesis and causes apoptosis, interaction of nigrin b with HeLa cells: binding to cell surface receptors, uptake by endocytosis and accumulation, intracellular localization in the Golgi apparatus and translocation via endoplamic reticulum into the cytosol, degradation and exocytosis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the Sambucus nigra agglutinins, including isozyme nigrin B, are non-cytotoxic type 2 RIPs, eventhough they shows high cell entry and enzyme activity rates, due to rapid degradation and excretion from the targeted cells, nigrin b causes gut derangement in mice at high doses
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?
additional information
?
-
-
the elderberry type-2 ribosome-inactivating proteins SNA-I, SNA-V, and SNLRP are devoid of all rRNA N-glycosylase activity towards plant ribosomes, SNLRP possesses no sugar binding activity in contrast to SNA-I and SNA-V
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
doses of more than 100 microg/ml SNA-I fed to pea aphids are toxic: LC50 = 374 microg/ml, doses of 100 and 50 microg/ml SNA-I reduce fecundity of pea aphids by about 70% and 43%, respectively, reduced survival and fecundity of adult tobacco aphids feeding on transgenic single SNA-I mutant tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun NN), not on double mutants that have no effect comparable to control plants that do not express SNA-I
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
inhibits protein synthesis by a rabbit-reticulocyte lysate, smaller effect on poly(U)-directed phenylalanine polymerisation by rat liver ribosomes and on protein synthesis by various cell lines
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
damages eukaryotic ribosomes by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond at A4324 of the 28 S rRNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
acts on tRNA and tobacco mosaic virus RNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity towards various adenine-conating non-polynucleotide compounds like cytokinins, cofactors or nucleotides, releases adenine from hsDNA, hdpDNA, tRNA Phe-specific from Saccharomyces cervisiae, globin (alpha + beta) mRNA from rabbit reticulocyte, genomic RNA from bacteriophage MS 2, rRNA 16S and 23S from Escherichia coli, poly(A)- RNA from Bryonica dioica, genomic RNA from tobacco mosaic virus and artichoke mottled crinkle virus
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
all saporins are very active on cell-free translation systems derived from rabbit reticulocyte lysates, rat liver, Triticum aestivum, Cucumis sativus and Vicia sativa, but poor inhibitors of Escherichia coli translations systems , they inhibit protein synthesis in HeLa, BeWo and NB100 cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
saporin-S6 shows antifungal activity and inactivates fungal ribosomes, saporin can cause apoptosis and acts as immunotoxin, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the conjugate of the drug Rituximab with saporin-S6 completely inhibits clonogenic growth of CD20-expressing Raji cells, by inhibiting of protein synthesis, and produces a synergistic toxic effect with the drug Fludarabine, the enzyme is cytotoxic and immunotoxic, and causes e.g. apoptosis in cells of patiets treated with B-cell non-Hodgekin's lymphoma therapy, NHL
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?
additional information
?
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isozyme saporin irreversibly damages eukaryotic ribosomes
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme shows polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase, PAGase, activity and catalyzes the fragmentation of genomic DNA from human lymphoma cells, saporin-S6 shows no depurination activity with viral ribosomes from TMV, AMCV, or MS 2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
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depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
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depurination of the ribosomal sarcin-ricin tetraloop, GAGA, causing inhibition of protein synthesis and cellular death. Saporin-L1 shows robust activity against defined nucleic acid substrates and mammalian ribosomes, saporin-S6 shows low activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
SAP catalyzes adenosine depurination of 28S rRNA to inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell death
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of the ribosomal sarcin-ricin tetraloop, GAGA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
SAP catalyzes adenosine depurination of 28S rRNA to inhibit protein synthesis, substrate binding structure, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme induces cytokinins, e.g. interleukin-8, the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis by inactivation of ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Caco-2 and Vero cells, the enzyme targets the cell surface of the target cell followed by endocytosis and transport to the endoplasmic reticulum where the active part is set free and translocated to the cytosol dependent on several factors, in the cytosol the toxin attacks its target
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, Shiga toxin causes disruption of human umbilical endothelial cell DNA before activation of caspase 3
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is a cytotoxin inhibiting protein synthesis and DNA lesions repair in human cells and causing apoptosis, in addition, the enzyme causes DNA lesions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme displays N-glycosidase activity causing specific rRNA depurination. It has antifungal and cytotoxic effects and inhibits cell growth, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme displays N-glycosidase activity causing specific rRNA depurination. Purified RIPsc protein displays strong protein translation inhibitory activity
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?
additional information
?
-
-
the recombinant gelonin fusion protein inhibits protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
trichosanthin is immunogenic and leads to IgE production in humans, Trichosanthes kirilowii root tubers containing trichosanthin causes abortion, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase, PAGase, activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, enzyme inhibits protein synthesis with an IC50 of about 5 nM. Enzyme is cytotoxic to leukemia U937 and choriocarcinoma JAR cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
depurination of specific adenine at sarcin-ricin loop of 28S rRNA, preventing the binding of elongation factors to the GTPase activation centre of the ribosome
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
karasurin-A shows RNA N-glycosidase activity only towards eukaryotic ribosomes while pokeweed antiviral protein is active towards eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes, removal of specific adenine from alpha-sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, substrate specificity (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) determined by C-terminus residues 209-225
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Trichosanthrip acts on 28S rRNA, and inhibits protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme can depurinate hybrid ribosomes carrying P1-P2 heterodimer but not Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomes or 50 S coreribosomes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase, PAGase, activity
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal and GalNAc of the target cell surface receptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, viscumin causes apoptosis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ML-I is a sialic acid-specific lectin with strict preference to gangliosides and glycoproteins with terminal Neu5Ac alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc residues, e.g. on human granulocytes or erythrocytes, structural features, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in vitro synthesis of luciferase in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system is inhibited by enzyme A chain protein. Enzyme A chain as well as native enzyme inhibits the growth of MCF7/caspases-3 (+) cells. Key catalytic residues are Tyr76, Tyr115, Glu165, and Arg168
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bi- and triantennary complex N-glycan structures and cancer-related, custered single O-linked GalNAc-glycostructures are specifically bound by riproximin. Riproximin is specific for asialo-glycostructures
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-
?
additional information
?
-
the isozyme RIP1 has defense-related function in maize plants
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?
additional information
?
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the isozyme RIP1 has defense-related function in maize plants
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?
additional information
?
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the isozyme RIP1 has defense-related function in maize plants
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?
additional information
?
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the isozyme RIP1 has defense-related function in maize plants
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?
additional information
?
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the isozyme RIP2 has defense-related function in maize plants
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-
?
additional information
?
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the isozyme RIP2 has defense-related function in maize plants
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?
additional information
?
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isozyme RIP1 shows relatively low cytotoxic activity and ressembles type I RIPs concerning its substrate specificity
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-
?
additional information
?
-
isozyme RIP1 shows relatively low cytotoxic activity and ressembles type I RIPs concerning its substrate specificity
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isozyme RIP2 shows relatively low cytotoxic activity and ressembles type I RIPs concerning its substrate specificity
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-
?
additional information
?
-
isozyme RIP2 shows relatively low cytotoxic activity and ressembles type I RIPs concerning its substrate specificity
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
ribosome-inactivating proteins, RIPs, are N-glycosidases that depurinate a specific adenine residue in the conserved sarcin/ricin loop of ribosomal RNA
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?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
adenosine in rRNA + H2O
deadenylated rRNA + adenine
-
rRNA is depurinated thus producing inactive ribosomes and inhibition protein synthesis probably due to the lack of the interaction between depurinated ribosomes and elongation factor 2
-
-
?
brome mosaic virus RNA + H2O
?
-
depurination of the viral RNA, anti-viral activity of PAP by inhibition of accumulation of viral RNA and viral proliferation in barley protoplasts, overview
-
-
?
RNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme is active on viral RNA, e.g. from Human immunodeficiency virus-1 and Brome mosaic virus, RNA accession mechanism via interaction with translation initiation factors 4G and iso4G, overview
-
-
?
tobacco mosaic virus RNA + H2O
?
-
SNA-I, SNA-V, and SNLRP show anti-viral activity
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
28S rRNA fragment + ?
-
depurination at A4324, removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
28S rRNA fragment + ?
depurination or 28S rRNA, removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
inactivation of protein translation in targeted cells, e.g. bacterial cells, where the toxin is transported into the cytosol
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
?
-
saporin is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein with N-glycosidase activity. It removes adenine residues from the 28S ribosomal RNA resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
apurinic 28S rRNA + adenine
-
depurination of a specific adenine in 28S rRNA
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
apurinic 28S rRNA + adenine
-
depurination of a specific adenine in 28S rRNA
-
-
?
28S rRNA + H2O
apurinic 28S rRNA + adenine
-
depurination of a specific adenine in 28S rRNA
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
-
the enzyme highly inhibits protein synthesis by ribosome inactivation via depurination of rRNA at a specific site
-
-
?
large rRNA + H2O
?
inhibition of translation and protein synthesis, cytotoxic
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
abrin plays an important role in the early development of immunology
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
believed to protect the seeds they inhabit against plant-eating organisms like phytophagous invertebrates and herbivorous animals
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
cannot inactivate its own autologous ribosome, RIPs are less efficient on plant than on mammalian ribosomes and on naked RNA than on intact ribosomes
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
inhibits mechanical transmission of plant viruses such as tobacco mosaic virus
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
depurination of the sarcin-ricin loop of eukaryotic large rRNA
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
PAP causes translation arrest and is cytotoxic in targeted cells
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
believed to protect the seeds they inhabit against plant-eating organisms like phytophagous invertebrates and herbivorous animals
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
PAP causes translation arrest and is cytotoxic in targeted eukaryotic cells
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
-
physiological role of RIPs in plants may be to defense against pathogens
-
-
?
rRNA + H2O
?
inhibition of translation and protein synthesis, cytotoxic
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the cytotoxic enzyme irreversibly inactivates eukaryotic ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Sp2/0 cells and SMMC-7721 cells, by depurinating a key adenine residue from a highly conserved GAGA loop in 28S rRNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal and/or GalNAc of the target cell surface receptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, abrin causes apoptosis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
removal of specific adenine of ribosomal RNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis by inactivation of ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Caco-2 and Vero cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, high doses of modeccin are lethal e.g. in rats, retrograde transport of modeccin when injected in the central nervous system of mice
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ribosome-inactivating proteins, RIPs, are specific RNA N-glycosidases and inhibit protein synthesis and induce cell death by removing a single adenine from a specific rRNA loop. Type 1 RIPs are single-chain enzymes with N-glycosidase activity. Type 2 RIPs contain two chains A and B linked by a disulfide bond. The A chain has RIP enzymatic activity, whereas the B chain shows lectin activity and is able to bind to glycosylated receptors on the cell surface. Stenodactylin is a type 2 RIP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal of the target cell surface receptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, high doses of volkensin are lethal e.g. in rats, retrograde transport of modeccin when injected in the central nervous system of mice
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits the target cell protein synthesis and causes apoptosis, interaction of volkensin with HeLa cells: binding to cell surface receptors, uptake by endocytosis and accumulation, intracellular localization in the Golgi apparatus and translocation via endoplamic reticulum into the cytosol, degradation and exocytosis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme induces apoptosis in transformed cells by inhibiting protein synthesis and inactivating ribosomes, the enzyme targets diverse cells, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
CAP30 exhibits antibacterial activity and is induced in case of infection or wounding
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted BA/F3beta cells, the cytotoxicity is low compared to ricin of Ricinus communis due to the low affinity of the B-chain subunit for the cell surface ligands
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis by inactivation of ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Caco-2 and Vero cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
pentameric B subunit binds to its cell surface receptor Gb3 for toxin internalization, and the A subunit follows intracellular retrograde transport to the cytosol where its RNA N-glycosidase activity shuts down the protein synthesis, and leads to cell death
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows antifungal activity and inactivates fungal ribosomes, which is increased by association with glucanase and chitinase facilitating the entry of RIP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Iris sp.
-
IRAb shows strong local antiviral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus, but cannot confersystemic protection against viruses, e.g. the tobacco etch virus
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Iris sp.
-
IRIP shows strong local antiviral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus, but cannot confer systemic protection against viruses, e.g. the tobacco etch virus
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
MAP shows antifungal activity and inactivates fungal ribosomes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal and GalNAc of the target cell surface receptor, preferring Gal
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme inhibits the growth of the fungus Sphaerotheca fuliginea in vitro
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme inhibits the growth of the fungus Sphaerotheca fuliginea in vitro
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ribosome-inactivating proteins, RIPs, are a family of enzymes that depurinate rRNA and inhibit protein biosynthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme shows strong inhibitory activity on protein synthesis in rabbit cell-free reticulocyte lysate system with IC50 value of 0.36nM. Enzyme is cytotoxic. IC50 values of Cochinin B are 16.9, 114 and 574 nM for human cervical epithelial carcinoma cell, HEK 293 and NCI-H187 cell, respectively
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits translation of rabbit reticulocytes and wheat germ lysate, the enzyme shows anti-microbial activity, e.g. against Trichoderma reesei, Ervinia amylovora, Shigella asonei, Salmonella typhimurium, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Cytospora cankar, and Pseudomonas solancearum, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
anti-viral activity of PAP in CBA mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV strain WE54, inoculated by intracerebral injections, overview, anti-viral activity against HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with strain HIV-1 HLTVIIIB, IC50p24 is 14 nM
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PAP shows high antiviral activity against both plant and animal viruses, mechanism study, viral particles are not attacked directly, the ribosome inactivation is not essential for antiviral effectivity, PAP acts as immunotoxin, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PAP shows RNA N-glycosidase activity towards eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes, karasurin-A only towards eukaryotic ribosomes, removal of specific adenine from alpha-sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, substrate specificity (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) determined by C-terminus residues 209-225
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
removal of adenine from rRNA, inactivating ribosomal function in translation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ricin biosynthesis, overview, ricin acts also on the endogenous ribosomes and is thus localized in vacuoles in seeds, the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal and GalNAc of target cell surface components, target cells are mammalian cells, the toxin enters by binding to the target cell surface followed by endocytosis and retrograde transport via the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum where the active part is set free and membrane translocated to the cytosol dependent on several factors, in the cytosol the toxin attacks the rRNA via interaction with the sarcin-ricin domain of the large ribosome, inhibiting the ribosomes, and leading to apoptosis, different mechanism of endocytosis are possible, detailed overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin or the catalytic A-chain are highly cytotoxic
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted BA/F3beta cells, the cytotoxicity is high compared to cinnamomin of Cinnamomum camphora due to the high affinity of the B-chain subunit for the cell surface ligands
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme induces cytokinins, e.g. interleukin-8, the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis by inactivation of ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Caco-2 and Vero cells, the enzyme targets the cell surface of the target cell followed by endocytosis and transport to the endoplasmic reticulum where the active part is set free and translocated to the cytosol dependent on several factors, in the cytosol the toxin attacks its target
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic and causes apoptosis, high doses of ricin are lethal e.g. in rats, ricin enters the targeted cell by endocytosis, is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi and retrograde transported to the cytosol, ricin is transported along nerves in rats, ricin A-chain shows antifungal activity and inactivates fungal ribosomes, ricin is strongly immunogenic and acts as immunotoxin, overview, ricin causes disruption of human umbilical endothelial cell DNA before activation of caspase 3
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is a cytotoxin inhibiting protein synthesis and DNA lesions repair in human cells and causing apoptosis, in addition, the enzyme causes DNA lesions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the wild-type holotoxin ricin is lethal for the target cell, e.g. Verocells, due to inactivation of ribosomes and inhibition of protein synthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin A-chain can inactivate eukaryotic ribosomes, but exhibits no N-glycosidase activity on intact Escherichia coli ribosomes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ricin inhibits translation by removal of a specific adenine from 28S RNA, all seven full-length ricin family members are active
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
RTA catalyzes adenosine depurination of 28S rRNA to inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell death
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal N-acetylneuramic acid of the target cell surface receptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isozyme SNAV, i.e. nigrin b, binds specifically to terminal GalNAc or to a lesser extent to Gal, while isozymes SNAI and SNAIf bind preferably to terminal N-acetylneuramic acid of the target cell surface receptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits the target cell protein synthesis and causes apoptosis, interaction of nigrin b with HeLa cells: binding to cell surface receptors, uptake by endocytosis and accumulation, intracellular localization in the Golgi apparatus and translocation via endoplamic reticulum into the cytosol, degradation and exocytosis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the Sambucus nigra agglutinins, including isozyme nigrin B, are non-cytotoxic type 2 RIPs, eventhough they shows high cell entry and enzyme activity rates, due to rapid degradation and excretion from the targeted cells, nigrin b causes gut derangement in mice at high doses
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
doses of more than 100 microg/ml SNA-I fed to pea aphids are toxic: LC50 = 374 microg/ml, doses of 100 and 50 microg/ml SNA-I reduce fecundity of pea aphids by about 70% and 43%, respectively, reduced survival and fecundity of adult tobacco aphids feeding on transgenic single SNA-I mutant tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun NN), not on double mutants that have no effect comparable to control plants that do not express SNA-I
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
saporin-S6 shows antifungal activity and inactivates fungal ribosomes, saporin can cause apoptosis and acts as immunotoxin, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the conjugate of the drug Rituximab with saporin-S6 completely inhibits clonogenic growth of CD20-expressing Raji cells, by inhibiting of protein synthesis, and produces a synergistic toxic effect with the drug Fludarabine, the enzyme is cytotoxic and immunotoxic, and causes e.g. apoptosis in cells of patiets treated with B-cell non-Hodgekin's lymphoma therapy, NHL
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of the ribosomal sarcin-ricin tetraloop, GAGA, causing inhibition of protein synthesis and cellular death. Saporin-L1 shows robust activity against defined nucleic acid substrates and mammalian ribosomes, saporin-S6 shows low activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
SAP catalyzes adenosine depurination of 28S rRNA to inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell death
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme induces cytokinins, e.g. interleukin-8, the cytotoxic enzyme inhibits protein synthesis by inactivation of ribosomes in target cells, e.g. Caco-2 and Vero cells, the enzyme targets the cell surface of the target cell followed by endocytosis and transport to the endoplasmic reticulum where the active part is set free and translocated to the cytosol dependent on several factors, in the cytosol the toxin attacks its target
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, Shiga toxin causes disruption of human umbilical endothelial cell DNA before activation of caspase 3
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is a cytotoxin inhibiting protein synthesis and DNA lesions repair in human cells and causing apoptosis, in addition, the enzyme causes DNA lesions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme displays N-glycosidase activity causing specific rRNA depurination. It has antifungal and cytotoxic effects and inhibits cell growth, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
depurination of rRNA, N-glycosidase activity, oxidative and genotoxic action on butterfly third instar larvae Anticarsia gemmatalis (soybean caterpillar) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
trichosanthin is immunogenic and leads to IgE production in humans, Trichosanthes kirilowii root tubers containing trichosanthin causes abortion, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
depurination of specific adenine at sarcin-ricin loop of 28S rRNA, preventing the binding of elongation factors to the GTPase activation centre of the ribosome
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
karasurin-A shows RNA N-glycosidase activity only towards eukaryotic ribosomes while pokeweed antiviral protein is active towards eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes, removal of specific adenine from alpha-sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, substrate specificity (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) determined by C-terminus residues 209-225
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds specifically to terminal Gal and GalNAc of the target cell surface receptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme inhibits protein synthesis of the targeted cells and is highly cytotoxic, viscumin causes apoptosis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the isozyme RIP1 has defense-related function in maize plants
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the isozyme RIP1 has defense-related function in maize plants
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the isozyme RIP1 has defense-related function in maize plants
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the isozyme RIP1 has defense-related function in maize plants
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the isozyme RIP2 has defense-related function in maize plants
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the isozyme RIP2 has defense-related function in maize plants
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
3'-immature tRNATrp
-
beef and rabbit liver tRNA Trp increases inactivation of eukaryotic ribosomes by gelonin in vitro, no reaction with yeast tRNA Trp
-
3'-immature tRNATrp
-
gelonin-complemeting tRNA, inactivation of ribosomes by gelonin requires macromolecular cofactors present in post-ribosomal supernatants
-
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Mg2+
additional information
Mg2+
-
activity of 1 of 7 isoforms of saporin is dependent on magnesium concentration
additional information
the enzyme requires divalent metal ions for activity
additional information
-
the enzyme requires divalent metal ions for activity
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
((5-(2-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-5-pyrimidinyl)pentanoyl)amino)acetic acid
-
(E)-3-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-enamide
CID 16271106, a group III compound, dose-dependent inhibition of ricin activity, mildly or moderately cytotoxic
2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-a-phenyl-pyrimidinepentanoic acid
PPA
2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-pteridine 7-carbohydrazide
-
35% inhibition at 0.5 mM
2-methylsulfonyl-1-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)benzimidazole
CID 18576762, a group III compound, dose-dependent inhibition of ricin activity, mildly or moderately cytotoxic
4-(3-(2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl)propyl)-benzoic acid
PBA
4-bromo-2-[6-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-3H-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-5-yl]phenol
-
-
7-bromo-5-phenyl-4-propanoyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
-
-
8-vinyl-2'-deoxyadenosine containing 10-mer stem-tetraloop RNA
i.e. 8VdA-10, active site analogue, no substrate. Role of residue R180 in oxacarbenium ion destabilization, adenine is released from a second site within the molecule
beta-methyl galactoside
-
50% inhibition of ricin binding to immobilized asialofetuin in ELIZA-type assay at 1.78 mM, 50% inhibition in ricin cytotoxicity at 6.7 mM
beta-methyl lactoside
-
50% inhibition of ricin binding to immobilized asialofetuin in ELIZA-type assay at 0.55 mM, 50% inhibition in ricin cytotoxicity at 4.0 mM
D-galactose
-
50% inhibition of ricin binding to immobilized asialofetuin in ELIZA-type assay at 1.39 mM, 50% inhibition in ricin cytotoxicity at 65 mM
galactose
-
and derivatives, inhibits the incorporation of the enzyme into target cells via its cell surface receptor, and inhibits the inhibition of protein synthesis through the enzyme, minimum inhibition concentration is 3.3 mM
grape pomace extract
-
i.e. grape skin extract, dilutions of 0.5 mg/ml extract, 200fold greater EC50 (50% effective concentration)
-
grape seed extract
-
dilutions of 0.5 mg/ml extract, 6700fold greater EC50(50% effective concentration)
-
KEESEESDDDMGFGLFD
-
peptide corresponding to the C-terminal 17 amino acids of human ribosomal proteins P1 and P2, inhibits the ribosome-inactivating function of A1 chain of shiga-like toxin 1
methyl 2-[(5E)-5-[[5-(azepan-1-yl)furan-2-yl]methylidene]-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]propanoate
milk
competitively inhibits the biological activity of 1 ng/ml ricin. Milk does not inhibit ricin at concentrations of 10 or 100 ng/ml
-
N-cyclohexyl-N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)acetamide
CID 7531223
Na+
-
reaction with poly(A) and hdpDNA only at low ionic strength, no activity at 0.45 M NaCl
puromycin
-
prior incubation of ribosomes with puromycin inhibits both the binding and depurination by the enzyme
scFvC5
single chain fragment variable antibody, blocks interaction between trichosanthin K173, R174, and K177 residues and ribosomal P proteins protecting ribosomes from inactivation
-
4,6-bis(propan-2-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbonitrile
CID 644401, a group III compound, dose-dependent inhibition of ricin activity, mildly or moderately cytotoxic
9-deazaadenine-9-methylene-N-hydroxypyrrolidine
transition state analogue inhibitors contraining 9-deazaadenine-9-methylene-N-hydroxypyrrolidine. The tight-binding inhibitors mimic the sarcin-ricin recognition loop of 28S rRNA and the dissociative ribocation transition state established for RTA catalysis. RTA has a unique purine-binding geometry with quadruple pi-stacking interactions between adjacent adenine and guanine bases and 2 conserved tyrosines. An arginine at one end of the pi-stack provides cationic polarization and enhanced leaving group ability to the susceptible adenine. Inhibition mechanism, overview
9-deazaadenine-9-methylene-N-hydroxypyrrolidine
-
transition state analogue mimics of small oligonucleotide substrates of saporin-L1, e.g. A10 or A14 RNA or cyclic oxime GAGA, are powerful, slow-onset and tight-binding inhibitors when adenosine is replaced with the transition state mimic 9-deazaadenine-9-methylene-N-hydroxypyrrolidine. The inhibitors bind up to 40000fold tighter than RNA substrates and prevent saporin-L1 inhibition of rabbit reticulocyte translation. Saporin-S6 is resistant to inhibition by the compounds, overview
9-deazaadenine-9-methylene-N-hydroxypyrrolidine
transition state analogue inhibitors containing 9-deazaadenine-9-methylene-N-hydroxypyrrolidine. The tight-binding inhibitors mimic the sarcin-ricin recognition loop of 28S rRNA and the dissociative ribocation transition state. SAP has a unique purine-binding geometry with quadruple pi-stacking interactions between adjacent adenine and guanine bases and 2 conserved tyrosines. An arginine at one end of the pi-stack provides cationic polarization and enhanced leaving group ability to the susceptible adenine. Inhibition mechanism, overview
brefeldin A
-
inhibits interleukin-8 induction by the enzymethrough inhibition of the toxin transport from Golgi to the cytosol, overview
brefeldin A
-
inhibits interleukin-8 induction by the enzyme through inhibition of the toxin transport from Golgi to the cytosol, overview
lactose
-
50% inhibition of ricin binding to immobilized asialofetuin in ELIZA-type assay at 0.74 mM, 50% inhibition in ricin cytotoxicity at 9.6 mM
methyl 2-[(5E)-5-[[5-(azepan-1-yl)furan-2-yl]methylidene]-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]propanoate
CID 5737931, a group III compound, dose-dependent inhibition of ricin activity, mildly or moderately cytotoxic
methyl 2-[(5E)-5-[[5-(azepan-1-yl)furan-2-yl]methylidene]-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]propanoate
-
-
additional information
-
7-[3-fluoro-4-aminophenyl-(4-(2-pyridin-2-yl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-]pyrazol-3-yl))]-quinoline, i.e. DHP-2, a zipper sterile-alpha-motif kinase-specific inhibitor, blocks the SAP kinase activation induced by ricin or Shiga toxin, but is not inhibitory to the toxins
-
additional information
-
red wine concentrate (dilutions of 1 mg/ml) and caffeic acid (dilutions of 0.5 mg/ml) without inhibitory function in the assay
-
additional information
-
ability of 19 Stx2 A subunit-specific human monoclonal antibodies to neutralize the RNA N-glycosidase activity, and the correlation of this neutralizing activity with protection of HeLa cells and mice against Stx2-induced death, overview
-
additional information
-
the inhibition of Shiga toxin 2 by apple juice is reversible
-
additional information
-
competitive inhibition of ricin A-chain with pyrrolidine mimics of the oxacarbenium ion transition state
-
additional information
-
no inhibition of cell toxicity by Gb4- and Gb3-liposomes, and sucrose
-
additional information
-
construction of a recombinant human antibody rVHPT specifically recognizing the ricin A chain CDR3 loop using computer-aided rational design, three-dimensional binding structure with ricin A chain, molecular modeling, the antibody competitively inhibits ricin A chain activity and cytotoxicity, overview
-
additional information
-
construction of a chimeric antibody using variable region genes of anti-ricin monoclonal antibody 4C13 which can neutralize the toxicitiy of ricin, and human constant region genes. The chimeric antibody blocks ricin-induced cytotoxicity to SP2/0 cells
-
additional information
-
7-[3-fluoro-4-aminophenyl-(4-(2-pyridin-2-yl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-]pyrazol-3-yl))]-quinoline, i.e. DHP-2, a zipper sterile-alpha-motif kinase-specific inhibitor, blocks the SAP kinase activation induced by ricin or Shiga toxin, but is not inhibitory to the toxins
-
additional information
-
coupling of galactose to the surface of dendrimers does not result in synergistic interactions
-
additional information
-
depurination shows strong salt sensitivity, mechanism of electrostatically facilitatetd ribosome targeting
-
additional information
group I small-molecule compounds demonstrate relatively low ricin inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity, group II small-molecules consists of compounds that show relatively high ricin inhibitory activity at low concentrations, but high cytotoxicity
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by 7-carbamoylpterin, N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-7-carbamoylpterin, and 7-(p-methoxybenzoyl)pterin
-
additional information
-
depurination shows strong salt sensitivity, mechanism of electrostatically facilitatetd ribosome targeting
-
additional information
-
no inhibition of cell toxicity by Gb4-liposomes, lactose, and sucrose
-
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
saponins
-
e.g. from Saponinum album and Gypsophila paniculata, enhance saporin's cytotoxicity against ECV-304 cells, overview
-
additional information
-
expression analysis after infection with tobacco mosaic virus or wounding, the enzyme is induced
-
additional information
-
inflammatory mediators such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and polymorphonuclear neutrophils contribute to hemolytic-uremic syndrome pathophysiology by potentiating Stx effects in human astrocytes. Inhibition of NF-kappaB or blockade of TNF-alpha activity abrogates effects mediated by Stx1 in lipopolysaccharide-sensitized astrocytes
-
additional information
comparison of binding properties of ricin B chain toward different mono- and disaccharide ligands, calculation of free energies of binding and analysis of epimeric specificity of the protein
-
additional information
-
depurination shows strong salt sensitivity, mechanism of electrostatically facilitatetd ribosome targeting
-
additional information
study on binding of a biantennary oligosaccharide to ricin B chain. Ricin binds the oligosaccharide strongly through both its first and second binding sites, binding is enthalpically favourable and compensating for the unfavourable entropic contribution
-
additional information
-
depurination shows strong salt sensitivity, mechanism of electrostatically facilitatetd ribosome targeting
-
additional information
expression of gene RIP3:2 is up-regulated by drought
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.00096
rRNA
-
pH 7.4, 28°C, Artemia salina ribosomes, A subunit treated with urea and dithiothreitol
0.00098
rRNA
-
pH 7.4, 28°C, Artemia salina ribosomes, holotoxin treated with trypsin, urea and dithiothreitol
0.00137
rRNA
-
pH 7.4, 28°C, Artemia salina ribosomes, A subunit treated with trypsin, urea and dithiothreitol
additional information
additional information
-
kinetics of ricin A-chain with stem-loop and unstructured DNA substrates, overview
-
additional information
additional information
-
kinetics with RNA, DNA, and hybrid stem-loop substrates, overview
-
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
10.7
rRNA
-
pH 7.4, 28°C, Artemia salina ribosomes, A subunit treated with trypsin, urea and dithiothreitol
11.6
rRNA
-
pH 7.4, 28°C, Artemia salina ribosomes, A subunit treated with urea and dithiothreitol
12.8
rRNA
-
pH 7.4, 28°C, Artemia salina ribosomes, holotoxin treated with trypsin, urea and dithiothreitol
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kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
additional information
-
catalysis of 80S ribosome by RTA approaches the diffusion rate limit for enzymatic reactions
-
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Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0024
8-vinyl-2'-deoxyadenosine containing 10-mer stem-tetraloop RNA
37°C, pH 4.0
0.0013
cyclic dG-(N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribosyl)-dGd-N-benzyl-aza-deoxyribose
-
37°C, pH 4.0
additional information
additional information
-
thermodynamics and kinetics of catayltic subunit inhibition with pyrrolidine mimics of the oxacarbenium ion transition state
-
additional information
additional information
-
0.0000023-0.0000087, GAGA stem-loop oligonucleotide inhibitors containing DADMeA, saporin-L1, pH 7.7, 20°C
-
additional information
additional information
-
inhibition kinetics, sopain-L1, overview
-
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IC50 VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2
((5-(2-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-5-pyrimidinyl)pentanoyl)amino)acetic acid
Ricinus communis
-
0.27
4-(3-(2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl)propyl)-benzoic acid
Ricinus communis
30°C
0.2
N-(2-(phenylamino) ethyl)-7-carbamoylpterin
Ricinus communis
-
in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C
0.6
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-7-carbamoylpterin
Ricinus communis
-
in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C
0.4
N-(furanylmethyl)-7-carbamoylpterin
Ricinus communis
-
in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C
0.5
N-(methylamino pyridinyl)-7-carbamoylpterin
Ricinus communis
-
in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C
0.25
N-cyclohexyl-N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)acetamide
Ricinus communis
-
1.6
N-methyl-7-carbamoylpterin
Ricinus communis
-
in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, at 25°C
additional information
2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinepentanoic acid
Ricinus communis
> 3 mM
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
0.000011
-
purified recombinant SNA-V, substrate tobacco mosaic virus RNA, polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity
0.000014
-
purified recombinant SNLRP, substrate tobacco mosaic virus RNA, polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity
additional information
additional information
50% inhibition of L-leucine incorporation in a protein inhibition assay in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system
additional information
-
specific activity 285714000 U/mg, 1 unit is the amount of protein (nanogram/milliliter) inhibiting protein synthesis by 50%
additional information
84% inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus on Nicotiana glutinosa leaves, determined by comparing lesions on BBAP1 treated with untreated leaves as control
additional information
-
84% inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus on Nicotiana glutinosa leaves, determined by comparing lesions on BBAP1 treated with untreated leaves as control
additional information
-
specific activity 257.8 units for cinnamomin, 213.2 units for camphorin, 1 unit is the amount of protein necessary for inhibiting protein synthesis by 50% in 0.1 ml rabbit-reticulocyte lysate
additional information
-
specific activity 0.0215 units/mg, 1 unit is the amount of protein necessary to inhibit protein synthesis by 50% in 0.1 ml
additional information
-
specific activity 2500000 U/mg, 1 unit is the amount of enzyme causing 50% inhibition in 1 ml
additional information
-
about 90% retained protein synthesis activity in assay cells and about 70% fluorescence by 0.001 ng/ml Stx2, about 50% activity and fluorescence by 0.1 ng/ml Stx2, about 30% activity and fluorescence by 100 ng/ml Stx2, Shiga toxin type 1 and 2 producing cell culture of strain RM1697 has similar dose-response curve as Stx2
additional information
-
specific activity 17941000 units/mg, 1 unit is the amount that will cause 50% depurination in 0.05 ml
additional information
-
specific activity 401600 U/mg, I U is the amount of enzyme causing 50% inhibition in 1 ml of rabbit-reticulocyte lysate
additional information
-
marmorin inhibits proliferation of hepatoma Hep G2 cells (IC50 = 0.00015 mM), breast cancer MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 0.005 mM), HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity (IC50 = 0.03 mM), and translation in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (IC50 = 0.0000007 mM), no inhibitory action on embryonic liver WRL-68 cells, no antifungal, mitogenic/antimitogenic, protease, protease inhibitory, RNase, and nitric oxide-inducing activities
additional information
Iris sp.
-
tobacco mosaic virus infection inhibition rates in transgenic plants expressing IRAb, overview
additional information
-
momordin: increase in cells that show DNA damage in both species, reduced weight in Anticarsia gemmatalis at day 10 with 40 microg, in Spodoptera frugiperda superoxide dismutase inhibition to 20% with 40 microg
additional information
-
0.2857 units/mg, one unit is the amount of protein necessary to inhibit protein synthesis by 50% in 1 ml rabbit reticulocyte lysate
additional information
-
adenine releasing activity with substrates hering sperm DNA, rRNA, and tRNA, depurination activity with ribosome substrate from Artemia sp. and rat
additional information
-
PAP-S: increase in cells that show DNA damage in both species, reduced weight gain of Spodoptera frugiperda (not Anticarsia gemmatalis) on day 4 with 40 microg, increased weight gain with 20 microg in Spodoptera frugiperda, not significant increase in weight gain in Anticarsia gemmatalis fed with 40 microg, reduced weight in Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda at day 10 with 40 microg, 57.1% mortality in Anticarsia gemmatalis, in Anticarsia gemmatalis 30-40% reduced level of lipid peroxidation with 40 microg, in Spodoptera frugiperda superoxide dismutase inhibition to 20% and catalase activity increase with 40 microg
additional information
-
specific activity 10000 U/mg, 1 unit is the concentration of protein in mg/ml inhibiting protein synthesis by 50%
additional information
-
protein synthesis inhibition and cytotoxicity of wild-type and mutant ricin A chains, overview
additional information
80% inhibition of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte luciferase control RNA assay with 0.2 nM RTA
additional information
-
specific activity 8067000 U mg-1, 1 unit is the amount of protein necessary to inhibit protein synthesis by 50% in 0.05 ml rabbit reticulocyte lysate
additional information
-
purified recombinant SNA-I shows very low activity, purified recombinant SNA-IV is inactive, TMV anti-viral activity of recombinant RIPs, overview
additional information
-
specific activity 0.00111 U mg-1, 1 unit is the amount of enzyme required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis in 1 ml
additional information
-
specific activity 740700 U/mg, 1 U is the amount of enzyme causing 50% inhibition in 1 ml of rabbit-reticulocyte lysate
additional information
-
specific activity 5000 units/mg of protein in old leaves, 6920 in young leaves, 6900 in stems, 37000 in roots, 640 in flower petals, 5400 in flower sepals, 2700 in flower ovaries, 1100 in flower pistils, 7000 in fruits skins, 365 in fruits cores, 17 in seeds at stage I, 135000 in seeds at stage II and III, and 120000 at stage IV, one unit is defined as the amount of protein necessary to inhibit protein synthesis by 50% in 1 ml of rabbit-reticulocyte lysate, specific activity of purified protein from seeds 633000, from roots 69200
additional information
-
cell-free protein synthesis inhibition activity of free and conjugated RIP
additional information
-
IC50 = 0.00000000084 mM for translation inhibition of mutated saporin-3 comparable to native saporin-3 isomer and commercial saporin as controls
additional information
-
no effect on protein synthesis below 4 microM saporin-6, 20% inhibition with 4 microM after 24 h, at 10 and 18 h ID50 greater than 8 microM, at 24 h 7 microM
additional information
-
saporin S-6: increase in cells that show DNA damage in both species, reduced weight gain of Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda on day 4 with 40 microg, increased weight gain with 20 microg in Spodoptera frugiperda, reduced weight in Spodoptera frugiperda at day 10 fed with 20 microg, in Spodoptera frugiperda superoxide dismutase inhibition to 20% with 40 microg
additional information
-
lychnin: increase in cells that show DNA damage in both species, reduced weight gain of Spodoptera frugiperda (not Anticarsia gemmatalis), increased weight gain with 20 microg in Spodoptera frugiperda, reduced weight in Anticarsia gemmatalis at day 10 with 40 microg and in Spodoptera frugiperda fed with 20 microg, 42.8% mortality in Anticarsia gemmatalis, in Anticarsia gemmatalis 30-40% reduced level of lipid peroxidation with 40 microg, in Spodoptera frugiperda superoxide dismutase inhibition to 20% with 40 microg
additional information
-
specific activity 120337 unit/mg, 1 unit is the amount of protein required to inhibit protein synthesis by 50% in 1 ml
additional information
-
gelonin: increase in cells that show DNA damage in both species, reduced weight gain of Spodoptera frugiperda (not Anticarsia gemmatalis) on day 4 with 40 microg, no significant increase in weight gain in Anticarsia gemmatalis fed with 40 microg, reduced weight in Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda at day 10 with 40 microg, in Anticarsia gemmatalis 30-40% reduced level of lipid peroxidation with 40 microg, in Spodoptera frugiperda superoxide dismutase inhibition to 20% and reduced catalase activity with 40 microg
additional information
-
specific activity 14800000 units, 1 unit the amount of enzyme necessary to inhibit protein synthesis by 50% in 1 ml rabbit reticulocyte lysate
additional information
-
target cell recognition and binding specificity for glycoproteins and gangliosides from different target cell types, detailed overview
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6
-
sharp increase of the reaction rate with poly(A) between pH 5.5 and pH 7.5
7.2
7.5
7.6
7.8
additional information
-
pH-dependency with stem-loop and unstructured DNA substrates, overview
4
-
the pH 4.0 catalytic optimum of RTA on 6mer to 18mer stem-loop DNA and RNA 28S SRL mimic oligonucleotides is known to result from the protonation of two ionizable residues on substrate and/or RTA
4
-
reaction rate with MS 2 RNA and hdpDNA decreases progressively at values above
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
25
30
37
48
55
48
-
optimal temperature of ricin activity at 1 ng/ml based on signal-to-background ratios, 1.8fold higher than at 37°C, and 1.2fold higher than at 57°C
48
-
optimal temperature of ricin activity at 1 ng/ml based on signal-to-background ratios, 1.8fold higher than at 37°C, and 1.2fold higher than at 57°C
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TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
10.1
9.3
-
isoelectric focusing, pI similar to trichosanthin significantly higher than 9.3, out of the range of pI standards
additional information
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
pectin methylesterase has ribosome inactivating protein activity
-
-
brenda
mushroom, comparison with ribosome inhibitory proteins of bitter gourd, hairy gourd, ridge gourd, garden pea, Flammulina velutipes (mushroom with velutin)
-
-
brenda
no activity in Arabidopsis thaliana
does not express detectable amounts of RIPs or contain a sequence encoding a putative RIP
-
-
brenda
Luo Han Guo meaning monk's fruit, also known as Siratia grosvenorii
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
camphor tree, 2 types of ribosome-inactivating proteins: camphorin and cinnamomin (3 isoforms)
-
-
brenda
O157:H7 containing Shiga toxins type 1 and 2 (Stx1, Stx2), strains RM1697 (Stx1 + Stx2 producing O157 strain), RM4876 (non-Stx-producing o157 strain), RM5034 (non-pathogenic strain)
-
-
brenda
Shiga toxin 2A subunit; STEC (Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli) isolates from cows, meat, human
UniProt
brenda
Shiga toxin 2c B unit protein, phage LII strains EC970520, F1081, and LS68, and LI/II strain R1388
UniProt
brenda
andean root crop, type I ribosome-inactivating protein ME1
Uniprot
brenda
Mirabilis antiviral protein, MAP, MAP variants can maintain their N-glycosidase activity when the conserved Glu-168 and Arg-171 are changed to similar charged residues
-
-
brenda
expression pattern after induction by methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid is different from that of induction by fungus spaerotheca fuliginea
Uniprot
brenda
several RIP isoforms, e.g. PD-L1/PD-L2 and PD-L3/PD-L4
UniProt
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
683197, 683265, 683275, 683282, 683339, 683446, 683535, 683540, 683573, 683574, 683576, 683591, 683597, 683598, 683626, 683680, 683727, 683830, 683859, 683882, 683912, 683967, 683998, 684058, 684094, 684098, 684100, 684103, 684106
-
-
brenda
seven full-length ricin family member ricin-A-chain, RTA, and ricin-like proteins RLP1-6
-
-
brenda
elderberry, transgenic tobacco plants' action on hemipteran insects pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and tobacco aphid Myzus nicotianae
-
-
brenda
-
646896, 646903, 646916, 646920, 646928, 666976, 666978, 683064, 683289, 683436, 683461, 684058, 699394, 701053, 707519, 708085
-
-
brenda
isoform Tychi, expression is induced by infection with Fusarium oxysporum. Enzyme exhibits RNA N-glycosidase and chitin hydrolase activities
-
-
brenda
medicinal plant with anti-tumor and anti-HIV properties
Uniprot
brenda
strains W64A and W64A o2, gene RIP3:1 encoding the type 3 RIP isozyme RIP1
SwissProt
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
SoRIP1 and SoRIP2 are differentially expressed in a development-dependent manner during spinach somatic embryogenesis. SoRIP1 accumulates in the peripheral region of the immature embryo, with weaker expression in internal cells
brenda
additional information
-
nigritin f1 constitutive expressed in both green and mature intact elderberries, nigritin f2 is inducible and appears only in mature intact elderberries
brenda
SoRIP1 is highly expressed in the early immature fruits. During fruit development, the expression of SoRIP2 is low
brenda
PAP in spring leaf and probably during the whole plant life
brenda
-
-
646923, 646924, 663782, 664103, 664166, 664730, 666379, 666976, 683912, 709192, 714088, 714904, 731351, 732952, 732953
brenda
-
-
brenda
additional information
-
Stx1 binding and internalization in L929 human host cells, and cytotoxicity, overview
brenda
additional information
4 of 14 LI/II phage strains have copies of both stx2 and variant stx2c. LI and LI/II strains produce significantly more stx2 mRNA and Stx2 than LII strains. Among phage LI strains significantly more Stx2 is also produced by strains from humans than from cattle
brenda
additional information
4 of 14 LI/II phage strains have copies of both stx2 and variant stx2c. LI and LI/II strains produce significantly more stx2 mRNA and Stx2 than LII strains. Among phage LI strains significantly more Stx2 is also produced by strains from humans than from cattle
brenda
additional information
-
4 of 14 LI/II phage strains have copies of both stx2 and variant stx2c. LI and LI/II strains produce significantly more stx2 mRNA and Stx2 than LII strains. Among phage LI strains significantly more Stx2 is also produced by strains from humans than from cattle
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
the molecular mechanism of diphtheria toxin catalytic domain entry into the eukaryotic cell cytosol is facilitated by target cell proteins
brenda
-
stably membrane-bound at 37°C, even under sodium carbonate treatment at pH 11.5, extractable at 20°C
brenda
additional information
the enzyme enters target cells via its cell surface receptor
-
brenda
-
the enzyme enters target cells via its cell surface receptor
-
brenda
-
the enzyme enters target cells via its cell surface receptor
-
brenda
-
the enzyme enters target cells via its cell surface receptor
-
brenda
-
the enzyme enters target cells via its cell surface receptor
-
brenda
-
saporin is largely secreted but some is retained intracellularly, most likely in a vacuolar compartment
-
brenda
-
the enzyme enters target cells via its cell surface receptor
-
brenda
-
saporin is largely secreted but some is retained intracellularly, most likely in a vacuolar compartment
brenda
additional information
the enzyme is synthesized as inactive precursor protein, accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum associated to membranes, and needs to cleaved to the mature active form in the endoplasmic reticulum of the targeted cell, the mature form is retro-translocated from the ER to the cytosol where it is accumulated and escapes degradation, residues E176 and N70 are essential for catalytic activity
-
brenda
additional information
-
the isozyme accumulates as inactive precursor protein
-
brenda
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
physiological function
additional information
-
the toxicity of RIPs to cells and consequently to animals is highly variable and depends on their structure: in general, type 1 RIPs have a lower toxicity than type 2 RIPs
malfunction
-
hemolytic-uremic syndrome is generally caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Endothelial dysfunction mediated by Stx is a central aspect in hemolytic-uremic syndrome development. Inflammatory mediators such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and polymorphonuclear neutrophils contribute to HUS pathophysiology by potentiating Stx effects, pathology, overview
malfunction
-
infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is the most significant cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans, the leading cause of acute renal failure in children
malfunction
-
the enzyme causes inhibition of protein synthesis by loss of elongation factor binding resulting in cell death
physiological function
the isozymes have different functions, one being related to embryonic development and the other to embryo defense
physiological function
-
Corynebacterium diphtheriae secretes the diphtheria toxin, a virulence factor that can be lethal to the human organism at doses below 0.0001 mg/kg of body weight. During infections, the toxin binds to the cell membrane and subunit A will enter the cytoplasm and catalyze the ADP-ribosylation and inactivation of elongation factor 2 thus killing the eukaryotic cell by inhibiting ribosomal translocation
physiological function
-
gelonin inhibits the binding of Shiga toxin1 to polymorphonuclear leucocytes
physiological function
-
gelonin saporin S6 inhibits the binding of Shiga toxin1 to polymorphonuclear leucocytes
physiological function
-
ricin induces the expression of unfolded protein response genes, the (protein kinase RNA-activated)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase branch of the unfolded protein response, and activates the activating transcription factor 6 pathway of the unfolded protein response, but not the inositol-requiring protein 1 branch
physiological function
-
ricin is highly toxic as it contains, in addition to the enzymatically active A chain, a second B chain that binds to galactose-containing surface molecules mediating endocytosis of the RIP
physiological function
-
riproximin induces the (protein kinase RNA-activated)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase branch of the unfolded protein response and activates the activating transcription factor 6 pathway of the unfolded protein response, but not the inositol-requiring protein 1 branch
physiological function
-
saporin expression is toxic to tobacco protoplasts. Saporin toxicity undergoes signal sequence-specific regulation when the host cell is subjected to endoplasmic reticulum stress
physiological function
-
Shiga toxins (Stx) expressed in the intestinal lumen during infection with Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli must translocate across the epithelium and enter the systemic circulation to cause systemic (pathological) effects, including hemolytic uremic syndrome. Even though Stxs are potent protein synthesis inhibitors, both isoforms Stx1 and Stx2 have been shown to upregulate interleukin-8 protein expression in intestinal epithelial cells via the ribotoxic stress response, a signal transduction event resulting from specific damage to the 28S rRNA that causes activation of host stress-activated protein kinases. Stx1 and Stx2 are also capable of inducing MAPK activation in vitro
physiological function
-
the enzyme inhibits translation by removing an adenine from the highly conserved alha-sarcin ricin loop of the large rRNA
physiological function
-
volkensin induces the (protein kinase RNA-activated)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase branch of the unfolded protein response, and activates the activating transcription factor 6 pathway of the unfolded protein response, but not the inositol-requiring protein 1 branch
physiological function
-
rRNA is depurinated thus producing inactive ribosomes and inhibition protein synthesis
physiological function
alpha-momorcharin can inhibit the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
physiological function
-
Shiga toxin produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli causes diarrhea-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome
physiological function
BE27 displays antifungal activity against the green mould Penicillium digitatum. BE27 is able to enter into the cytosol and kill fungal cells. The mechanism of action seems to involve ribosomal RNA N-glycosylase activity on the sarcin-ricin loop of the major rRNA which inactivates irreversibly the fungal ribosomes. A structural motif composed of an alpha-helix and a beta-hairpin at the C-terminus of BE27 might contribute to the interaction with the fungal plasma membranes
physiological function
cinnamomin potently inhibits the in vitro protein synthesis in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system or a reconstituted protein synthesis system composed of rat ribosome with IC50 value of about 9.7 nM. The cleavage of supercoiled double-stranded DNA is an intrinsic property of cinnamomin A-chain, its N- and C-terminal regions are required for deadenylation of rRNA and also necessary for deadenylation of supercoiled double-stranded circular DNA
physiological function
In Spiroplasma-containing Drosophila melanogaster, parasitic wasp ribosomes show abundant site-specific depurination in the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop of the 28S rRNA, with depurination occurring soon after wasp eggs hatch inside fly larvae. The pupal ectoparasitic wasp, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, escapes protection by Spiroplasma poulsonii, and its ribosomes do not show high levels of depurination. Drosophila melanogaster host ribosomes show little evidence of targeting by Spiroplasma poulsonii ribosome-inactivating proteins
physiological function
-
lamjapin inhibits protein synthesis in the cell-free system of rabbit reticulocyte with an IC50 value of about 0.03-4 nM
physiological function
-
treatment with enzyme causes 1.7fold and 1.4fold increases in the growth rate of root system upon carborundum-based application on the root growth medium of Nicotiana glutinosa
physiological function
-
treatment with the enzyme significantly inhibits Caenorhabditis elegans development and results in worm cell apoptosis. Amino acid residues, Glu195, Asn81, Ala82, Tyr83, Glu164, Ser163, Ile159 and Arg167, play critical roles in the catalytic process
physiological function
-
trichosanthin is highly toxic to trophoblasts and choriocarcinoma cells. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 is an essential receptor for trichosanthin in 2-choriocarcinoma cell lines
physiological function
-
Corynebacterium diphtheriae secretes the diphtheria toxin, a virulence factor that can be lethal to the human organism at doses below 0.0001 mg/kg of body weight. During infections, the toxin binds to the cell membrane and subunit A will enter the cytoplasm and catalyze the ADP-ribosylation and inactivation of elongation factor 2 thus killing the eukaryotic cell by inhibiting ribosomal translocation
-
physiological function
-
Shiga toxins (Stx) expressed in the intestinal lumen during infection with Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli must translocate across the epithelium and enter the systemic circulation to cause systemic (pathological) effects, including hemolytic uremic syndrome. Even though Stxs are potent protein synthesis inhibitors, both isoforms Stx1 and Stx2 have been shown to upregulate interleukin-8 protein expression in intestinal epithelial cells via the ribotoxic stress response, a signal transduction event resulting from specific damage to the 28S rRNA that causes activation of host stress-activated protein kinases. Stx1 and Stx2 are also capable of inducing MAPK activation in vitro
-
Show AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices (1793 entries)
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
21000
26000
27000
27700
28000
28478
-
1 * 28478, ML-I subunit A + 1 * 28981, ML-I subunits B, sequence calculation
28981
-
1 * 28478, ML-I subunit A + 1 * 28981, ML-I subunits B, sequence calculation
29000
30000
30200
30360
PD-L 3 measured with ESI-Q-TOF MS, including two disulfide bridges (-4) and two glycosidic chains (+2342), corresponding to calculated value of amino acids 29190 Da
30500
31000
31560
PD-L 2 measured with ESI-Q-TOF MS, including two disulfide bridges (-4) and two glycosidic chains (+2342), corresponding to calculated value of amino acids 29222 Da
31600
32000
33000
34500
-
1 * 30500 + 1 * 34500, cinnamomin, A- and B-chain, SDS-PAGE
34600
-
1 * 35000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 34600, calculated for mature protein, 1 * 62000, calculated for full-length protein including N-terminal leader sequence, pectin methylesterase inhibitor domain, pectin esterase domain and pectin esterase signature sequences 1 and 2
35000
35490
calculated value of 319 amino acids of BBAP1, signal peptide sequence of 36 amino acids of 3.89 kDa at N-terminus
36000
42500
SDS-PAGE, maltose-binding protein as partial degradation product of fusion protein
60000
61000
62000
-
1 * 35000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 34600, calculated for mature protein, 1 * 62000, calculated for full-length protein including N-terminal leader sequence, pectin methylesterase inhibitor domain, pectin esterase domain and pectin esterase signature sequences 1 and 2
78000
SDS-PAGE, recombinant fusion protein of BBAP1 and maltose-binding protein
30000
-
SDS-PAGE, slightly higher than pure saporine-3 (253 amino acids) due to introduction of 7 additional amino acids yielding a 260 amino acid protein
30000
-
1 * 30000, recombinant B-subunit, the enzyme forms a heterodimer comprising subunits A and B, the latter is the carbohydrate-binding subunit
30500
-
1 * 30500 + 1 * 34500, cinnamomin, A- and B-chain, SDS-PAGE
35000
SDS-PAGE, recombinant BBAP1 cleaved off the fusion protein
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
dimer
heterodimer
monomer
pentamer
additional information
dimer
-
1 * 30500 + 1 * 34500, cinnamomin, A- and B-chain, SDS-PAGE
dimer
-
heterodimer formed by a catalytic subunit A, the A-chain, and a carbohydrate binding subunit B, the B-chain
dimer
-
heterodimer formed by a catalytic subunit A and a carbohydrate binding subunit B
dimer
-
heterodimer formed by a catalytic subunit A, RTA and a carbohydrate binding subunit B, RTB
dimer
-
heterodimer formed by a catalytic subunit A, RTA, and a carbohydrate binding subunit B, RTB
dimer
-
heterodimer formed by a catalytic subunit A, the A-chain, and a carbohydrate binding subunit B, the B-chain
dimer
heterodimer, subunits A and B, RTA and RTB, are derived from a single precursor protein, structure comparison and analysis
dimer
-
heterodimer formed by a catalytic subunit A and a carbohydrate binding subunit B
dimer
-
1 * 28478, ML-I subunit A + 1 * 28981, ML-I subunits B, sequence calculation
dimer
-
1 * 30000, recombinant B-subunit, the enzyme forms a heterodimer comprising subunits A and B, the latter is the carbohydrate-binding subunit
dimer
-
heterodimer formed by a catalytic subunit A and a carbohydrate binding subunit B
dimer
type III RIP isozyme RIP1 forms dimers and ressembles type II RIPs concerning its subunit structure
dimer
type III RIP isozyme RIP2 forms dimers and ressembles type II RIPs concerning its subunit structure
heterodimer
-
1 * 40000 + 1 * 22000, chain B and chain A, SDS-PAGE
heterodimer
-
1 * 40000 + 1 * 22000, chain B and chain A, SDS-PAGE
-
monomer
-
1 * 35000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 34600, calculated for mature protein, 1 * 62000, calculated for full-length protein including N-terminal leader sequence, pectin methylesterase inhibitor domain, pectin esterase domain and pectin esterase signature sequences 1 and 2
pentamer
-
one of two Stx liberated by Stx-producing Escherichia coli is composed of an A subunit monomer and a B subunit pentamer
additional information
the A-chain exhibits the RNA N-glycosidase activity, while the B-chain mediates cell entry by binding to the target cell surface glycolipid receptor
additional information
-
volkensin binds strongly to asialofetuin, but does not show any affnity to fetuin, carboxypeptidase Y and transferrin
additional information
-
the A1 chain of shiga-like toxin 1 binds to the human ribosomal proteins P0, P1, and P2. Removal of the C-terminal 17 amino acids of either protein P1 or P2 abolishes the interaction, whereas P0 still binds to the A1 domain even without its C-terminus
additional information
-
the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme is identical with that of several superoxide dimutases
additional information
isozyme structure analysis by ESI/Q-TOF mass spectrometric and circular dichroism analysis, structure-function relationship, influence of carbohydrate moieties, overview
additional information
-
isozyme structure analysis by ESI/Q-TOF mass spectrometric and circular dichroism analysis, structure-function relationship, influence of carbohydrate moieties, overview
additional information
-
the heterodimeric enzyme consists of the catalytic ricin A chain, RTA, and the cabohydrate-binding B chain, RTB
additional information
-
analysis of amino acid composition of A and B chain. The total helical content of ricin is 53.6%
additional information
comparison of binding properties of ricin B chain toward different mono- and disaccharide ligands, calculation of free energies of binding and analysis of epimeric specificity of the protein
additional information
-
ricin interacts with the ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase I-like protein EDEM responsible for redirecting aberrant proteins for ER-associated protein degradation and with Sec61alpha, and both kifunensin and puromycin enhance these interactions. Overexpression of EDEM strongly protects against ricin. In presence of kifunensin, EDEM promotes retranslocation of ricin from the ER to the cytosol
additional information
the 5'-flanking regions of the isozymes contains functional motifs involved in e.g. plant defense in SoRIP2 and with functions related to embryonic development in SoRIP1, overview
additional information
-
the 5'-flanking regions of the isozymes contains functional motifs involved in e.g. plant defense in SoRIP2 and with functions related to embryonic development in SoRIP1, overview
additional information
trichosanthin interacts with the C-terminal tail of eukaryotic ribosomal protein P2, involving residues K173, R174, and K177 of trichosanthin
additional information
-
amino acid sequence analysis and comparison with other toxin sequences, overview
additional information
-
MOD structure determination and comparison using the crystal structure of DELTAN5-MOD, PDB ID 2PQI, and by determination of the NMR solution structure of MOD, PDB ID 2k6H, detailed overview. MOD has shorter beta6 and alphaB segments, probably for accommodating easier substrate binding, and an alpha-helix instead of an antiparallel beta-sheet in the C-terminal domain, which is involved in binding ribosomal protein P2 in some RIPs, compared to type I and II RIPs. The P2 binding site on MOD is located at the N-terminal domain near the internal inactivation region
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POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
glycoprotein
proteolytic modification
additional information
glycoprotein
-
protein carries glycan chains on residues N10, N43, N255, each with a mass of 1171 Da
glycoprotein
the isozymes differ in their N-glycosylation pattern, overview
glycoprotein
-
2 saporins present in roots, SO-R1 and SO-R3 are glycosylated
glycoprotein
-
gelonin is glycosylated at N189 showing a glycosylation pattern of GlcNAc2Man3-5Xyl, the glycan structure is typical for plant RIPs, overview
proteolytic modification
-
full-length sequence contains N-terminal leader sequence, pectin methylesterase inhibitor domain, pectin esterase domain and pectin esterase signature sequences 1 and 2
proteolytic modification
the enzyme is synthesized as inactive precursor protein and needs to cleaved to the mature active form in the endoplasmic reticulum of the targeted cell, the mature form is retro-translocated from the ER to the cytosol where it escapes degradation
proteolytic modification
-
enzyme is synthesized in pokeweed plants as a 313-amino-acid precursor with a 22-amino-acid N-terminal signal sequence and a 29-amino-acid C-terminal extension
proteolytic modification
cleavage of the single precursor protein into subunit A and B
proteolytic modification
-
removal of the signal peptide of ricin precursor generates proricin in which the mature A- and B-chains are joined by an intervening propeptide and a 9-residue propeptide persists at the N terminus. The N-terminal propeptide of proricin acts as a nonspecific spacer to ensure efficient ER import and glycosylation. The propeptide does not influence catalytic activity per se or the vacuolar targeting of proricin or the rate of retrotranslocation/degradation of A-chain in the cytosol
proteolytic modification
isozyme RIP1 is synthesized as inactive precursor protein B-32 or proRIP, which is activated by proteolytic cleavage into two polypeptide chains forming the dimeric enzyme, the enzyme can be activated by papain
proteolytic modification
isozyme RIP1 is synthesized as inactive precursor protein B-32 or proRIP, which is activated by proteolytic cleavage into two polypeptide chains forming the dimeric enzyme, the enzyme can be activated by papain
proteolytic modification
isozyme RIP2 is synthesized as inactive precursor protein proRIP2, which is activated by proteolytic cleavage into two polypeptide chains forming the dimeric enzyme, the enzyme can be activated by papain
proteolytic modification
-
enzyme is synthesized as an inactive precursor with a 25-amino acid internal inactivation region, which is removed in the active form
proteolytic modification
-
maize RIP, a type III RIP, is unique compared to the other type I and type II RIPs, because it is synthesized as a precursor with a 25-residue internal inactivation region, which is removed in order to activate the protein
additional information
-
phosphorylation of clathrin heavy chain, mediated by tyrosine kinase Syk activity after binding to its cell receptor Gb3
additional information
-
temperature induced major structural rearrangements of endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound toxin at 37°C: loss of helical content, increase of beta sheets, C-terminus moves closer to membrane surface, insertion into the bilayer
additional information
-
the enzyme exists in at least three different posttranslationally modified forms, analysis by determination of glycosylation pattern, in-gel digestion, and mass spectrometry, overview
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CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
purified native stenodactylin, sitting drop vapour diffusion technique, mixing of 0.004 ml of 1.4-1.5 M sodium malonate, pH 6.8-7.5, reservoir solution with 0.004 ml of protein solution containing with 5.76 mg/ml protein in 5 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 0.14 M NaCl and 4 mM galactose, equilibration against 0.75 ml of reservoir solution, 20°C, 3 weeks, X-ray diffraction structure determination and analysis at 2.15 A resolution
-
2.8 A resolution, space group P212121, two molecules per asymmetric unit
-
in presence of adenosine and adenine, resolution to 1.8 A. Adenine is positioned in the active site, adenosine is cleaved
-
at 1.4 A resolution. Assignment of sequence by improved X-ray sequencing. Residues Y70, Y110, E159 and R162 define the active site. Residues N77 and N84 carry N-acetylglucosamine moieties
-
hanging drop vapor diffusion method, using 16% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 6000 and 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5
vapor diffusion method, using 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.5 and 16% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 6000
modeling and docking analysis on interaction of residue S211 with W207 located within the active site
coarse-grained latice simulation model of sequence-structure modifications of the ricin A chain protein fold. Calculation of unfolding-folding transition temperature and evaluation of a possible unfolding model
-
determination of the coupling of tyrosine residues, presence of energy transfer from tyrosine to tryptophan residues. The molar absorption coefficient of ricin in phosphate-buffered saline is 93900 per mol and cm
-
dynamics calculations suggest that steric factors cause the nucleoside to bind in an orientation where the enzyme destabilizes the formation of the oxacarbeniumion and thus precludes catalysis
purified recombinant mutant RTAs N122A and R213D, sitting drop vapour diffusion method using microbridges, X-ray diffraction structure determination and analysis at 1.4 A and 1.9 A resolution, respectively
-
ricin A chain in complex with inhibitor 7-carboxy pterin, hanging drop vapor diffusion method, using 75 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.9, 10 mM BME, 1 mM EDTA, 4.1% (w/v) PEG MW 8000
-
RTA with 4-(3-(2-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-5-pyrimidinyl)propyl) benzoic acid
sitting drop vapor diffusion method, using 100 mM N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (pH 8.5) and 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (in complex with antigen binding domain E5 of single-chain monoclonal antibody) or 100 mM Na acetate (pH 4.5), 200 mM zinc acetate and 10% (w/v) PEG 3000 (in complex with antigen binding domain D10 of single-chain monoclonal antibody) or 100 mM Na-Hepes (pH 7.5) and 20% (w/v) PEG 8000 (in complex with antigen binding domain G12 of single-chain monoclonal antibody) or 100 mM Na acetate (pH 4.5), 200 mM NaCl and 40% (w/v) PEG 300 (in complex with antigen binding domain G11 of single-chain monoclonal antibody)
structure of ricin-A chain in a complex with the C-terminal domain of the human ribosomal protein P2. The Phe111, Leu113 and Phe114 residues of P2 insert into a hydrophobic pocket formed by the Tyr183, Arg235, Phe240 and Ile251 residues of ricin A-chain, while Asp115 of P2 forms hydrogen bonds with Arg235 of ricin A-chain. The interaction with P stalk proteins is essential for the inhibition of protein synthesis by ricin A-chain
the smallest ligand stabilizing an open conformer of the ricin A chain active site pocket is an amide group, bound weakly by only a few hydrogen bonds to the protein. Complexes with small amide-containing molecules also reveal a switch in geometry from a parallel towards a splayed arrangement of an arginine-tryptophan cation-pi interaction that was associated with an increase and redshift in tryptophan fluorescence upon ligand binding. Urea binding has a favorable enthalpy change and unfavorable entropy change. The side-chain position of residue >80 in a complex with adenine suggests a smaller role for aromatic stacking at the ricin active site
crystal structures of several E85 mutant TCS complexes with adenosine-5'-monophosphate, E85A, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), unit cell constants a = 38.3, b = 76.7, c= 79.2
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crystals of n-TCS, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), unit cell constants a = 3.839 nm, b = 7.652 nm, c = 7.963 nm and mutant Y70A, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 3.830, b = 7.646, c = 7.943
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E85Q, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), unit cell constants a = 38.0, b = 75.9, c= 78.4
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E85R, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), unit cell constants a = 38.0, b = 75.3, c= 78.4
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homology modeling of both A and B chain protein and comparison with European mistletoe lectin-1, Himalayan mistletoe lectin, and ricin
-
crystallization of precursor protein and active form, at 2.4 and 2.5 A resolution, respectively. In the precursor, the inactivation region is found on the protein surface and consists of a flexible loop followed by a long alpha-helix. Presence of this region diminishes both the interaction with ribosome and cytotoxicity, but not cellular uptake. The active site of the enzyme is too small to accomodate two glutamate residues
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
K213A
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the mutation results in a loss of 1-2 logs of cytotoxic potency relative to the wild type fusion protein toxin
K217A
-
the mutation results in a loss of 1-2 logs of cytotoxic potency relative to the wild type fusion protein toxin
K222A
-
the mutation results in a loss of 1-2 logs of cytotoxic potency relative to the wild type fusion protein toxin
R170A
S31N
-
location within Stx 2 B subunit, mutation prevents extracellular release of enzyme
E168D
-
replacing DNA fragments of the total synthetic gene of MAP, weaker inhibitory effect
Y118F
-
replacing DNA fragments of the total synthetic gene of MAP, slightly stronger inhibitory effect
Y72F
-
replacing DNA fragments of the total synthetic gene of MAP, slightly stronger inhibitory effect
E176V
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant showing no cytotoxicity
G75D
-
no maturation of precursor form, localization exclusivelly in the membrane fraction
L252stop
-
accumulation of the truncated protein primarily in the membrane fraction, at the lumenal side of microsomal membranes
N253stop
-
reduced accumulation of the protein in the cytosol, appearance of a slightly larger form in the membrane fraction
N70A
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation delays the enzyme depurination activity on ribosomes and the onset of translation arrest, N70A PAP shows highly reduced cytotoxicity and destabilizes its own mRNA, but binds to cap and blocks cap-dependent translation
V73E
-
no maturation of precursor form, reduced stability, localized to the lumenal side of microsomal membranes
S211A
no influence on N-beta-glycosidase activity, but reduction of adenine polynucleotide glycosylase activity. Residual activity on deadenylation is 33% on polyA, 73% on DNA, and 66% on rRNA
C171A
-
does not infer with enzymatic depurination activity, leaving C259 as docking station for the fluorescence dye, which changes its emission properties upon change from aqueous to hydrophobic (membrane) environment, C259 is reduced in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum
D75A
-
site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows very low expression levels so that purification to homogeneity is not achieved
D75N
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows very low expression levels so that purification to homogeneity is not achieved
D75S
-
site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows very low expression levels so that purification to homogeneity is not achieved
E177D/C259S/I249C
-
residues 249 and 259 show membrane- and temperature-induced structural transition, meaning that the residues are exposed to the bilayer interior, both labeled with N,N'-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)ethylenediamine
E177K
K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/E135K
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no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 135 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate
K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/E61K
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no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 61 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate
K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/Q128K
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no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 128 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate
K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/Q98K
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no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 98 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate
K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/R114K
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no temperature-induced change, meaning that residue 114 is bound within the membrane right away, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate
K4R/C171A/E177D/K239R/R31K
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residues 31 shows membrane- and temperature-induced structural transition, meaning that the residues are exposed to the bilayer interior, labeled with succinimidyl 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoate
N122A
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, 37.5fold reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA, the reconstituted enzyme comprising RTB and N122A RTA shows about 30fold reduced cytotoxicity compared to the wild-type enzyme
N78S
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, less than 2fold reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA, the reconstituted enzyme comprising RTB and N78S RTA shows about 2fold reduced cytotoxicity compared to the wild-type enzyme
P250L/A253V
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mutant of ricin A chain, catalytically inactive, not cytotoxic in yeast
P95L/E145K
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mutant of ricin A chain, catalytically active but not cytotoxic in yeast
R134A
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the expression of the recombinant mutant is abolished, R134 probably plays a structural role
R134Q
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the expression of the recombinant mutant is abolished, R134 probably plays a structural role
R213A
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows unaltered structure, but 10fold reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA
R213D
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, the mutant RTA shows unaltered structure, but 2fold reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA
R258A
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, similar activity compared to the wild-type RTA
R258D
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, slightly reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA
R48A
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site-directed mutagenesis of the RTA residue, slightly reduced activity compared to the wild-type RTA
S215F
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mutant of ricin A chain, catalytically active but not cytotoxic in yeast
V76M/Y80A
D231E
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B chain mutation in one carbohydrate binding site, reduced insecticidal activity, recombinant tobacco plant mutants SNA-I 103M1 and SNA-I 107M1
N48S/D231E
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B chain mutation in both carbohydrate binding sites almost abolished insecticidal activity comparable to control plants, recombinant tobacco plant mutants SNA-I 109M2 and SNA-I 112M2
R179A
S255C
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intact stable enzyme, site far away from ribosome inactivating site residues, N-terminal mutations were unstable, low tendency to dimerization by disulfide-bonding, but high level of cross-linking with nonspecific mouse anti-human IgG antibody
W208A
Y16A
D176A
1.5fold increase in enzyme concentration required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis
K173A
weakened binding to eukaryotic ribosomal protein P2, 7.5fold increase in enzyme concentration required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis
K173A/R174A/K177A
K177A
weakened binding to eukaryotic ribosomal protein P2, 3fold increase in enzyme concentration required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis
R174A
weakened binding to eukaryotic ribosomal protein P2, 6fold increase in enzyme concentration required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis
V232K/N236D
17-fold reduced activity compared to wild-type, no ribosome interaction, V232K is at mouth of hydrophobic pocket, where the LF motif of c11-P binds, expected to block the access of the P-protein to the pocket, N236D substitution removes hydrogen bond between the amide of Asn236 and the backbone carbonyl of Leu9 of c11-P
additional information
R170A
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ribosomes are depurinated at 53% and 65% of the wild type in yeast expressing Stx1A-R170A and Stx2A-R170A, respectively
E177K
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mutant in ricin A chain that retains some catalytic activity but does not kill yeast cells when expresed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Contrary to wild-type, mutant is not able to inhibit activation of unfolded protein response
V76M/Y80A
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disruption of vascular leak syndrome-inducing site and of ribotoxic site. Injection i.m. into mice protects them against a ricin challenge of 10 LD50s. Injection into humans shows that the mutant is safe and elicits ricin-neutralizing antibodies in five of five individuals in the high-dose group
R179A
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loss of RNA N-glycosidase and DNA fragmentation activities, no significant increase of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, 22% less cytotoxic than wild-type
W208A
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RNA N-glycosidase activity retained, but total abolishment of DNA fragmentation activity, no significant increase of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, 5% less cytotoxic than wild-type
Y16A
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almost complete loss of RNA N-glycosidase activity not affecting DNA laddering activity, about 12fold increase of caspase-3 activity and 6-fold increase of caspase-9 activity comparable to wild-type, 7% less cytotoxic than wild-type
K173A/R174A/K177A
mutant unable to bind to eucaryotic ribosomal protein P2 and to ribosomal stalk in vitro, 18fold less active in inhibition of translation than wild-type
K173A/R174A/K177A
no ribosome interaction, drastically reduced N-glycosidase acitivity
additional information
optimization of the abricin A-chain by replacing rare codons with high-frequency ones, overview
additional information
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the cytotoxic enzyme induces apoptosis in transformed cells
additional information
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construction of a chimeric enzyme consisting of the A-chain of cinnamomin and the B-chain of ricin or vice versa, the enzyme possessing the cinnamomin B-chain shows lower cytotoxic effects, while the catalytic activity of the A-chains is similar, overview
additional information
elastase increases cytotoxicity of Shiga toxin type 2 by cleaving 2 amino acids of toxin subunit A rendering it more toxic
additional information
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elastase increases cytotoxicity of Shiga toxin type 2 by cleaving 2 amino acids of toxin subunit A rendering it more toxic
additional information
P1130 and stx1 deletion mutants of CVM9322, CVM9557, and CVM9584 show 13-30-fold increased Vero cell cytotoxicities after treatment with porcine pancreatic elastase
additional information
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P1130 and stx1 deletion mutants of CVM9322, CVM9557, and CVM9584 show 13-30-fold increased Vero cell cytotoxicities after treatment with porcine pancreatic elastase
additional information
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Stx2 remains in the bacterial cell when phage lysis genes of Stx2-encoding phage are deleted
additional information
virulence-associated mobile genetic elements, such as Shiga toxin 2-encoding prophage, are lineage restricted or are host source related and acquired independently of the pathogen genotype. DNA sequencing of the stx2 flanking region from a lineage II
additional information
virulence-associated mobile genetic elements, such as Shiga toxin 2-encoding prophage, are lineage restricted or are host source related and acquired independently of the pathogen genotype. DNA sequencing of the stx2 flanking region from a lineage II
additional information
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virulence-associated mobile genetic elements, such as Shiga toxin 2-encoding prophage, are lineage restricted or are host source related and acquired independently of the pathogen genotype. DNA sequencing of the stx2 flanking region from a lineage II
additional information
Iris sp.
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construction of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants expressing the type-1 RIP IRIP from Iris sp., the transgenic plants show increased resistance against the tobacco mosaic and tobacco etch viruses compared to wild-type plants, and impaired development of roots as well as phenotypic aberrations, such as stunt growth due to a shortening in internodes, thickened, smaller and narrower leaves and chlorosis at age of seven weeks, overview, the enzyme acts cytotoxic in tobacco cells
additional information
Iris sp.
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construction of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants expressing the type-2 RIP IRAb from Iris sp., the transgenic plants show increased resistance against the tobacco mosaic and tobacco etch viruses compared to wild-type plants, and impaired development of roots as well as phenotypic aberrations, such as stunt growth due to a shortening in internodes, thickened, smaller and narrower leaves and chlorosis at age of seven weeks, overview, the enzyme acts cytotoxic in tobacco cells
additional information
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construction of enzyme-PEG conjugates and immunogenicity analysis, overview. RIP-PEG conjugates show a strong anti-tumor activity through apoptotic pathway like RIP, buts with less toxicity to normal cells and reduced antigenicity
additional information
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fusion of the CTL epitope from the pneumonia virus of mice phosphoprotein to the mature 5'-terminus of the ricin A chain of the non-toxic mutant RTA6K-R180H. Fusion protein elicits a CD8+ T-cell response in mice directed against pneumonia virus of mice, and the T-cell response resulting from inoculation with the ricin-peptide fusion molecule delays the onset of virus-induced disease
additional information
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expression of PAP in transgenic plants, e.g. Nicotiana tabacum, confers resistance to potato virus X and fungus Rhizoconia solani
additional information
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chimera proteins of 3 domains of pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) and karasurin-A (N-terminal 1-74, central 75-177, C-terminal 178-262), C-terminal end determines determines specificity to eukaryotic or eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes, PAP-region 209-225 is required for activity towards prokaryotic ribosomes
additional information
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a GST-tagged chimeric pentameric mutant enzyme comprising parts of ricin and of Shiga toxin shows no RNA N-glycosidase activity
additional information
-
construction of a chimeric enzyme consisting of the A-chain of cinnamomin and the B-chain of ricin or vice versa, the enzyme possessing the cinnamomin B-chain shows lower cytotoxic effects, while the catalytic activity of the A-chains is similar, overview
additional information
-
construction of mutant ricin A chains by insertional mutagenesis, the mutants possessing the specific 25-residue inserted internal peptide, derived from maize proRIP, show about 300fold reduced catalytic activity
additional information
-
isolation of mutants in ricin A chain inable to kill yeast cells when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several of the mutants depurinate ribosomes and inhibit translation to the same extent as wild-type, but cells expressing these mutants do not display hallmarks of apoptosis
additional information
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generation of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN transgenic plants expressing SNA-I, SNA-IV, SNA-V, and SNLRP in leaves, the transgenic plants show anti-viral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus due to the recombinant polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity, overview
additional information
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construction of a immunotoxin consisting of the non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein nigrin b linked to the monoclonal anti-human CD105 antibody 44G4. The immunotoxin kills specifically mouse fibroblasts expressing the biomarker CD105 with an IC50 value of 0.6 nM while nigrin does it at 0.24 microM
additional information
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construction of chimeric toxin composed of saporin, a cleavable adapter, and human epidermic growth factor. Presence of the saponins saponinum album or quillajasaponin enhances cytotoxicity of the construct more than 1000fold and decreases IC50 values from 2.4 nM in absence of saponin to 0.18 pM in presence of saponinum album. Quillajasaponin enhances the cytotoxicity both on control cells lacking epidermal growth factor receptor and on target cells, while saponinum album is target cell receptor specific
additional information
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major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers H2-Db assembled using streptavidin conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin. These tetramers inhibit ribosome activity in vitro, retain the T-cell receptor-binding specificity of their nontoxic counterparts, and are internalized by 100% of target cells, leading to cell death in 72 hours. Cytotoxicity is dependent on the tetramer dose and avidity for the T cell
additional information
-
a GST-tagged chimeric pentameric mutant enzyme comprising parts of ricin and of Shiga toxin shows no RNA N-glycosidase activity
additional information
-
construction of a mutant gelonin fused to a chitin binding domain-intein, i.e. CBD-intein-Gel
additional information
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construct of recombinant gelonin fused to cytokine B lymphocyte stimulator to specifically target quiescent B-CLL lymphocytes. The construct specifically binds and internalizes through cell-surface receptor BAFF-R into CD19 B-CLL lymphocytes and induces apoptosis at nanomolar concentrations. In contrast, rGel alone is not able to internalize into these leukemic lymphocytes. Mechanistically, the construct inhibits protein synthesis with an IC50 of less than 3 nM compared with more than 5000 nM for rGel toxin alone
additional information
chimera proteins of 3 domains of pokeweed antiviral protein and karasurin-A (N-terminal 1-74, central 75-177, C-terminal 178-262), C-terminal end determines determines specificity to eukaryotic or eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes, PAP-region 209-225 is required for activity towards prokaryotic ribosomes
additional information
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construction of karasurin-A mutants with N- or C-terminal deletion showing no or highly decreased catalytic activity as well as reduced antigenicity, overview
additional information
construction of an active deletion mutant MOD1 of recombinant proRIP1 with reduced activity compared to recombinant RIP1 after activation of both by papain
additional information
-
construction of an active deletion mutant MOD1 of recombinant proRIP1 with reduced activity compared to recombinant RIP1 after activation of both by papain
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pH STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
63 - 100
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pasteurization of apple juice used to inactivate Escherichia coli strain O157:H7 has no effect on Shiga toxin 2, the enzyme is not inactivated on exposure to heat programs (63°C for 30 min, 72°C for 15 s, 89°C for 1 s) commonly used to pasteurize apple juice, but loses all activity when exposed to 100°C for 5 min
70
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half-life in milk-based infant formula 9.8 min, in soy-based infant formula 16 min
75
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half-life in milk-based infant formula 5.8 min, in soy-based infant formula 8.7 min
80
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half-life in milk-based infant formula 5.1 min, in soy-based infant formula 6.9 min
85
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half-life in milk-based infant formula 3.1 min, in soy-based infant formula 3.0 min
90
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half-life in milk-based infant formula 1.8 min, in soy-based infant formula 2.0 min
additional information
additional information
autoclaving 10 and 100 ng/ml ricin at 121°C for 30 min completely abolishes activity
additional information
-
autoclaving 10 and 100 ng/ml ricin at 121°C for 30 min completely abolishes activity
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GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the recombinant secreted ricin-B expressed in tobacco hairy root culture is degraded in the medium within 24 h with complete loss after 72 h, the recombinant ricin-B can be recovered by aqueous two-phase extraction using PEG/potassium phosphate or PEG/sodium sulfate, the latter is more efficient
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
-20°C, stable for at least 6 months, retains activity upon freeze-thawing
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
affinity chromatography on fetuin-Sepharose 4B and gel filtration of homogenized elderberry bark, homogenized leaves of tobacco plants centrifuged
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affinity column chromatography with a 10 x 2.5 cm column packed with amylose resin specific for maltose-binding protein, eluted pure protein cleaved and dialyzed against 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.2, with 0.01% sodium azide, loaded to Sephadex G-100 column
ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity column chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration
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Blue Sepharose 6 column chromatography and CMC-Sephadex C-50 gel filtration
Blue Sepharose 6 column chromatography, CMC-Sephadex gel filtration, and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration
Capto Q column chromatography and lactosylSepharose column chromatography
cell centrifugation, washing, lysozyme application, sonication, centrifugation, supernatants applied to GSTrap FF column, elution with sonication buffer and 10 mM reduced glutathione, desalted, concentrated and glutathione S-transferase (GST) cleaved off with PreScission Protease
centrifugation of homogenized fruiting bodies followed by ion exchange chromatography on a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7, Affi-gel blue gel column chromatography of unabsorbed protein fraction (with translation-inhibiting activity) in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7 yields bound marmorin
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centrifugation, 0.22 microM filtered, dialyzed against 25 mM sodium chloride in phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, with 2 mM EDTA, application to HP CM FF Sepharose ion exchange column
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fetuin-Sepharose column chromatography and galactose-Sepharose column chromatograhy
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Hi-Trap CM-Sepharose column followed by Hi-Trap SP-Sepharose column with 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.7
homogenized frozen leaves filtered through cheesecloth, centrifuged, saturated with ammonium sulfate to 60%, stirred, all at 4 degrees Celsius, centrifuged, pellet resuspended in 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 with 1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, and 0.2 mM EDTA, dialyzed against buffer, centrifuged, loaded onto HiTrap Q FF column, bound proteins loaded onto HiTrap SP FF column, eluted with NaCl gradient, PAP elutes at about 250 mM NaCl
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immunoaffinity capture with antiricinus communis agglutinin, immobilized and cross-linked to Dynabeads Protein G
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native enzyme 611.4fold from shoots by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration
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native enzyme from leaves by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration
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native enzyme from mature seeds by ammonium sulfate fractionation, cation exchange chromatography and gel filtration to 96.6% purity
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native enzyme from seeds by ammonium sulfate fractionation, and two steps of gel filtration
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native enzyme from storage roots by immunoaffinity chromatography using a polyclonal anti-ME1 antibody resin
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native gelonin from seeds dialysis of the homogenate, and gel electrophoresis
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native ML-I from plant extract by ammonium sulfate fractionation, and affinity chromatography
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native PAP from spring leaves in four steps, ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion and cation exchange chromatography, and dialysis, to homogeneity
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Ni-NTA column chromatography
particle removal by centrifugation of ground material and concentration by dialysis against PEG
recombinant B-subunit from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) inclusion bodies to homogeneity
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recombinant functional His6-tagged enzyme, solubilized from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies, by nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration
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recombinant His-tagged RTA and RLPs from Escherichia coli BL21-AI cells by nickel affinity chromatography
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recombinant His-tagged wild-type and mutant PAPs from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by m7G affinity chromatography
recombinant His6-tagged ME1 from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by immunoaffinity chromatography, using a polyclonal anti-ME1 antibody resin, and anion exchange chromatography
recombinant His6-tagged optimized abricin A-chain from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by nickel affinity chromatography
recombinant IRAb from transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun plant leaves by ammonium sulfate fractionation, galactose affinity chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and dialysis
Iris sp.
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recombinant isozymes from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), purification after overexpression affords refolding by glutathione in refolding buffer, followd by ultrafiltration and cation exchange chromatography
recombinant N-terminally His-tagged isozyme RIP2 from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
recombinant PAP from Escherichia coli strain JM101 by an alkaline method
recombinant PAP-II from Escherichia coli strain JM101 by an alkaline method
recombinant PAP-R from Escherichia coli strain JM101 by an alkaline method
recombinant PAP-S from Escherichia coli strain JM101 by an alkaline method
recombinant protein
recombinant refolded CBD-intein-Gel fusion protein from inclusion bodies by chitin affinity chromatography with elution using an intein C-terminal self-cleavage method, 96% purity
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recombinant ricin A-chain RTA V81M without N- and C-terminal extensions from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by ammonium sulfate fractionation and anion exchange chromatography
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recombinant SNA-I, SNA-IV, SNA-V, and SNLRP from Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN transgenic plants by ion exchange chromatography, and fetuin affinity chromatography for SNA-I, recombinant SNA-IV and SNA-V are purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, galactose affinity chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, recombinant SNLRP is purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration
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recombinant wild-type and mutant ricin A chains from Escherichia coli strain JM101 by anion exchange chromatography and cobalt affinity chromatography to homogeneity
-
recombinant wild-type and some mutant RTAs from Escherichia coli strain JM101 by cation exchange chromatography to homogeneity
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sonicated, cleared lysate of cell culture in 20 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0 with 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM Na-vanadate and protease inhibitors (GST-buffer), incubated with glutathione-Sepharose beads, transferred to column, washed with 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7.8 with 0.5 M NaCl, with GST-buffer containing 0.35% Triton X-100, and GST-buffer alone
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cell centrifugation, washing, lysozyme application, sonication, centrifugation, supernatants applied to GSTrap FF column, elution with sonication buffer and 10 mM reduced glutathione, desalted, concentrated and glutathione S-transferase (GST) cleaved off with PreScission Protease
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cell centrifugation, washing, lysozyme application, sonication, centrifugation, supernatants applied to GSTrap FF column, elution with sonication buffer and 10 mM reduced glutathione, desalted, concentrated and glutathione S-transferase (GST) cleaved off with PreScission Protease
particle removal by centrifugation of ground material and concentration by dialysis against PEG
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particle removal by centrifugation of ground material and concentration by dialysis against PEG
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CAP30, DNA library construction, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expression analysis after infection with tobacco mosaic virus or wounding, expression of His-tagged CAP30 in Escherichia coli strain M15 from two different expression vectors
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DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expression of MLI and MLIII B-subunits in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
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DNA and amino acid sequence determination of PAP, expression in Escherichia coli strain JM101
DNA and amino acid sequence determination of PAP-II, expression in Escherichia coli strain JM101
DNA and amino acid sequence determination of PAP-R, expression in Escherichia coli strain JM101
DNA and amino acid sequence determination of PAP-S, expression in Escherichia coli strain JM101
Escherichia coli BL21 and TKB1
Escherichia coli strain DH5alpha with pDrive vector for cloning and strain TB1 with expression vector pMAL-c2X for expression
Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue (high transformation efficiency) and Bl21 (DE3) pLysS (high expression) with plasmid pET11d
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expressed in Escherichia coli
expressed in Nicotiana tabacum protoplasts (cultivar Petit Havana SR1)
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expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain mak8-1 which is more resistant to the enzyme in vivo due to higher affinity for aminoacyl-tRNA
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expression of A chain in Escherichia coli with His-tag. Construction of replication-deficient ricin B chain adenovirus-green fluorescent protein fusion protein
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expression of both the A and the B chains of KML separately in a bacterial expression system
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expression of His-tagged wild-type and mutant PAPs in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
expression of His6-tagged ME1 in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) for which ME1 is nontoxic
expression of His6-tagged optimized abricin A-chain in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
expression of isozymes in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3). Synthesis and expression of a PD-L1 synthetic gene in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
expression of ricin B-subunit in Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots, the recombinant protein is secreted to the culture medium
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expression of RTA and each of the six RLPs in polyhistidine-tagged form in Escherichia coli BL21-AI cells
-
expression of SNA-I, SNA-IV, SNA-V, and SNLRP in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN transgenic plants, expression levels, overview
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expression of wild-type and mutant karasurin-A in Escherichia coli as maltose-binding protein fusion proteins
-
expression of wild-type and mutant ricin A chains in Escherichia coli strain JM101
-
expression of wild-type PAP in yeast, and of mutant PAPs in Escherichia coli
-
functional expression of CBD-intein-Gel fusion protein in Escherichia coli strain Bl21(DE3) in inclusion bodies
-
fusion gene of enhanced green fluorescent protein and ricin A chain, expression in Escherichia coli
-
fusion protein of a 90-amino acid peptide from the simian rotavirus SA-11 nonstructural protein, NSP4 linked to the N-terminus of the ricin B subunit protein, expression in Escherichia coli
-
gene RIP3:2, genomic DNA library screening, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analyis, RNA mapping and expression profiling, expression is not under control of the Opaque-2 promoter, expression of gene RIP3:2 encoding isozyme RIP2 in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) as N-terminally His-tagged protein
gene ripsc, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, subcloning in Escherichia coli strain TG1, functional expression of Hi6-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) as recombinant protein of about 30 kDa in inclusion bodies. Expression in Streptomyces lividans and Escherichia coli, RIPsc overproduction results in dramatic decrease of the growth rate. In addition, intracellular production is deleterious for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Detailed overview
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isozyme MLIII, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, phylogenetic tree, expression of the B-subunit in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) in inclusion bodies
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nucleotide sequence of cDNA of cinnamomin A- and B-chains, transformed into Escherichia coli DH12S
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overexpression of ricin A-chain RTA V81M without N- and C-terminal extensions in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
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plasmid pMAL-c2 to amplify pokeweed antiviral protein and karasurin-A by PCR, expression in Escherichia coli XL1-Blue cells with expression plasmid pGEX-6P-1
potato plants expressing antiviral protein exhibits resistance against potato virus X, potato virus Y, and potato leafroll virus
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RTA gene from genomic DANN cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli XL-1 blue
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SoRIP1 and SoRIP2, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis
Stx2 gene, DNA and amino acid sequence determination, genotyping of 117 lineage I, I/II, and II E. coli O157:H7 strains
the enzymatically active ricin A chain is expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS cells
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transgenic tobacco expressing trichosanthin is completely resistant against infection by turnip mosaic virus
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plasmid pMAL-c2 to amplify pokeweed antiviral protein and karasurin-A by PCR, expression in Escherichia coli XL1-Blue cells with expression plasmid pGEX-6P-1
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plasmid pMAL-c2 to amplify pokeweed antiviral protein and karasurin-A by PCR, expression in Escherichia coli XL1-Blue cells with expression plasmid pGEX-6P-1
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
stx2 mRNA expression in culture media containing 2% salt is greatly increased compared to other salt concentrations
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RENATURED/Commentary
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
coarse-grained latice simulation model of sequence-structure modifications of the ricin A chain protein fold. Calculation of unfolding-folding transition temperature and evaluation of a possible unfolding model
-
in vitro reconstitution of volkensin from separately expressed A and B chain in presence of a GSH/GSSH reduced/oxidized system
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reassociation of purified recombinant RTAs mixed with RTB in presence of 0.1 M lactose and 2% v/v 2-mercaptoethanol by dialysis for 24 h against 1 l of NaCl/phosphate solution containing 0.1 M lactose, followed by further 36 h against 5 l of NaCl/phosphate solution
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recombinant B-subunit from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) inclusion bodies by denaturation in 7 M guanidinium hydrochloride, renaturation by 130fld dilution in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and incubation for 16 h at 4°C
-
recombinant CBD-intein-Gel fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli strain Bl21(DE3) from inclusion bodies by denaturation and stepwise dialysis, 69% of the protein is refolded to the native state in presence of 0.02 mM GSSG and 0.2 mM GSH in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 0.5 M NaCl, pH 8.5, and 0.5 M L-arginine
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recombinant functional His6-tagged enzyme from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies, method, overview
-
renaturation of recombinant MLIII B-subunit from 7 M guanidinium hydrochloride by dilution with phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and incubation for 16 h at 4°C
-
study on conformation of partially unfolded state through steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy on a single Trp-190 which is located adjacently to the active site. The transient folding/unfolding intermediate state of beta-momorcharin adopts a specific conformation at the vicinity of the active site
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the recombinant secreted ricin-B expressed in tobacco hairy root culture is degraded in the medium within 24 h with complete loss after 72 h, the recombinant ricin-B can be recovered by aqueous two-phase extraction using PEG/potassium phosphate or PEG/sodium sulfate, the latter is more efficient
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
analysis
biotechnology
diagnostics
medicine
nutrition
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study on the effects of heat treatment on the detection and toxicity of ricin added to milk- and soy-based infant formulas. Half-lives of ricin cytotoxicactivity in a milk-based infant formula at 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, 85°C, and 90°C are 9.8, 5.8, 5.1, 3.1, and 1.8 min, respectively, the comparable values for a soy-based infant formula are 16, 8.7, 6.9, 3.0, and 2.0 min
pharmacology
-
enables easy immunotoxin creation by coupling target antigen to artificial cysteine residue at non-enzyme-interfering C-terminus of toxin in a predictive way
additional information
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ricin is used as biological weapon for warefare and terrorism
agriculture
-
potato plants expressing antiviral protein exhibit resistance against potato virus X, potato virus Y, and potato leafroll virus
agriculture
-
transgenic tobacco expressing trichosanthin is completely resistant against infection by turnip mosaic virus
agriculture
-
transgenic tobacco plants transfected with the enzyme from barley acquire an increased resistance to Rhizoctonia solani infection. The expression of barley gene in transgenic mulberry displays enhanced tolerance against drought, salinity and cold stress
analysis
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detection method based on N-glycosidase activity of ricin. Ricin is captured by a monoclonal antibody directed against the B chain and immobilized. Detection is realized via the release of adenine by the ricin A chain. Limit of detection is around 0.1 ng/ml after concentration of the toxin
analysis
-
detection method for ricin based on its inhibitory effects on protein synthesis. Development of an array of protein expression units to accomodate controls and multiple samples. Detection limit is around 0.01 nM ricin
analysis
-
electrochemiluminescence-based detection of RNA N-glycosidase activities with a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/ml of ricin
analysis
-
electrochemiluminescence-based detection of RNA N-glycosidase activities with a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/ml of ricin
analysis
-
electrochemiluminescence-based detection of RNA N-glycosidase activities with a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/ml of ricin
analysis
-
evaluation of rapid measurement platform using fluorogenic hand-held immunoassays for ricin A chain. Detection limit is 14 ng/ml or 140 pg/test. The assays are inclusive for ricin A60, ricin A120, ricin A chain, and ricin B chain and exclusive in discrimination of ricin A60 from other toxins
analysis
-
highly selective and sensitive aptamer-based abrin assay using a molecular light switching reagent [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ with a limit of detection of 1 nM and a wide linear range from 1 to 400 nM with the correlation coefficient of 0.993. Assay can be performed in physiological buffers as well as diluted serum
analysis
-
identification of single domain antibodies bound to ricin immobilized on the surface of microspheres. Use as effective capture molecules in sandwich immunoassays
analysis
isolation of aptamers that specifically recognize ricin by affinity chromatography and by capillary electrophoresis/systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, i.e. CE-SELEX. Identification of three aptamers with Kd values in the nanomolar range that do not recognize abrin toxin
analysis
-
rapid and selective detection of ricin using fluorescently tagged RNA aptamers. Dissociation constant is 134 nM for RNA aptamer and ricin A chain, detection limit for ricin is around 1 nM
analysis
-
sensitive immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of ribosome-inactivating proteins, limit of detection is about 10 fg/ml of dianthin or ricin, and the test can be applied to human serum
analysis
-
sensitive immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of ribosome-inactivating proteins, limit of detection is about 10 fg/ml of dianthin or ricin, and the test can be applied to human serum
analysis
-
validation of a cell-free translation assay for determining ricin biological activity. Assay is specific for determining ricin in food-based matrixes and discriminates ricin from other ribosome-inactivating proteins
analysis
-
facile analysis of RIP catalytic activity will have applications in plant toxin detection, inhibitor screens, mechanistic analysis of depurinating agents on oligonucleotides and intact ribosomes, and in cancer immunochemotherapy
analysis
-
simple and cost effective N-glycosidase assay based on the direct determination of the released adenine by thin-layer chromatography and TLC-densitometry. An adenine based single stranded oligonucleotide is used as substrate. The released adenine is quantified on silica glass plates by UV absorbance at 260 nm
analysis
simple and cost effective N-glycosidase assay based on the direct determination of the released adenine by thin-layer chromatography and TLC-densitometry. An adenine based single stranded oligonucleotide is used as substrate. The released adenine is quantified on silica glass plates by UV absorbance at 260 nm
biotechnology
combined expression of a barley class II chitinase and type I ribosome inactivating protein in transgenic Brassica juncea provides protection against Alternaria brassicae
biotechnology
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ricin is a prototype for the construction of chimeric molecules, called immunotoxins, based on the structure of the A-B toxins. An application of the ricin B as a carrier is the fusion and expression with different viral antigens used for vaccination therapies. A fusion protein combining the genes for endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis with the ricin B chain, and transgenic rice and maize plants expressing the fusion protein are more toxic to insects than plants containing the toxin gene alone
biotechnology
-
saporin conjugated to oxytocin is an effective neurotoxin for in vivo elimination of cells that express oxytocin receptors and is potentially useful to analyze central nervous system mechanisms that involve the action of oxytocin on food intake and other physiological processes
biotechnology
-
saporin is fused to ubiquitin to allow a rapid degradation of the toxin via the ubiquitin-proteasome system in non-target cells. Saporin is the preferred toxin for constructing anti-neuronal immunotoxins and neuropeptide-toxin conjugates. The saporin gene is also used as a tool for suicide gene therapy
diagnostics
-
differentiation of castor bean toxins from other N-glycosidase toxins depending on the signal to background ratio of the substrate GdAAA to GdAGA, castor bean extract can be distinguished from jequirity seed extract (Abrus precatorius)
diagnostics
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differentiation of castor bean toxins from other N-glycosidase toxins depending on the signal to background ratio of the substrate GdAAA to GdAGA, castor bean extract can be distinguished from jequirity seed extract, ricin equivalent activity for jequirity seed 200-fold higher than with immunoassay
diagnostics
identification of highly toxic Escherichia coli variants in humans, animals, and food by using primer homologous to the elastase recognition site of Stx2dact or other variants
diagnostics
-
identification of substrate and product of ricin toxin A-chain with 3 different DNA stem-loop probes with fluorophore and quencher linked to the 5'- and 3'-ends or vice versa hybridized to substrate or ricin, respectively, lower limit of detection 14 ng/ml of ricin toxin chain a
diagnostics
-
identification of toxin with Vero-2dEGFP assay, threshold for toxin detection 10 picog/ml, and identification of toxin inhibitors, 10% glycerol enhances fluorescence signal
diagnostics
-
ricin identification in food (milk, apple juice) or clinical samples (serum, saliva) with DNA substrate that mimics the natural RNA target combined with MALDI-TOF analysis of DNA to identify depurination (1-5 pmol ricin detectable), and tryptic digestion of ricin and analysis with LC-MS/MS
medicine
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RIP proteins display a variety of activities in addition to rRNA N-glycosidase activity, antiviral, antifungal, apoptosis-inducing, antitumor, immunosuppressive, and HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activity, because of their translational inhibitory activity and other pharmacological properties, they have been regarded as having great potential for use as selective cell-killing agents
medicine
-
antifungal activity toward Physalospora piricola, Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and Coprinus comatus
medicine
-
trichoanguin examined for preparation of immunotoxins, with a great potential for application as an effective chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various cancers or AIDS
medicine
-
chinese medicinal herb capable of removing phlegm and treating cough
medicine
-
DNA damaging activity of gelonin may be responsible for the elimination of the parasite 6 Kb extrachromosomal mitochondrial DNA of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes
medicine
-
trichosanthin is immunogenic and leads to IgE production in humans, Trichosanthes kirilowii is a traditional chinese medicine plant, root tubers containing trichosanthin cause abortion, overview
medicine
-
construct of recombinant gelonin fused to cytokine B lymphocyte stimulator to specifically target quiescent B-CLL lymphocytes. The construct specifically binds and internalizes through cell-surface receptor BAFF-R into CD19 B-CLL lymphocytes and induces apoptosis at nanomolar concentrations. In contrast, rGel alone is not able to internalize into these leukemic lymphocytes. Mechanistically, the construct inhibits protein synthesis with an IC50 of less than 3 nM compared with more than 5000 nM for rGel toxin alone
medicine
-
construction of a chimeric antibody using variable region genes of anti-ricin monoclonal antibody 4C13 which can neutralize the toxicitiy of ricin, and human constant region genes. The chimeric antibody blocks ricin-induced cytotoxicity to SP2/0 cells
medicine
-
construction of a immunotoxin consisting of the non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein nigrin b linked to the monoclonal anti-human CD105 antibody 44G4. The immunotoxin kills specifically mouse fibroblasts expressing the biomarker CD105 with an IC50 value of 0.6 nM while nigrin does it at 0.24 microM. The immunotoxin accumulates in a perinuclear region
medicine
-
construction of chimeric toxin composed of saporin, a cleavable adapter, and human epidermic growth factor. Presence of the saponins saponinum album or quillajasaponin enhances cytotoxicity of the construct more than 1000fold and decreases IC50 values from 2.4 nM in absence of saponin to 0.18 pM in presence of saponinum album. Quillajasaponin enhances the cytotoxicity both on control cells lacking epidermal growth factor receptor and on target cells, while saponinum album is target cell receptor specific
medicine
-
coupling of an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody to saporin-S6 and treatment of selected human CD38+ cell ines and CD38+ neoplastic cells from a NonHodgkin Lymphoma patient. In HBL6, Raji and L540 cells protein synthesis is completely inhibited by the conjugate at 100 pM. CD38+ cells from the patient wee completely eliminated after treatment at 10 nM while CFU-c rescue by bone marrow precursors was maintained
medicine
-
cubic morphology lyotropic mesophases containing galactose amphiphiles exhibit high specificity ricin uptake with high dissociation constants and high capactities, and may be used as ricin antitoxins
medicine
-
development of an oropharyngeal aspiration model for ricin lethal challenge and antibody administration. When polyclonal anti-deglycosylated ricin A chain antibody is administered between 1-18 h after ricin challenge, all mice survive, while delayed treatment to 24 h results in 30% survival. Protective effects of antibody correlate with inhibition of apoptosis in lungs in vivo and in RAW264.7 macrophage and Jurkat cells in vitro
medicine
-
disruption of vascular leak syndrome-inducing site and of ribotoxic site. Injection i.m. into mice protects them against a ricin challenge of 10 LD50s. Injection into humans shows that the mutant is safe and elicits ricin-neutralizing antibodies in five of five individuals in the high-dose group
medicine
-
evaluation of cytotoxicity of ricin A chain and ricin A chain fusion protein with enhanced green fluorescent protein in HeLa and HEP-G2 cells following fluid-phase endocytosis. Fusion protein ahs a similar toxicity like ricin A chain. After endocytosis, ricin A chain reaches the endoplasmic reticulum
medicine
-
expression of A chain in Escherichia coli with His-tag and purification. Construction of replication-deficient ricin B chain adenovirus-green fluorescent protein fusion protein. When used individually, neither A chain nor B chain protein is toxic to human cell lines HEK 293, HeLa, SMMC 7721, and HL 7702, and entry of A chain into cells infected with the fusion contruct is confirmed. When applied together, significant cell death is observed in all cell lines tested
medicine
-
following encapsulation in negatively charged liposomes, the cytotoxicity of ricin in chinese hamster ovary cells is markedly reduced. Lactose has no effect on the binding, internalization, and cytotoxicity of liposomal ricin. Both monensin and NH4Cl markedly enhance the cytotoxicity of liposomal ricin. The extent of exocytosis of free ricin is much higher as compared to liposomal ricin
medicine
-
fusion of the CTL epitope from the pneumonia virus of mice phosphoprotein to the mature 5'-terminus of the ricin A chain of the non-toxic mutant RTA6K-R180H. Fusion protein elicits a CD8+ T-cell response in mice directed against pneumonia virus of mice, and the T-cell response resulting from inoculation with the ricin-peptide fusion molecule delays the onset of virus-induced disease
medicine
-
in HeLa cells, ricin transport to the trans-Golgi network is inhibited when the small GTPase Rab6A messenger RNA levels are reduced by more than 40% and less than 75%. However, when Rab6A mRNA is reduced by more than 75% and Rab6AmRNA is simultaneously up-regulated, the inhibition of ricin sulfation is abolished. The depletion of both Rab6A and Rab6A gives a stronger inhibition of ricin sulfation than what is observed knocking down the two isoforms separately
medicine
-
injection of ricin A chain or of Ricinus communis agglutinin into rat eyes at 0.01 nM bring about acute retinal inflammation and necrosis
medicine
-
injection of trichosanthin into rat eyes causes distinct retinal changes at 1 nM. Toxic effects are most pronounced in the cells of the outer nuclear layer, less pronounced on those of the inner nuclear layer, and little on the ganglion cells. Apoptosis is the predominant type of cell death induced by trichosanthin
medicine
-
isolation of monoclonal IgA antibodies active against ricin A chain or ricin B chain, respectively, that neutralize ricin in a Vero cell cytotoxicity assay, block toxin-induced interleukin-8 release by the human macrophage cell line 28SC, and protect polarized epithelial cell monolayers from ricin-mediated protein synthesis inhibition
medicine
-
major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers H2-Db assembled using streptavidin conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin. These tetramers inhibit ribosome activity in vitro, retain the T-cell receptor-binding specificity of their nontoxic counterparts, and are internalized by 100% of target cells, leading to cell death in 72 hours. Cytotoxicity is dependent on the tetramer dose and avidity for the T cell
medicine
-
mice co-inoculated with purified recombinant ricin b chain plus 90-amino acid peptide from the simian rotavirus SA-11 nonstructural protein, NSP4 or heat denatured NSP490/ricin B chain fusion protein generate higher titers of serum anti-NSP490 IgG antibodies than mice immunized with NSP490 peptide alone, immunostimulatory function of ricin B chain
medicine
-
ricin interacts with the ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase I-like protein EDEM responsible for redirecting aberrant proteins for ER-associated protein degradation and with Sec61alpha, and both kifunensin and puromycin enhance these interactions. Overexpression of EDEM strongly protects against ricin. In presence of kifunensin, EDEM promotes retranslocation of ricin from the ER to the cytosol
medicine
-
ricin stimulates human monocyte/macrophage cell line 28SC to secrete interleukin IL-8. IL-8 induction can be blocked by brefeldin A. After ricin exposure, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase levels are elevated. Treatment of cells with p38 mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 suppresses ricin-mediated IL-8 release
medicine
-
ricin toxicosis in a 12-week-old Mastiff puppy results in acute vomitting, diarrhea, and lethargy and subsequent death after several hours. Histopathologic findings include superficial necrotizing enteritis of the jejunum and occasional, random foci of coagulative necrosis in the liver
medicine
-
study on ricin A chain vaccine RTA 1-33/44-198 developed by protein engineering. Adsorption of the vaccine to aluminium hydroxide produces a small change in secondary structure that significantly stabilizes the protein to thermal denaturation
medicine
-
study on the cytotoxicity of ricin encapsulated in various liposomes. Cytotoxicity against CHO pro- cells is significnatly dependent on the charge on the surface of liposomes. Maximum cytotoxicity is observed by delivering ricin through negatively charged liposomes. Monensin enhances the cytotoxicity with maximum potentiation on delivery through positively charged liposomes and depending on the density of distearylphosphatidylethanolamine-mPEG-2000 on their surface
medicine
-
study on the endosome to Golgi transport of ricin in cell line LY-B deficient in serine palmitoyltransferase and in wildtype CHO-K1 cells in presence/absence of the inhibitor of sphingolipid biosynthesis, myriocin. Depletion of sphingolipids results in increased sensitivity to ricin. Endosome to Golgi transport of ricin is increased in sphingolipid-deficient cells. Additionally, cholesterol depletion inhibits endosome to Golgi transport even in cells with reduced levels of sphingolipids
medicine
-
treatment with dimethylsulfoxide and lipopolyamine administration both generate substantial cellular sensitization to ricin and a chemical conjugate of urokinase plasminogen activator and saporin used as anticancer toxin. Major site for the dimethylsulfoxide-facilitated entry of saporin into the cytosol is an endosomal trafficking step preceeding cargo delivery to the late endosome. Senitization effects are specific for saporin and suggest a translocation of saporin via endosomal disruption
medicine
the conserved alpha-helix is considered as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ribosome-inactivating protein poisoning
medicine
-
C-terminal enzymatically active ricin A chain variants are specifically cleaved by HIV-1 protease both in vitro and in HIV-infected cells and the products mediate specific inhibitory effect towards HIV replication. Upon proteolysis, the processed variants show enhanced antiviral effect with low cytotoxicity towards uninfected cells
medicine
the enzyme is used in the official Chinese medicine to induce abortion and to treat hydatidiform mol
medicine
-
the minimum inhibitory concentrations of recombinant balsamin for various pathogens ranges between 1.56 and 12.5 microg/ml
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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