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3-methyladenine residues in alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
5'-CGATAGCATCCT[hypoxanthine]CCTTCTCTCCAT-3' + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
1,N6-ethenoadenine + ?
alkylated DNA + H2O
1-methyladenine + ?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + 3-methylguanine + ?
-
AlkC is specific for 3-methylpurines
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methylcytosine + ?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methylguanine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
7-methylguanine + ?
additional information
?
-
3-methyladenine residues in alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
3-methyladenine residues in alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
1,N6-ethenoadenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
1,N6-ethenoadenine + ?
Saccharomyces pombe
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
1-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
1-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
calf thymus DNA
prefers to release hypoxanthine and 1,N6,ethenoadenine
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
important role in preventing the mutagenic effects of deaminated purines and cyclic etheno adducts
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
calf thymus DNA
prefers to release hypoxanthine and 1,N6,ethenoadenine
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
important role in preventing the mutagenic effects of deaminated purines and cyclic etheno adducts
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
releases 3-methyladenine and 3-ethyladenine
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
also releases a minmal amount of 3-methylguanine
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
also releases a minmal amount of 3-methylguanine
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
calf thymus DNA
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
calf thymus DNA
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
smallest member of the helix-hairpin-helix HhH superfamily of DNA glycosylases
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
double-stranded DNA is an effective substrate, enzyme is less efficient in excision of base damage from single-stranded regions transiently formed in DNA during transcription and replication
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
double-stranded DNA is an effective substrate, enzyme is less efficient in excision of base damage from single-stranded regions transiently formed in DNA during transcription and replication
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
reaction of the enzyme with alkylated DNA leads to introduction of apurinic sites but no chain breaks
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
primarily removes N3-methyladenine but also N3-methylguanine from DNA by glycosylic cleavage in the first step of the base excision repair
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
constitutive pathway for repair of DNA damaged by simple alkylating agents such as methylmethanesulfonate and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
constitutive pathway for repair of DNA damaged by simple alkylating agents such as methylmethanesulfonate and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
constititively expressed
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
constititively expressed
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
constititively expressed
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
constititively expressed
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
constititively expressed
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
constititively expressed
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
constititively expressed
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
also releases a minmal amount of 3-methylguanine
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
nuclear transcription factor estrogen receptor alpha interacts with 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase to modulate transcription and DNA repair, enzyme catalyzes removal of hypoxanthine from DNA, estrogen receptor alpha stabilizes the interaction of the enzyme with hypoxanthine containing DNAand increases the catalytic removal of the modified base
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
50% of DNA alkylation is repaired in the first 60 min after treatment with methyl methanesulfonate
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
calf thymus DNA
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
cellular repair of alkylated DNA base modifications
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
constititively expressed
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
also removes hypoxanthine and 1,N6-ethenoadenine from DNA, dependent on the structure
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
also removes 7-methylguanine
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
initiates the base excision repair pathway by removing damaged bases to create abasic apurinic/apyrimidinic sites
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
highest activity by producing 3-methylguanine
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
Saccharomyces pombe
-
highest activity by producing 3-methylguanine
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methyladenine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methylcytosine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
3-methylcytosine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
7-methylguanine + ?
-
50% of DNA alkylation is repaired in the first 60 min after treatment with methyl methanesulfonate
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
7-methylguanine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
alkylated DNA + H2O
7-methylguanine + ?
Saccharomyces pombe
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
AlkC is involved exclusively in the repair of alkylation damage
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no detectable affinity for hypoxanthine, 8-oxoguanine and 5-formyluracil
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
AlkC exhibits robust activity for 3-methylcytosine and modest activity for 1-methyladenosine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
will not release 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-(N-methylformamido)pyrimidine, the alkali-induced derivative of 7-methylguanine, in which the imidazole ring is opened
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no detectable endonuclease activity on native, depurinated or alkylated plasmid DNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
does not liberate 7-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine, 7-methyladenine, 7-ethylguanine, O6-ethylguanine, and arylalkylated purine derivatives obtained by treatment of DNA with 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene, no detectable nuclease activity with native DNA, depurinated DNA, ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, or X-irradiated DNA as potential substrates, enzyme does not release hypoxanthine or xanthine in free form from by nitrous acid treatment partly demainated DNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
will not release 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-(N-methylformamido)pyrimidine, the alkali-induced derivative of 7-methylguanine, in which the imidazole ring is opened
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase recognizes and excises a broad range of purines damaged by alkylation and oxidative damage, including 3-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, hypoxanthine, and 1,N6-ethenoadenine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
both the full-length and truncated AAG excised 1,N2-ethenoguanine, albeit weakly, from duplex DNA, while uracil is excised from both single- and double-stranded DNA, but only by full-length AAG. Structural basis for substrate recognition, base excision, and exclusion of normal purines and pyrimidines from its substrate recognition pocket, mechanism, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity on O2-methylcytosine, O2-methylthymine, O4-methylthymine or O6-methylguanine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
AlkC exhibits robust activity for 3-methylcytosine and modest activity for 1-methyladenosine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase binds 1,N6-ethenoadenine and abasic sites the most tightly, followed by the cross-linked 1,2-d(ApG) cisplatin adduct in duplex DNA but does not catalyze glycosyl bond cleavage at either of the cross-linked bases
-
-
?
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Riazuddin, S.; Lindahl, T.
Properties of 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase from Escherichia coli
Biochemistry
17
2110-2118
1978
Escherichia coli
brenda
Evensen, G.; Seeberg, E.
Adaptation to alkylation resistance involves the induction of a DNA glycosylase
Nature
296
773-775
1982
Escherichia coli
brenda
Karran, P.; Hjelmgren, T.; Lindahl, T.
Induction of a DNA glycosylase for N-methylated purines is part of the adaptive response to alkylating agents
Nature
296
770-773
1982
Escherichia coli, no activity in Escherichia coli
brenda
Thomas, L.; Yang, C.H.; Goldthwait, D.A.
Two DNA glycosylases in Escherichia coli which release primarily 3-methyladenine
Biochemistry
21
1162-1169
1982
Escherichia coli, no activity in Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli BW 9062
brenda
Clarke, N.D.; Kvaal, M.; Seeberg, E.
Cloning of Escherichia coli genes encoding 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylases I and II
Mol. Gen. Genet.
197
368-372
1984
Escherichia coli
brenda
Steinum, A.L.; Seeberg, E.
Nucleotide sequence of the tag gene from Escherichia coli
Nucleic Acids Res.
14
3763-3772
1986
Escherichia coli
brenda
Bjelland, S.; Seeberg, E.
Purification and characterization of 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase I from Escherichia coli
Nucleic Acids Res.
15
2787-2801
1987
Escherichia coli
brenda
Riazuddin, S.; Athar, A.; Ahmed, Z.; Lali, S.M.; Sohail, A.
DNA glycosylase enzymes induced during chemical adaptation of M. luteus
Nucleic Acids Res.
15
6607-6624
1987
Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus
brenda
Klungland, A.; Fairbairn, L.; Watson, A.J.; Margison, G.P.; Seeberg, E.
Expression of the E.coli 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase I gene in mammalian cells reduces the toxic and mutagenic effects of methylating agents
EMBO J.
11
4439-4444
1992
Escherichia coli
brenda
Taverna, P.; Garattini, E.; Citti, L.; Damia, G.; D'Incalci, M.
Expression of E. coli tag gene encoding 3-methyladenine glycosylase I in NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
185
41-46
1992
Escherichia coli
brenda
Seeberg, E.
Physical and genetic mapping of the tag gene on the Escherichia coli chromosome
J. Bacteriol.
175
5733-5734
1993
Escherichia coli
brenda
Bjelland, S.; Seeberg, E.
Different efficiencies of the Tag and AlkA DNA glycosylases from Escherichia coli in the removal of 3-methyladenine from single-stranded DNA
FEBS Lett.
397
127-129
1996
Escherichia coli
brenda
Tomicic, M.; Franekic, J.
Effect of overexpression of E. coli 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase I (Tag) on survival and mutation induction in Salmonella typhimurium
Mutat. Res.
358
81-87
1996
Escherichia coli
brenda
Plochocka, D.; Kierzek, A.; Obtulowicz, T.; Tudek, B.; Zielenkiewicz, P.
3-Methyladenine-DNA glycosylase I from Escherichia coli-computer modeling and supporting experimental evidence
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
268
724-727
2000
Escherichia coli
brenda
Smith, S.A.; Engelward, B.P.
In vivo repair of methylation damage in Aag 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase null mouse cells
Nucleic Acids Res.
28
3294-3300
2000
Mus musculus
brenda
Wyatt, M.D.; Samson, L.D.
Influence of DNA structure on hypoxanthine and 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine removal by murine 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase
Carcinogenesis
21
901-908
2000
Mus musculus
brenda
Bujnicki, J.M.; Rychlewski, L.
Fold-recognition analysis predicts that the Tag protein family shares a common domain with the helix-hairpin-helix DNA glycosylases
DNA Repair
1
391-395
2002
Escherichia coli, Homo sapiens
brenda
Drohat, A.C.; Kwon, K.; Krosky, D.J.; Stivers, J.T.
3-Methyladenine DNA glycosylase I is an unexpected helix-hairpin-helix superfamily member
Nat. Struct. Biol.
9
659-664
2002
Escherichia coli (W8TFT1), Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli B / ATCC 11303 (W8TFT1)
brenda
Hendricks, C.A.; Razlog, M.; Matsuguchi, T.; Goyal, A.; Brock, A.L.; Engelward, B.P.
The S. cerevisiae Mag1 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase modulates susceptibility to homologous recombination
DNA Repair
1
645-659
2002
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
brenda
Cao, C.; Kwon, K.; Jiang, Y.L.; Drohat, A.C.; Stivers, J.T.
Solution structure and base perturbation studies reveal a novel mode of alkylated base recognition by 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase I
J. Biol. Chem.
278
48012-48020
2003
Escherichia coli
brenda
Kwon, K.; Cao, C.; Stivers, J.T.
A novel zinc snap motif conveys structural stability to 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase I
J. Biol. Chem.
278
19442-19446
2003
Escherichia coli (P05100), Escherichia coli
brenda
Aamodt, R.M.; Falnes, P.; Johansen, R.F.; Seeberg, E.; Bjoras, M.
The Bacillus subtilis counterpart of the mammalian 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase has hypoxanthine and 1,N6,ethenoadenine as preferred substrates
J. Biol. Chem.
279
13601-13606
2004
Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis 168, Homo sapiens
brenda
Likhite, V.S.; Cass, E.I.; Anderson, S.D.; Yates, J.R.; Nardulli, A.M.
Interaction of estrogen receptor alpha with 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase modulates transcription and DNA repair
J. Biol. Chem.
279
16875-16882
2004
Homo sapiens
brenda
Alseth, I.; Rognes, T.; Lindback, T.; Solberg, I.; Robertsen, K.; Kristiansen, K.I.; Mainieri, D.; Lillehagen, L.; Kolsto, A.B.; Bjoras, M.
A new protein superfamily includes two novel 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylases from Bacillus cereus, AlkC and AlkD
Mol. Microbiol.
59
1602-1609
2006
Bacillus cereus
brenda
Metz, A.H.; Hollis, T.; Eichman, B.F.
DNA damage recognition and repair by 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase I (TAG)
EMBO J.
26
2411-2420
2007
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
brenda
Lingaraju, G.M.; Kartalou, M.; Meira, L.B.; Samson, L.D.
Substrate specificity and sequence-dependent activity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (Mag)
DNA Repair
7
970-982
2008
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
brenda
Kanamitsu, K.; Tanihigashi, H.; Tanita, Y.; Inatani, S.; Ikeda, S.
Involvement of 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylases Mag1p and Mag2p in base excision repair of methyl methanesulfonate-damaged DNA in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
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82
489-494
2007
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
brenda
Lee, C.; Delaney, J.; Kartalou, M.; Lingaraju, G.; Maor-Shoshani, A.; Essigmann, J.; Samson, L.
Recognition and processing of a new repertoire of DNA substrates by human 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG)
Biochemistry
48
1850-1861
2009
Homo sapiens
brenda
Zhu, X.; Yan, X.; Carter, L.; Liu, H.; Graham, S.; Coote, P.; Naismith, J.
A model for 3-methyladenine recognition by 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase I (TAG) from Staphylococcus aureus
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
68
610-615
2012
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus MSSA476
brenda
Yang, Q.; Huang, F.; Hu, L.; He, Z.
Physical and functional interactions between 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase and topoisomerase I in mycobacteria
Biochemistry
77
378-387
2012
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis
brenda
Liu, L.; Huang, C.; He, Z.
A TetR family transcriptional factor directly regulates the expression of a 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase and physically interacts with the enzyme to stimulate its base excision activity in Mycobacterium bovis BCG
J. Biol. Chem.
289
9065-9075
2014
Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis
brenda
Rajesh, S.; Sivaraman, T.
Cheminformatic designing of de novo inhibitors to 3-methyl adenine DNA glycosylase I (LiTagA) from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai strain 56601
Med. Chem. Res.
22
3434-3443
2013
Leptospira interrogans (Q8EZM1)
-
brenda
Troll, C.J.; Adhikary, S.; Cueff, M.; Mitra, I.; Eichman, B.F.; Camps, M.
Interplay between base excision repair activity and toxicity of 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylases in an E. coli complementation system
Mutat. Res.
763-764
64-73
2014
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pombe
brenda
Finney-Manchester, S.P.; Maheshri, N.
Harnessing mutagenic homologous recombination for targeted mutagenesis in vivo by TaGTEAM
Nucleic Acids Res.
41
e99
2013
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
brenda
Hasplova, K.; Hudecova, A.; Magdolenova, Z.; Bjoras, M.; Galova, E.; Miadokova, E.; Dusinska, M.
DNA alkylation lesions and their repair in human cells: Modification of the comet assay with 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AlkD)
Toxicol. Lett.
208
76-81
2012
Homo sapiens
brenda
Shi, R.; Mullins, E.A.; Shen, X.X.; Lay, K.T.; Yuen, P.K.; David, S.S.; Rokas, A.; Eichman, B.F.
Selective base excision repair of DNA damage by the non-base-flipping DNA glycosylase AlkC
EMBO J.
37
63-74
2018
Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens
brenda