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phosphatidylcholine + H2O
1,2-diacylglycerophosphate + choline
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-
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-
?
phosphatidylcholine + H2O
choline + phosphatidate
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phosphatidylcholine + H2O
choline + phosphatidic acid
phospholipid + H2O
phosphatidic acid + alcohol
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phosphoric ester hydrolysis
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?
additional information
?
-
phosphatidylcholine + H2O
choline + phosphatidic acid
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?
phosphatidylcholine + H2O
choline + phosphatidic acid
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hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D leads to the generation of phosphatidic acid, PA, which is itself a source of diacylglycerol. PLD2 emerges as an early player upstream of the Ras-MAPK-IL-2 pathway in T-cells via PA and DAG production
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?
additional information
?
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down-regulation of melanogenesis is mediated by phospholipase D2 but not by phospholipase D1 through turbiquitin proteasome-mediated degradation of tyrosinase. PLD2 may play an important role in regulating pigmentation in vivo
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?
additional information
?
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essential role for phospholipase D in activation of protein kinase C and degranulation in mast cells. Production of phosphatidic acid by PLD facilitates activation of protein kinase C and, in turn, degranulation, although additional PLD-dependent processes appear to be critical for antigen-mediated degranulation
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?
additional information
?
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mechanical stimuli activate mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling through a phospholipase D-dependent increase in phosphatidic acid
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?
additional information
?
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PLD might be implicated in core protein-induced transformation
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?
additional information
?
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sphingosine significantly stimulates phospholipase D activity in mouse C2c12 myoblasts via phosphorylation to sphingosine 1-phosphate
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?
additional information
?
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survival signals generated by PLD attenuate expression of Egr-1 by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway and induction of PTEN by early growth response-1, which confers resistance to apoptosis
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?
additional information
?
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the PLD2 PX domain enables PLD1 to mediate signal transduction via ERK1/2 by providing a direct binding site for phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate and by activating PLD1
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?
additional information
?
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mechanical stimuli activate signaling by mTOR, i.e. mammalian target of rapamycin, in skeletal muscle through an enzyme-dependent increase in phosphatidic acid
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?
additional information
?
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PLD also performs transphosphatidylation using 1-butanol as phosphatidyl acceptor
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?
additional information
?
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PLD2 is regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, detailed overview
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?
additional information
?
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except for PLD2c, all PLD1 and PLD2 isozymes contain the catalytic core regions comprised of highly conserved domain I-IV. In domains II and IV, the enzymes contain two HxKxxxxD sequences designated HKD motifs, which are essential for enzymatic catalysis
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?
additional information
?
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PLD also performs transphosphatidylation using 1-butanol as phosphatidyl acceptor leading to formation of phosphatidylbutan-1-ol
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?
additional information
?
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PLD assay on whole haematopoietic cells
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?
additional information
?
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the catalytic activity of PLD is not required for PLD-mediated CKII inhibition, possible inhibition mechanism, overview
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phosphatidylcholine + H2O
choline + phosphatidic acid
phospholipid + H2O
phosphatidic acid + alcohol
-
phosphoric ester hydrolysis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
phosphatidylcholine + H2O
choline + phosphatidic acid
-
-
-
-
?
phosphatidylcholine + H2O
choline + phosphatidic acid
-
hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D leads to the generation of phosphatidic acid, PA, which is itself a source of diacylglycerol. PLD2 emerges as an early player upstream of the Ras-MAPK-IL-2 pathway in T-cells via PA and DAG production
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
down-regulation of melanogenesis is mediated by phospholipase D2 but not by phospholipase D1 through turbiquitin proteasome-mediated degradation of tyrosinase. PLD2 may play an important role in regulating pigmentation in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
essential role for phospholipase D in activation of protein kinase C and degranulation in mast cells. Production of phosphatidic acid by PLD facilitates activation of protein kinase C and, in turn, degranulation, although additional PLD-dependent processes appear to be critical for antigen-mediated degranulation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
mechanical stimuli activate mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling through a phospholipase D-dependent increase in phosphatidic acid
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PLD might be implicated in core protein-induced transformation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
sphingosine significantly stimulates phospholipase D activity in mouse C2c12 myoblasts via phosphorylation to sphingosine 1-phosphate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
survival signals generated by PLD attenuate expression of Egr-1 by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway and induction of PTEN by early growth response-1, which confers resistance to apoptosis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the PLD2 PX domain enables PLD1 to mediate signal transduction via ERK1/2 by providing a direct binding site for phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate and by activating PLD1
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
mechanical stimuli activate signaling by mTOR, i.e. mammalian target of rapamycin, in skeletal muscle through an enzyme-dependent increase in phosphatidic acid
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PLD also performs transphosphatidylation using 1-butanol as phosphatidyl acceptor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PLD2 is regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, detailed overview
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
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ARF GTPases
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all ARF proteins 1-6 stimulate PLD to a similar extent
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ARF protein
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ARF family small GTPases, which are composed of six isoforms, ARF1-6 act as PLD activators, they activates PLD1 and PLD2. ARFs are myristoylated at their N-terminal glycine residue and this lipid modification is required to fully activate PLD1 [11,12]. In the ARF-dependent activation of PLD1, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-disphosphate is an essential cofactor. Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-disphosphate act as cofactors and bind to the PX domain, which is also responsible for protein-protein interactions. PLD2 directly interacts with the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase
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Arf1 protein
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activates PLD2 and PLD1 in vitro
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Cdc42
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in addition to interactions with Rac and Rho, PLD1 is regulated by Cdc42
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dynamin
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a large GTPase, can interact with PLD in a GTP dependent manner in vitro
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phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate
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specifically interacts with the phox homology domain of phospholipase D1 and stimulates activity
Rho GTPases
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PLD1 and PLD2 activity is regulated by the Rho family of small GTPases
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serotonin
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i.e. 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT, activates PLD via the 5-HT 2A receptor, leading to the generation of phosphatidic acid that promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation through activations of mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, S6K1 and MAPK but not the Rho or PI3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways, overview. Activation is completely blocked by ketanserin
additional information
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acidic extracellular pH induces enzyme activity both via Ca2+ influx and acidic shingomyelinase
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additional information
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mechanical stimulation of skeletal muscle with intermittent passive stretch ex vivo induces phospholipase D activation, phosphatidic acid accumulation, and signaling by mTOR, i.e. mammalian target of rapamycin
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additional information
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epidermal growth factor triggers the activation of PLD in various cell types, such as mouse embryo fibroblasts, MEFs, a mouse myoblast cell line, C2C12, and a mouse embryo fibroblast cell line Swiss 3T3
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additional information
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in some physiological settings, the PLD2 activity appears to be regulated by the classical MAP kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway
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malfunction
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pretreatment of mouse neutrophils with PLD inhibitor resveratrol significantly blocks oxidative burst, leukocyte migration, degranulation, and inflammatory cytokine production involving inhibition of sphingosine kinase activity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation
metabolism
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phosphatidic acid is a source of diacylglycerol, the two versatile lipid second messengers are at the centre of a phospholipid signalling network and as such are involved in several cellular functions
metabolism
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the regulation of PLD activity by phosphoinositides, particularly by PtdIns(4,5)P2 provides a link with a number of proteins known to regulate cytoskeletal changes associated with adhesion and migration of cells, while this is also apparent when the additional PLD regulators, in particular the small GTPases, are considered
physiological function
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different PLD isozymes are likely to serve diverse functions in membrane trafficking, endocytosis, exocytosis, cell growth, differentiation and actin cytoskeletal organization. Regulatory function of PLD, detailed overview. Phospholipase D signalling is involved in neurite outgrowth
physiological function
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importance and activating role of PLD2 for LPS-induced NO synthesis in Raw 264.7 cells with involvement of the S6K1-p42/44 MAPK-STAT3 pathway. Binding of transcription factor STAT3 to the iNOS promoter is mediated by PLD2
physiological function
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phospholipase D signaling is involved in serotonin-induced mitogenesis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. PLD activation participates in the cellular proliferation response to serotonin
physiological function
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PLD2 plays the role of master regulator and in an ill-defined manner regulates Rho function, PLD1 activity is downstream of this activation, however the generated phosphatidic acid controls changes in cytoskeletal organisation through its regulation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-kinase activity, overview. Regulatory mechanisms of PLD1 and PLD2 cellular activities, overview
physiological function
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PLD2 promotes an early and sustained increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation in recombinant T-cell lines, which is inhibited by 1-butanol.
physiological function
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roles of phospholipase D in epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, signaling, modelling, overview. Coordination of EGF signaling by the PX domain of PLD, detailed overview. PLD is a key mediator of EGFR function, and can be directly regulated by upstream binding partners in an EGF-dependent manner
physiological function
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isoforms PLD1 and PLD2 regulate different steps in mast cell degranulation. PLD1 deficiency impairs FcepsilonRI-mediated mast cell degranulation while PLD2 deficiency enhances it. PLD deficiency affects activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway and RhoA. Although PLD1 deficiency impairs F-actin disassembly, PLD2 deficiency enhances microtubule formation
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Pappan, K.; Wang, X.
Molecular and biochemical properties and physiological roles of plant phospholipase D
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1439
151-166
1999
Arabidopsis sp., Brassica oleracea, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ricinus communis, Catharanthus roseus, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Oryza sativa, Spuriopimpinella brachycarpa, Rattus norvegicus, Zea mays, Vigna unguiculata (O04865), Nicotiana tabacum (P93400)
brenda
Meacci, E.; Cencetti, F.; Donati, C.; Nuti, F.; Becciolini, L.; Bruni, P.
Sphingosine kinase activity is required for sphingosine-mediated phospholipase D activation in C2C12 myoblasts
Biochem. J.
381
655-663
2004
Mus musculus
brenda
Kim, J.; Lee, Y.H.; Kwon, T.K.; Chang, J.S.; Chung, K.C.; Min, D.S.
Phospholipase D prevents etoposide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of early growth response-1 and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10
Cancer Res.
66
784-793
2006
Mus musculus
brenda
Kim, J.; Choi, B.H.; Jang, K.L.; Min do, S.
Phospholipase D activity is elevated in hepatitis C virus core protein-transformed NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells
Exp. Mol. Med.
36
454-460
2004
Mus musculus
brenda
Kageyama, A.; Oka, M.; Okada, T.; Nakamura, S.i.; Ueyama, T.; Saito, N.; Hearing, V.J.; Ichihashi, M.; Nishigori, C.
Down-regulation of melanogenesis by phospholipase D2 through ubiquitin proteasome-mediated degradation of tyrosinase
J. Biol. Chem.
279
27774-27780
2004
Mus musculus
brenda
Lee, J.S.; Kim, J.H.; Jang, I.H.; Kim, H.S.; Han, J.M.; Kazlauskas, A.; Yagisawa, H.; Suh, P.G.; Ryu, S.H.
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate specifically interacts with the phox homology domain of phospholipase D1 and stimulates its activity
J. Cell Sci.
118
4405-4413
2005
Mus musculus
brenda
Peng, Z.; Beaven, M.A.
An essential role for phospholipase D in the activation of protein kinase C and degranulation in mast cells
J. Immunol.
174
5201-5208
2005
Mus musculus
brenda
Hornberger, T.A.; Chu, W.K.; mak, Y.W.; Hsiung, J.W.; Huang, S.A.; Chien, S.
The role of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
103
4741-4746
2006
Mus musculus
brenda
Kim, H.; Lee, J.; Kim, S.; Shin, M.K.; Min, d.o.S.; Shin, T.
Differential expression of phospholipases D1 and D2 in mouse tissues
Cell Biol. Int.
31
148-155
2007
Mus musculus (P97813), Mus musculus (Q9Z280), Mus musculus
brenda
Kato, Y.; Ozawa, S.; Tsukuda, M.; Kubota, E.; Miyazaki, K.; St-Pierre, Y.; Hata, R.
Acidic extracellular pH increases calcium influx-triggered phospholipase D activity along with acidic sphingomyelinase activation to induce matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in mouse metastatic melanoma
FEBS J.
274
3171-3183
2007
Mus musculus
brenda
Egertova, M.; Simon, G.M.; Cravatt, B.F.; Elphick, M.R.
Localization of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) expression in mouse brain: A new perspective on N-acylethanolamines as neural signaling molecules
J. Comp. Neurol.
506
604-615
2008
Mus musculus
brenda
Liu, Y.; Fanburg, B.L.
Phospholipase D signaling in serotonin-induced mitogenesis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol.
295
L471-L478
2008
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
brenda
Hamdi, S.M.; Cariven, C.; Coronas, S.; Malet, N.; Chap, H.; Perret, B.; Salles, J.P.; Record, M.
Potential role of phospholipase D2 in increasing interleukin-2 production by T-lymphocytes through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/ERK2
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1781
263-269
2008
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
brenda
Rudge, S.A.; Wakelam, M.J.
Inter-regulatory dynamics of phospholipase D and the actin cytoskeleton
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1791
856-861
2009
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Streptomyces chromofuscus
brenda
Lee, C.S.; Kim, K.L.; Jang, J.H.; Choi, Y.S.; Suh, P.G.; Ryu, S.H.
The roles of phospholipase D in EGFR signaling
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1791
862-868
2009
Bos taurus, Cricetulus griseus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Kanaho, Y.; Funakoshi, Y.; Hasegawa, H.
Phospholipase D signalling and its involvement in neurite outgrowth
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1791
898-904
2009
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Park, S.Y.; Cho, J.H.; Ma, W.; Choi, H.J.; Han, J.S.
Phospholipase D2 acts as an important regulator in LPS-induced nitric oxide synthesis in Raw 264.7 cells
Cell. Signal.
22
619-628
2010
Mus musculus
brenda
Issuree, P.D.; Pushparaj, P.N.; Pervaiz, S.; Melendez, A.J.
Resveratrol attenuates C5a-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting phospholipase D and sphingosine kinase activities
FASEB J.
23
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2009
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
brenda
Moon, C.; Jeong, J.; Shin, M.K.; Min, d.o..S.; Shin, T.
Expression of phospholipase D isozymes in mouse lungs during postnatal development
J. Vet. Med. Sci.
71
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2009
Mus musculus
brenda
Henkels, K.M.; Peng, H.J.; Frondorf, K.; Gomez-Cambronero, J.
A comprehensive model that explains the regulation of phospholipase D2 activity by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation
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30
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2010
Mus musculus
brenda
Yoon, S.H.; Min, d.o..S.; Bae, Y.S.
Over-expression of phospholipase D isozymes down-regulates protein kinase CKII activity via proteasome-dependent CKIIbeta degradation in NIH3T3 cells
Mol. Cells
27
299-305
2009
Mus musculus
brenda
Zhu, M.; Zou, J.; Li, T.; OBrien, S.A.; Zhang, Y.; Ogden, S.; Zhang, W.
Differential roles of phospholipase D proteins in FcepsilonRI-mediated signaling and mast cell function
J. Immunol.
195
4492-4502
2015
Mus musculus
brenda