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Information on EC 2.7.7.49 - RNA-directed DNA polymerase and Organism(s) Homo sapiens

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IUBMB Comments
Catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time. Cannot initiate a chain de novo. Requires an RNA or DNA primer. DNA can also serve as template. See also EC 2.7.7.7 DNA-directed DNA polymerase.
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Homo sapiens
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The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Homo sapiens
The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
telomerase, reverse-transcriptase, telomerase reverse transcriptase, nucleoside reverse transcriptase, hiv-1 rt, hiv-1 reverse transcriptase, gag-pol, hiv reverse transcriptase, rna-dependent dna polymerase, telomerase catalytic subunit, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
DNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed)
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-
-
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MX162-RT
-
-
-
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MX65-RT
-
-
-
-
nucleoside reverse transcriptase
-
-
nucleotidyltransferase, deoxyribonucleate, RNA-dependent
-
-
-
-
P72
-
-
-
-
reverse transcriptase
revertase
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-
-
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RNA revertase
-
-
-
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RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
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-
-
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RNA-instructed DNA polymerase
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-
-
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RT
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-
-
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telomerase
telomerase catalytic subunit
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-
-
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telomerase reverse transcriptase
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
nucleotidyl group transfer
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-
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed)
Catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time. Cannot initiate a chain de novo. Requires an RNA or DNA primer. DNA can also serve as template. See also EC 2.7.7.7 DNA-directed DNA polymerase.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
9068-38-6
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn
diphosphate + DNAn+1
show the reaction diagram
additional information
?
-
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn
diphosphate + DNAn+1
show the reaction diagram
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DNA polymerase Pol gamma also catalyzes reverse transcription with a slightly higher efficiency than HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. RNA-primed DNA synthesis activity is required for initiation of mtDNA replication. Poly gamma holoenzyme is capable of performing this reaction at a physiologically releavant rate
-
-
?
additional information
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
K+
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maximal incorporation of dTTP into poly(rA) template primed with oligo(dT)12 with 50 mM KCl
Mg2+
-
divalent metal ion required, enzyme has a preference for Mg2+ over Mn2+. Activity on poly(rA)*oligo(dT)12 is almost 3fold higher with Mg2+ than with Mn2+
Mn2+
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divalent metal ion required, enzyme has a preference for Mg2+ over Mn2+. Activity on poly(rA)*oligo(dT)12 is almost 3fold higher with Mg2+ than with Mn2+. Maximal dTTP incorporation into poly(rA)*oligo(dT)12 occurs between 0.3 and 0.6 mM MnCl2
NaCl
-
maximal incorporation of dTTP into poly(rA) template primed with oligo(dT)12 at 100 mM NaCl
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate
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exposure to (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces cellular proliferation and induced apoptosis in both MCF-7 and HL60 cells in vitro, although TERT mRNA expression is decreased only in MCF-7 cells
early growth response-1
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overexpressio nof early growth response-1 decreases TERT protein production as well TERT mRNA transcription
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Mn2+
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above 1 mM MnCl2
stavudine
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potent inhibitor
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
betapapillomavirus E6 protein 16E6
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activates telomerase, NFX1-91 protein is important for telomerase activation by betapapillomavirus E6 protein 16E6
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betapapillomavirus E6 protein 38E6
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activates telomerase
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betapapillomavirus E6 protein E6AP
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important for telomerase activation by betapapillomavirus E6 protein 16E6
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dithiothreitol
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maximal incorporation of dTTP into poly(rA) template primed with oligo(dT)12 with 10 mM dithiothreitol
Epidermal growth factor
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exogenous epidermal growth factor activates TERT gene transcription, epidermal growth factor-induced TERT activity is ERK 1/2-dependent
NFX-91
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complex formation between betapapillomavirus E6 proteins E6, E6AP, and NFX1-91 is a critical step in mediating telomerase activation
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pontin
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pontin interacts with TERT and dyskerin and is critical for telomerase activity and for the accumulation of TERC and dyskerin
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reptin
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reptin interacts with TERT and dyskerin and is critical for telomerase activity and for the accumulation of TERC and dyskerin
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additional information
-
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
8
-
maximal incorporation of dTTP into poly(rA) template primed with oligo(dT)12
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
23 - 47
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23°C: about 30% of maximal activity, 47°C: about 15% of maximal activity
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
TERT_HUMAN
1132
0
126997
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1)
LORF2_HUMAN
1275
0
149012
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 4)
PO113_HUMAN
956
0
107766
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
POK10_HUMAN
1014
0
114827
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
POK11_HUMAN
969
0
109665
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
POK18_HUMAN
812
0
91948
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
POK19_HUMAN
959
0
108106
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
POK25_HUMAN
954
0
107472
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
POK6_HUMAN
956
0
107688
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
POK7_HUMAN
1459
3
165184
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3)
POK8_HUMAN
956
0
107703
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
POK9_HUMAN
1117
0
123620
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 4)
V9GZR9_HUMAN
1275
0
149046
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
Q6ZRZ7_HUMAN
129
0
14808
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
Q86UH8_HUMAN
1183
0
131471
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
C6GM00_HUMAN
150
0
17544
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
G8I2S9_HUMAN
1275
0
149032
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
Q6ZNU3_HUMAN
181
0
20980
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
O00378_HUMAN
1275
0
148880
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
O94807_HUMAN
523
0
56555
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1)
Q14272_HUMAN
175
0
19663
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
O00360_HUMAN
1275
0
149064
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
F6MZ67_HUMAN
67
0
8171
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 3)
Q8N929_HUMAN
214
0
24877
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
O00372_HUMAN
1275
0
149112
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
F6MZ68_HUMAN
76
0
9359
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
Q6PID2_HUMAN
328
0
38048
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
S5G7D6_HUMAN
260
0
29188
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
O00368_HUMAN
1275
0
149079
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
Q8TE30_HUMAN
1275
0
149011
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
V9H0E4_HUMAN
420
0
48021
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
O00366_HUMAN
1275
0
149035
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A590UK92_HUMAN
574
0
63252
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1)
Q7KZ41_HUMAN
1192
0
139678
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
V9H0H3_HUMAN
2294
1
257101
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
O00375_HUMAN
1275
0
149056
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
O00363_HUMAN
1275
0
149009
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
V9H0D0_HUMAN
1275
0
148973
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
O00549_HUMAN
573
0
66861
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
Q14754_HUMAN
712
0
83610
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
O00362_HUMAN
1275
0
149202
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
Q9UBR6_HUMAN
524
0
57933
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1)
A2RQR4_HUMAN
280
0
32494
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3)
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
heterodimer
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-
monomer
-
-
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
ribonucleoprotein
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-
TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
-
heat sensitive enzyme
STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
-70°C, 50% glycerol, stable for more than 12 months
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-85 to -75°C, in frozen cells or tissues, at least one year, remains stable
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ectopic expression in the heterohybridoma cell line K6H6/B5
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human LINE-1 ORF2, which encodes reverse transcriptase, is inserted into a baculovirus shuttle vector and expressed in SF21 cells
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
medicine
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Murakami, E.; Feng, J.Y.; Lee, H.; Hanes, J.; Johnson, K.A.; Anderson, K.S.
Characterization of novel reverse transcriptase and other RNA-associated catalytic activities by human DNA polymerase gamma: importance in mitochondrial DNA replication
J. Biol. Chem.
278
36403-36409
2003
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Piskareva, O.; Denmukhametova, S.; Schmatchenko, V.
Functional reverse transcriptase encoded by the human LINE-1 from baculovirus-infected insect cells
Protein Expr. Purif.
28
125-130
2003
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lee, H.R.; Johnson, K.A.
Fidelity and processivity of reverse transcription by the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase
J. Biol. Chem.
44
31982-31989
2007
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bollmann, F.M.
The many faces of telomerase: emerging extratelomeric effects
Bioessays
30
728-732
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bertram, C.; Hass, R.
Cellular responses to reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage and aging
Biol. Chem.
389
211-220
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Akutagawa, O.; Nishi, H.; Kyo, S.; Terauchi, F.; Yamazawa, K.; Higuma, C.; Inoue, M.; Isaka, K.
Early growth response-1 mediates downregulation of telomerase in cervical cancer
Cancer Sci.
99
1401-1406
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bennett, A.
Telomerase and other novel approaches to bladder cancer detection
Clin. Lab. Sci.
21
185-90
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Baek, S.H.
When ATPases pontin and reptin met telomerase
Dev. Cell
14
459-461
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Beatty, G.L.; Vonderheide, R.H.
Telomerase as a universal tumor antigen for cancer vaccines
Expert Rev. Vaccines
7
881-887
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bermudez, Y.; Yang, H.; Cheng, J.Q.; Kruk, P.A.
Pyk2/ERK 1/2 mediate Sp1- and c-Myc-dependent induction of telomerase activity by epidermal growth factor
Growth Factors
26
1-11
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Adachi, M.; Brenner, D.A.
High molecular weight adiponectin inhibits proliferation of hepatic stellate cells via activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
Hepatology
47
677-685
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ait-Mohand, H.; Bonmarchand, M.; Guiguet, M.; Slama, L.; Marguet, F.; Behin, A.; Amellal, B.; Bennai, Y.; Peytavin, G.; Calvez, V.; Pialoux, G.; Murphy, R.; Katlama, C.
Viral efficacy maintained and safety parameters improved with a reduced dose of stavudine: a pilot study
HIV Med.
9
738-746
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Agaimy, A.; Pelz, A.F.; Wieacker, P.; Roessner, A.; Wuensch, P.H.; Schneider-Stock, R.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the vermiform appendix: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular study of 2 cases with literature review
Hum. Pathol.
39
1252-1257
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Adekar, S.P.; Jones, R.M.; Elias, M.D.; Al-Saleem, F.H.; Root, M.J.; Simpson, L.L.; Dessain, S.K.
A human monoclonal antibody that binds serotype A botulinum neurotoxin
Hybridoma
27
11-17
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bartolo, I.; Rocha, C.; Bartolomeu, J.; Gama, A.; Marcelino, R.; Fonseca, M.; Mendes, A.; Epalanga, M.; Silva, P.C.; Taveira, N.
Highly divergent subtypes and new recombinant forms prevail in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Angola: New insights into the origins of the AIDS pandemic
Infect. Genet. Evol.
9
672-682
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Berletch, J.B.; Liu, C.; Love, W.K.; Andrews, L.G.; Katiyar, S.K.; Tollefsbol, T.O.
Epigenetic and genetic mechanisms contribute to telomerase inhibition by EGCG
J. Cell. Biochem.
103
509-519
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bedard, K.M.; Underbrink, M.P.; Howie, H.L.; Galloway, D.A.
The E6 oncoproteins from human betapapillomaviruses differentially activate telomerase through an E6AP-dependent mechanism and prolong the lifespan of primary keratinocytes
J. Virol.
82
3894-3902
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Botchkina, I.L.; Rivadeneira, D.E.; Watkins, K.; Karpeh, M.S.; Botchkina, G.I.
Clinical significance of telomerase activity in peritoneal disseminated cells: gastrointestinal cancers
Mol. Med.
14
45-54
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Alves, D.; Li, H.; Codrington, R.; Orte, A.; Ren, X.; Klenerman, D.; Balasubramanian, S.
Single-molecule analysis of human telomerase monomer
Nat. Chem. Biol.
4
287-289
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Anedchenko, E.; Oparina, N.; Dmitriev, A.; Krasnov, G.; Pavlova, L.; Alexandrova, N.; Kisseljov, F.; Senchenko, V.
Activation of the hTERT expression in squamous cell cervical carcinoma is not associated with gene amplification
Oncol. Rep.
20
469-474
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Azman, B.Z.; Akhir, S.M.; Zilfalil, B.A.; Ankathil, R.
Two cases of deletion 5p syndrome: one with paternal involvement and another with atypical presentation
Singapore Med. J.
49
e98-e100
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Biray, C.; Nizam, N.; Gunduz, C.; Sonmez, S.; Cavdar, C.; Saglam, F.; Atilla, K.; Camsari, T.
Evaluation of telomerase activity in gingival fibroblasts of cyclosporine-treated patients
Transplant. Proc.
40
184-185
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team