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Information on EC 2.7.9.5 - phosphoglucan, water dikinase
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EC Tree
2.7.9.5 phosphoglucan, water dikinaseIUBMB Comments
The enzyme phosphorylates granular starch that has previously been phosphorylated by EC 2.7.9.4, alpha-glucan, water dikinase; there is no activity with unphosphorylated glucans. It transfers the beta-phosphate of ATP to the phosphoglucan, whereas the gamma-phosphate is transferred to water . In contrast to EC 2.7.9.4, which phosphorylates glucose groups in glucans on O-6, this enzyme phosphorylates glucose groups in phosphorylated starch on O-3 . The protein phosphorylates itself with the beta-phosphate of ATP, which is then transferred to the glucan .
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The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
pwd, 
more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
At5g26570
phosphoglucan, water dikinase
PWD
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan] + H2O = AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
-
-
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
ATP:phospho-alpha-glucan, water phosphotransferase
The enzyme phosphorylates granular starch that has previously been phosphorylated by EC 2.7.9.4, alpha-glucan, water dikinase; there is no activity with unphosphorylated glucans. It transfers the beta-phosphate of ATP to the phosphoglucan, whereas the gamma-phosphate is transferred to water [1]. In contrast to EC 2.7.9.4, which phosphorylates glucose groups in glucans on O-6, this enzyme phosphorylates glucose groups in phosphorylated starch on O-3 [2]. The protein phosphorylates itself with the beta-phosphate of ATP, which is then transferred to the glucan [1].
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
664327-94-0
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + crystalline maltodextrin + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucosyl-maltodextrin + phosphate
crystalline maltodextrin (MDcryst) is used as a model substrate for glucan phosphorylating enzyme activity that mimics features of native starches, such as allomorph and crystallinity but omitted branching. Significant phosphorylation of MDcryst by PWD requires the preceding action of GWD. GWD-dependent phosphorylation alters the granule surface structure, which favors the action of PWD
-
-
?
ATP + phospho-maltodextrin + H2O
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-maltodextrin] + phosphate
-
only pre-phosphorylated, crystallised (insoluble) maltodextrin
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
dikinases use ATP as a dual phosphate donor and transfer the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups to two distinct acceptor molecules, a glucan and water. A conserved histidine residue within this domain is capable of accepting the beta-phosphate group of ATP following nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. The phosphoramidate bond is acid labile, but rather stable under alkaline conditions. The gamma-phosphate group is transferred to water
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
GWD phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at carbon atom 3, the gamma-phosphate group of ATP is transferred to water and the beta-phosphate group to an autocatalytical histidine residue via a phosphoramidate bond. GWD-dependent phosphorylation alters the granule surface structure, which favors the action of PWD. PWD phosphorylates also non pre-phosphorylated glucan chains
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
dikinases use ATP as a dual phosphate donor and transfer the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups to two distinct acceptor molecules, a glucan and water. A conserved histidine residue within this domain is capable of accepting the beta-phosphate group of ATP following nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. The phosphoramidate bond is acid labile, but rather stable under alkaline conditions. The gamma-phosphate group is transferred to water
-
-
?
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan]
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
-
the enzyme phosphorylates granular starch that has previously been phosphorylated by EC 2.7.9.4, alpha-glucan, water dikinase
-
-
?
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan]
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
-
the enzyme transfers the beta-phosphate of ATP to the phosphoglucan, whereas the gamma-phosphate is transferred to water. The protein phosphorylates itself with the beta-phosphate of ATP at a His residue of the enzyme, which is then transferred to the glucan
-
-
?
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan] + H2O
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan] + H2O
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
important enzymes of starch metabolism. Catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to amylopectin chains at the surface of starch granules, changing its physicochemical properties
-
-
?
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan] + H2O
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
the enzyme is involved in starch phosphorylation, a key step in starch degradation
-
-
?
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan] + H2O
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
solubilised maltodextrin is no substrate whether pre-phosphorylated by glucan, water dikinase (GWD) or not
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group at the C2 position
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan]
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
-
the enzyme phosphorylates granular starch that has previously been phosphorylated by EC 2.7.9.4, alpha-glucan, water dikinase
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
dikinases use ATP as a dual phosphate donor and transfer the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups to two distinct acceptor molecules, a glucan and water. A conserved histidine residue within this domain is capable of accepting the beta-phosphate group of ATP following nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. The phosphoramidate bond is acid labile, but rather stable under alkaline conditions. The gamma-phosphate group is transferred to water
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
dikinases use ATP as a dual phosphate donor and transfer the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups to two distinct acceptor molecules, a glucan and water. A conserved histidine residue within this domain is capable of accepting the beta-phosphate group of ATP following nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. The phosphoramidate bond is acid labile, but rather stable under alkaline conditions. The gamma-phosphate group is transferred to water
-
-
?
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan] + H2O
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
important enzymes of starch metabolism. Catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to amylopectin chains at the surface of starch granules, changing its physicochemical properties
-
-
?
ATP + [phospho-alpha-glucan] + H2O
AMP + O-phospho-[phospho-alpha-glucan] + phosphate
the enzyme is involved in starch phosphorylation, a key step in starch degradation
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Mg2+
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
EARLY STARVATION1
i.e. ESV1, a 50000 Da starch-binding protein. Increases action of phosphoglucan, water dikinase. ESV1 does not affect the autophosphorylation of the phosphoglucan, water dikinase
-
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
-
no activity detectable on pre-phosphorylated, soluble maltodextrin
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
the enzyme acts significantly on the surface of native starch granules
-
brenda
additional information
the GWD full-length protein binds to native starch granules in vivo and in vitro. Binding of GWD in vivo is dependent on the metabolic status of the cells. A significantly higher proportion of the dikinases is associated with native leaf starch granules isolated during the dark period than in the light phase of the photoperiod
-
brenda
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
the largest differences in the amino acid sequence of GWD, EC 2.7.9.4, and PWD, EC 2.7.9.5, span the non-catalytic N-terminal region. In case of PWD, the N-terminus contains a single starch-binding domain (SBD) that belongs to the well-characterized carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) family CBM20. In contrast to PWD, the identity of the N-terminal starch-binding domain of GWD is less pronounced but might be assigned to the recently identified CBM45 family
malfunction
mutants lacking the enzyme reveal a starch excess phenotype as well as growth retardation. The lack of PWD causes a reduction of G3P alone
metabolism
physiological function
metabolism
during starch metabolism, the phosphorylation of glucosyl residues of amylopectin is a repeatedly observed process. The phosphorylation is mediated by dikinases, glucan, water dikinase (GWD, EC 2.7.9.4) and phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD, EC 2.7.9.5). By the collaborative action of both enzymes, the initiation of a transition of alpha-glucans from highly ordered, water-insoluble state to a less order state is realized and thus the initial process of starch degradation
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in starch phosphorylation, a key step in starch degradation
physiological function
the starch-related dikinase utilizes ATP as dual phosphate donor transferring the terminal gamma-phosphate group to water selectively to C3 position of a glucosyl residue within amylopectin. The action of the dikinase is restricted to the granule surface and glucan chains exposed at the surface account only for a minor proportion of the entire granule. Glucan chains that are phosphorylated by the dikinase remain covalently linked to the insoluble starch particle. In Arabidopsis leaf starch, about 0.1% of the glucosyl residues are phosphorylated, respectively. PWD is mainly responsible for C3 phosphorylation. A significant PWD-mediated C3 phosphorylation requires the preceding phosphorylation by GWD in Arabidopsis thaiana wild-type starch
physiological function
important enzyme of starch metabolism. Catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to amylopectin chains at the surface of starch granules, changing its physicochemical properties
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). PWD_ARATH
1196
0
131323
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 1)
PWD_ORYSJ
1206
0
132895
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 5)
S7W4G5_TOXGG
Toxoplasma gondii (strain ATCC 50853 / GT1)
1239
0
135850
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A086PXW5_TOXGO
386
0
41701
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A5B6ZHL1_DAVIN
158
0
17218
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A139Y1Q5_TOXGO
175
0
19115
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
B9RXZ3_RICCO
1174
0
129076
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 2)
A0A086KD32_TOXGO
965
0
106123
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A086JFZ0_TOXGO
87
0
9840
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A7C9AMT8_OPUST
1192
0
130732
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 3)
A0A2G9HI59_9LAMI
457
0
51436
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A086JFV6_TOXGO
386
0
41701
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2P6QVK3_ROSCH
1192
0
130453
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 2)
A0A2I0BE96_9ASPA
1184
0
131294
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
A0A086JFW7_TOXGO
324
0
34964
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A086PHZ9_TOXGO
211
0
22604
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A396HKU7_MEDTR
1202
0
132612
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 2)
A0A086M1R6_TOXGO
1239
0
135895
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A086PXV2_TOXGO
87
0
9840
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A086KAH5_TOXGO
324
0
34903
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A5B7B1J1_DAVIN
259
0
29825
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 4)
A0A2G9GRZ2_9LAMI
457
0
51489
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A139Y236_TOXGO
87
0
9840
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A086PHZ7_TOXGO
324
0
34961
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A086KD16_TOXGO
274
0
29744
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
A0A396K4M3_MEDTR
650
0
69670
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 3)
A0A5B6ZIE6_DAVIN
120
0
12570
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
C3W8P3_HORVV
261
0
29588
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A086KAG6_TOXGO
535
0
59397
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A2P6R948_ROSCH
503
0
57079
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A2P6QVI9_ROSCH
497
0
53650
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A023BAH3_GRENI
1159
0
124705
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A139Y1V6_TOXGO
320
0
35393
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A139Y288_TOXGO
211
0
22604
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A396K0A0_MEDTR
155
0
17782
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A086PHY7_TOXGO
529
0
59240
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A396K5J5_MEDTR
72
0
8345
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A086PXV9_TOXGO
765
0
84278
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A425I4A9_TOXGO
965
0
106123
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A2G9HED7_9LAMI
1198
0
132468
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 1)
S8EX81_TOXGM
Toxoplasma gondii (strain ATCC 50611 / Me49)
1239
0
135870
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
V4ZNZ3_TOXGV
Toxoplasma gondii (strain ATCC 50861 / VEG)
1239
0
135772
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A2G8Y2M4_TOXGO
1239
0
135887
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A2P6QVL3_ROSCH
101
0
11906
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A425I4A8_TOXGO
274
0
29744
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
A0A086JFY7_TOXGO
441
0
49271
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A7C8ZF86_OPUST
123
0
13136
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3)
A0A2G9GNM8_9LAMI
1198
0
132503
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 1)
A0A086PI06_TOXGO
175
0
19115
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A086KAI3_TOXGO
274
0
29744
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
A0A139Y1L9_TOXGO
324
0
34954
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A139Y1P5_TOXGO
121
0
13892
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
-
in mutant plants lacking phosphoglucan, water dikinase EC 2.7.9.5, C3-bound phosphate is reduced to levels close to detection limit. In mutant plants lacking alpha-glucan, water dikinase EC 2.7.9.4, phosphorylation at both C6- and C3-positions of glucose moieties in starch is dramatically decreased
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ammonium sulfate precipitation, amylose resin column chromatography, and Sephadex G-25 gel filtration
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the expression of isoform GWD3 during the diurnal cycle increases until 13 h of illumination, when it reaches its maximal level
the lowest level isoform GWD3 expression is 4 h after turning the light off, and it was more than 2.5times lower than the maximal expression level
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Kotting, O.; Pusch, K.; Tiessen, A.; Geigenberger, P.; Steup, M.; Ritte, G.
Identification of a novel enzyme required for starch metabolism in Arabidopsis leaves. The phosphoglucan, water dikinase
Plant Physiol.
137
242-252
2005
Arabidopsis sp.
brenda
Ritte, G.; Heydenreich, M.; Mahlow, S.; Haebel, S.; Koetting, O.; Steup, M.
Phosphorylation of C6- and C3-positions of glucosyl residues in starch is catalysed by distinct dikinases
FEBS Lett.
580
4872-4876
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Hejazi, M.; Fettke, J.; Haebel, S.; Edner, C.; Paris, O.; Frohberg, C.; Steup, M.; Ritte, G.
Glucan, water dikinase phosphorylates crystalline maltodextrins and thereby initiates solubilization
Plant J.
55
323-334
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Orzechowski, S.; Grabowska, A.; Sitnicka, D.; Siminska, J.; Felus, M.; Dudkiewicz, M.; Fudali, S.; Sobczak, M.
Analysis of the expression, subcellular and tissue localisation of phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD/GWD3) in Solanum tuberosum L.: A bioinformatics approach for the comparative analysis of two alpha-glucan, water dikinases (GWDs) from Solanum tuberosum L.
Acta Physiol. Plant.
35
483-500
2013
Solanum tuberosum (D2JRZ6)
-
brenda
Mahlow, S.; Orzechowski, S.; Fettke, J.
Starch phosphorylation: insights and perspectives
Cell. Mol. Life Sci.
73
2753-2764
2016
Solanum tuberosum (D2JRZ6), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q6ZY51)
brenda
Ma, J.; Gao, S.; Jiang, Q.; Yang, Q.; Sun, M.; Wang, J.; Qi, P.; Liu, Y.; Li, W.; Pu, Z.; Lan, X.; Wei, Y.; Liu, C.; Zheng, Y.
Structure and expression of phosphoglucan phosphatase genes of Like Sex Four1 and Like Sex Four2 in barley
Genetica
144
313-323
2016
Hordeum vulgare
brenda
Pirone, C.; Gurrieri, L.; Gaiba, I.; Adamiano, A.; Valle, F.; Trost, P.; Sparla, F.
The analysis of the different functions of starch-phosphorylating enzymes during the development of Arabidopsis thaliana plants discloses an unexpected role for the cytosolic isoform GWD2
Physiol. Plant.
160
447-457
2017
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q6ZY51), Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Malinova, I.; Mahto, H.; Brandt, F.; Al-Rawi, S.; Qasim, H.; Brust, H.; Hejazi, M.; Fettke, J.
EARLY STARVATION1 specifically affects the phosphorylation action of starch-related dikinases
Plant J.
95
126-137
2018
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q6ZY51)
brenda
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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