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Information on EC 3.2.1.23 - beta-galactosidase and Organism(s) Homo sapiens

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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments
Some enzymes in this group hydrolyse alpha-L-arabinosides; some animal enzymes also hydrolyse beta-D-fucosides and beta-D-glucosides; cf. EC 3.2.1.108 lactase.
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This record set is specific for:
Homo sapiens
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Word Map
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Homo sapiens
The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
beta-galactosidase, beta-gal, beta-d-galactosidase, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, endo-beta-galactosidase, bglap, sa-beta-gal, acid beta-galactosidase, beta galactosidase, betagal, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
Acid beta-galactosidase
-
-
-
-
beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase
-
-
-
-
beta-D-glactanase
-
-
-
-
beta-D-lactosidase
-
-
-
-
beta-gal
-
-
beta-galase
-
-
-
-
beta-lactosidase
-
-
-
-
betagal
-
-
CTP-beta-gal
-
CTP-fused beta-galactosidase
driselase
-
-
-
-
Exo-(1-->4)-beta-D-galactanase
-
-
-
-
exo-beta-(1->3)-D-galactanase
-
-
-
-
galactosidase, beta
-
-
-
-
Hydrolact
-
-
-
-
lactase
-
-
-
-
lactosylceramidase II
-
-
-
-
Lactozym
-
-
-
-
Maxilact
-
-
-
-
Oryzatym
-
-
-
-
p-nitrophenyl beta-galactosidase
-
-
-
-
S 2107
-
-
-
-
SA-betagal
-
-
senescence-associated beta-galactosidase
-
-
SR12 protein
-
-
-
-
Sumiklat
-
-
-
-
Trilactase
-
-
-
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of O-glycosyl bond
-
-
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase
Some enzymes in this group hydrolyse alpha-L-arabinosides; some animal enzymes also hydrolyse beta-D-fucosides and beta-D-glucosides; cf. EC 3.2.1.108 lactase.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
9031-11-2
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactoside + H2O
4-methylumbelliferone + beta-D-galactose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside + H2O
5-bromo-4-chloroindol + beta-D-galactopyranose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside + H2O
?
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside + H2O
5-bromo-4-chloroindol + beta-D-galactose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
5-dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-beta-D-galactopyranoside + H2O
?
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
a beta-D-galactoside + H2O
D-galactose + an alcohol
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
cellobiose + H2O
2 D-glucose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
lactose + H2O
D-galactose + D-glucose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
lactose + H2O
D-glucose + D-galactose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
lactosyl ceramide + H2O
?
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
o-nitrophenyl beta-D-fucoside + H2O
o-nitrophenol + beta-D-fucose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside + H2O
o-nitrophenol + beta-D-galactose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside + H2O
p-nitrophenol + beta-D-galactose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside + H2O
p-nitrophenol + beta-D-glucose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
phlorizin + H2O
D-galactose + ?
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
a beta-D-galactoside + H2O
D-galactose + an alcohol
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
lactose + H2O
D-galactose + D-glucose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.59 - 0.65
4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactoside
additional information
additional information
-
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
-
in vivo enzyme activity in different fibroblast lines, cells in different growth stages, overview
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
4
-
leukocyte enzyme of GM1 gangliosidosis heterozygotes
4.2
-
enzyme from leukocytes and fibroblasts of normal individuals, and fibroblast enzyme of GM1 gangliosidosis heterozygotes
pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
5 - 7
-
about 75% of maximal activity at pH 5.0 and at pH 7.0
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
37
-
assay at
pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
5.6
-
thioredoxin-His portion removed cytoplasmic transduction peptide-beta-gal recombinant protein, calculated from amino acid sequence
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
of GM1 gangliosidosis heterozygotes compared to normal subjects
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
overexpressing Neu3
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
-
senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity is strongly associated with senescent cells, since it is not detectable in quiescent cells or terminally differentiated cells
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
BGAL_HUMAN
677
0
76075
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
A0A024R3N9_HUMAN
636
1
72079
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 5)
F4YK10_HUMAN
21
0
2305
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
Q53H18_HUMAN
677
0
76110
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
Q53G40_HUMAN
677
0
76069
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
B7Z5H9_HUMAN
546
0
60552
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
E7EQ29_HUMAN
546
0
60483
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
A0A679KTH4_HUMAN
1279
0
145526
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
B7Z6Q5_HUMAN
725
1
81803
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
120800
-
thioredoxin-His portion removed cytoplasmic transduction peptide-beta-gal recombinant protein, calculated from amino acid sequence
170000
-
x * 170000, SDS-PAGE
380000
-
gel filtration
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
?
-
x * 170000, SDS-PAGE
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
proteolytic modification
-
in normal cells an 84000 Da precursor is processed first to an intermediate form of higher molecular weight and then to a 64000 Da mature enzyme. In one case of GM1-gangliosidosis a precursor of abnormally high molecular weight is observed, no further processing occurs to the 88000 Da enzyme form
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
D332N
-
mutation seriously reduces catalytic activity
R148S
-
mutation has no effect on catalytic activity
additional information
-
transfection of beta-galactosidase gene to fibroblast cells in culture using liposomes. 24 h after transfection, treated cells show a higher specific enzyme activity than untreated cells. Cells maintained in culture for 7 days show values similar to those of untreated patients with GM1 gangliosidosis
TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
42
-
80 min,75% loss of leukocte enzyme from GM1 gangliosidosis heterozygotes,70% loss of fibroblast enzyme from GM1 gangliosidosis heterozygotes
45
-
50 min, about 50% loss of phlorizin hydrolase activity, about 70% loss of lactase activity
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
84000 Da precursor expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda
-
Ni2+-NTA agarose resin column chromatography
-
partial
-
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
84000 Da precursor expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda
-
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells
-
expression in COS cells
-
transfection of fibroblast
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
in human fibroblasts, the overexpression of plasma membrane associated sialidase Neu3 induces an about 2fold increase of beta-galactosidase expression and activity
-
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
analysis
-
the enzyme is a reliable marker for the course of replicative cell senescence
diagnostics
-
the enzyme is a reliable marker for the course of replicative cell senescence
medicine
-
transfection of beta-galactosidase gene to fibroblast cells in culture using liposomes. 24 h after transfection, treated cells show a higher specific enzyme activity than untreated cells. Cells maintained in culture for 7 days show values similar to those of untreated patients with GM1 gangliosidosis
molecular biology
-
senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity is a widely used biomarker for assessing replicative sensescence in mammalian cells. Quantitative assay of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity in mammalian cell extracts. The assay is capable of detecting relatively subtle changes in activity and confirms that confluency and contact inhibition of growth can cause a small increase in the expression of this biomarker. The assay for measuring senescence-associated changes in beta-galactosidase is suitable for mechanistic studies of senescence regulation in which graduated changes in biomarker expression may be anticipated
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Wallenfels, K.; Weil, R.
beta-Galactosidase
The Enzymes, 3rd Ed. (Boyer, P. D. , ed. )
7
617-663
1972
Enterobacter cloacae, Aeromonas caviae, Priestia megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Bos taurus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia, Ovis aries, Homo sapiens, Kluyveromyces lactis, Lactococcus lactis, Paracolobactrum aerogenoides, Rattus norvegicus, Saccharomyces fragilis, Shigella dysenteriae, Hamamotoa singularis, Tritrichomonas suis, Escherichia coli ML 309, Escherichia coli ML 35
-
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Wallenfels, K.; Malhotra, O.M.
beta-Galactosidase
The Enzymes, 2nd Ed (Boyer, P. D. , Lardy, H. , Myrbck, K. , eds. )
4
409-430
1960
Klebsiella aerogenes, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bos taurus, Canis lupus familiaris, Capra hircus, Coffea sp., Oryctolagus cuniculus, Escherichia coli, Felis catus, Helix pomatia, Ovis aries, Homo sapiens, Medicago sativa, Malus sp., Neurospora sp., Prunus dulcis, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Saccharomyces fragilis, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli K 12, Escherichia coli ML 308, Escherichia coli ML 309
-
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lau, H.K.F.
Physicochemical characterization of human intestinal lactase
Biochem. J.
241
567-572
1987
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Itoh, K.; Oshima, A.; Sakuraba, H.; Suzuki, Y.
Characterization and purification of human beta-galactosidase overexpressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells
J. Inherit. Metab. Dis.
14
813-818
1991
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Nanba, E.; Tsuji, A.; Omura, K.; Suzuki, Y.
GM1-gangliosidosis: abnormalities in biosynthesis and early processing of beta-galactosidase in fibroblasts
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
29
794-800
1988
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Zhang, S.; Bagshaw, R.; Hilson, W.; Oho, Y.; Hinek, A.; Clarke, J.T.; Callahan, J.W.
Characterization of beta-galactosidase mutations Asp332-->Asn and Arg148-->Ser, and a polymorphism, Ser532-->Gly, in a case of GM1 gangliosidosis
Biochem. J.
348
621-632
2000
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Sopelsa, A.M.; Severini, M.H.; da Silva, C.M.; Tobo, P.R.; Giugliani, R.; Coelho, J.C.
Characterization of beta-galactosidase in leukocytes and fibroblasts of GM1 gangliosidosis heterozygotes compared to normal subjects
Clin. Biochem.
33
125-129
2000
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Gary, R.K.; Kindell, S.M.
Quantitative assay of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity in mammalian cell extracts
Anal. Biochem.
343
329-334
2005
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Maier, A.B.; Westendorp, R.G.; VAN Heemst, D.
beta-Galactosidase activity as a biomarker of replicative senescence during the course of human fibroblast cultures
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
1100
323-332
2007
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Balestrin, R.C.; Baldo, G.; Vieira, M.B.; Sano, R.; Coelho, J.C.; Giugliani, R.; Matte, U.
Transient high-level expression of beta-galactosidase after transfection of fibroblasts from GM1 gangliosidosis patients with plasmid DNA
Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.
41
283-288
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Aureli, M.; Masilamani, A.P.; Illuzzi, G.; Loberto, N.; Scandroglio, F.; Prinetti, A.; Chigorno, V.; Sonnino, S.
Activity of plasma membrane beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase
FEBS Lett.
583
2469-2473
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Debacq-Chainiaux, F.; Erusalimsky, J.D.; Campisi, J.; Toussaint, O.
Protocols to detect senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-betagal) activity, a biomarker of senescent cells in culture and in vivo
Nat. Protoc.
4
1798-1806
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Huang, S.F.; Liu, D.B.; Zeng, J.M.; Yuan, Y.; Xiao, Q.; Sun, C.M.; Li, C.L.; Tao, K.; Wen, J.P.; Huang, Z.G.; Feng, W.L.
Cloning, expression, purification, distribution and kinetics characterization of the bacterial beta-galactosidase fused to the cytoplasmic transduction peptide in vitro and in vivo
Protein Expr. Purif.
68
167-176
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Seddigh, S.; Darabi, M.
Comprehensive analysis of beta-galactosidase protein in plants based on Arabidopsis thaliana
Turk. J. Biol.
38
140-150
2014
Asparagus officinalis, Persea americana, Musa acuminata, Brassica oleracea, Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Ricinus communis, Cicer arietinum, Citrus medica, Citrus sinensis, Coffea arabica, Dianthus caryophyllus, Drosophila melanogaster, Escherichia coli, Ficus carica, Fragaria x ananassa, Glycine max, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum, Homo sapiens, Hordeum vulgare, Linum usitatissimum, Lupinus angustifolius, Solanum lycopersicum, Mangifera indica, Malus domestica, Medicago truncatula, Mus musculus, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Nicotiana tabacum, Pyrus communis, Petunia x hybrida, Vigna radiata, Physcomitrium patens, Populus trichocarpa, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Raphanus sativus, Sorghum bicolor, Trifolium pratense, Triticum monococcum, Vitis vinifera, Zea mays, Diospyros kaki, Oryza sativa Japonica Group, Picea sitchensis, Hymenaea courbaril, Cucumis melo var. cantalupo, Selaginella moellendorffii, Fragaria chiloensis, Prunus salicina, Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa, Gossypium raimondii, Eutrema halophilum, Gossypium herbaceum subsp. africanum, Sandersonia aurantiaca, Ziziphus jujuba, Arabidopsis thaliana (F4JUE3)
-
Manually annotated by BRENDA team