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Information on EC 2.1.1.20 - glycine N-methyltransferase and Organism(s) Homo sapiens

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EC Tree
     2 Transferases
         2.1 Transferring one-carbon groups
             2.1.1 Methyltransferases
                2.1.1.20 glycine N-methyltransferase
IUBMB Comments
This enzyme is thought to play an important role in the regulation of methyl group metabolism in the liver and pancreas by regulating the ratio between S-adenosyl-L-methionine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. It is inhibited by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate pentaglutamate . Sarcosine, which has no physiological role, is converted back into glycine by the action of EC 1.5.8.3, sarcosine dehydrogenase.
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Homo sapiens
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Word Map
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Homo sapiens
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
gnmt, glycine n-methyltransferase, glycine methyltransferase, s-adenosyl-l-methionine:glycine n-methyltransferase, glycine-n methyltransferase, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
glycine methyltransferase
glycine N-methyltransferase
-
-
glycine-N methyltransferase
-
-
methyltransferase, glycine
-
-
-
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine methyltransferase
-
-
-
-
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY hide
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
show the reaction diagram
overview mechanism
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
methyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
-
-, -
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
This enzyme is thought to play an important role in the regulation of methyl group metabolism in the liver and pancreas by regulating the ratio between S-adenosyl-L-methionine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. It is inhibited by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate pentaglutamate [4]. Sarcosine, which has no physiological role, is converted back into glycine by the action of EC 1.5.8.3, sarcosine dehydrogenase.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
37228-72-1
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
show the reaction diagram
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
show the reaction diagram
additional information
?
-
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
show the reaction diagram
additional information
?
-
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate
-
-
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate pentaglutamate
5-Methyltetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate
-
-
Urea
-
-
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
glucagon
-
GNMT activity is induced by glucagon
Vitamin A
-
GNMT activity is induced by vitamin A
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0122 - 0.0721
Gly
0.12 - 0.281
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.35 - 1.6
Gly
0.35 - 1.6
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
-
-
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
25
assay temperature
pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
6.6
-
calculation from nucleotide sequence
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
high expression in normal tissue, reduced expression in tumorous tissue, some tumor samples show no enzyme expression
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
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DNA extracted from peripherial blood cells
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
36.4% of tissues show loss of heterozygosity of the GNMT gene, GNMT expression diminished in 82.2% of tissues
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
LNCaP cells and PC-3 cells
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
overview on subcellular localization
-
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
malfunction
metabolism
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GNMT is involved in both hepatic methyl group and one-carbon metabolism
physiological function
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
GNMT_HUMAN
295
0
32742
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 2)
V9HW60_HUMAN
295
0
32742
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A0S2Z594_HUMAN
151
0
16916
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A0S2Z5F2_HUMAN
276
0
30664
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
130000
32500
-
4 * 32500
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
homotetramer
-
4 * 32500
tetramer
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
phosphoprotein
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GNMT is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase at Ser9, Ser71, Ser139, Ser182, and Ser241
CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
crystals are grown at 4°C by hanging drop vapor diffusion method
-
wild type and H176N mutant enzyme as cocrystals with a citrate molecule bound in the active site
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
DELTA171-295
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to map the interactive domain of GNMT plasmids containing different domains GNMT are constructed: The C-terminal 171-295 amino acid fragment of GNMT is identified as interactive domain
H176N
L149P
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the mutant is inactivated by 90%
L49P
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mutant enzyme possesses 10% activity of the wild-type enzyme
N140S
additional information
-
patients with mutations Leu49Pro and His176Asn suffer from mild liver disease
GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
urea unfolding of GNMT is a two-step process. The first transition is a reversible dissociation of the GNMT tetramer to compact monomers in 1.0-3.5 M urea with enzyme inactivation. The second step of GNMT unfolding is a reversible transition of monomers from compact to a fully unfolded state with R(S) of 50 A, exposed tryptophan residues, and disrupted secondary structure in 8 M urea
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ORGANIC SOLVENT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
urea
H176N mutant completely inactive at 2 M urea compared with 60% remaining activity of the wild type enzyme
STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
4°C, 5.0 mM DTT, 2.0 mM EDTA, 0.02% NaN3, stable for at least 2 weeks
-
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
recombinant enzymes
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expressed in Mus musculus liver and kidney
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expression in Escherichia coli
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full-length human GNMT is used as the bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen system with a human kidney cDNA library
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overexpression of GNMT in SCG2-1-1 cells
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overview
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PC-3 cells, LNCaP cells, HA22T/VGH cells and HEK-293A cells transfected with plasmid containing haplotype C
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when expressed in pTYB vector as a fusion protein with intein and the chitin binding domain, a cleavage of intein is found. The cleavage takes place at two sites near the N-terminus of intein and results in the appearance of an abnormal GNMT protein after one-column cleavage of the fusion protein, which can not be separated from normal GNMT. For this reason expression is done in the vector pET-17b. Expression of soluble protein in Escherichia coli at about 20-40 mg/L
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wild type and H176N mutant enzyme
wild-type and mutant enzymes H176N, L49P and N140S, expressed in Escherichia coli
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
benzo[a]pyrene treatment of HepG2 cells (0.001 or 0.01 mM) induces GNMT expression
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GNMT expression is down-regulated or even completely blocked in liver and prostate tumor tissue
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GNMT expression is stimulated by androgen in androgen receptor expressing cells, the stimulation occurs at the mRNA and protein levels. Androgen receptor binds to an androgen response element within the first exon of the GNMT gene in vitro and in vivo
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
diagnostics
medicine
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Ogawa, H.; Gomi, T.; Takusagawa, F.; Fujioka, M.
Structure, function and physiological role of glycine N-methyltransferase
Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.
30
13-26
1998
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Luka, Z.; Cerone, R.; Phillips, J.A.; Mudd, S.H.; Wagner, C.
Mutations in human glycine N-methyltransferase give insights into its role in methionine metabolism
Hum. Genet.
110
68-74
2002
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Luka, Z.; Wagner, C.
Human glycine N-methyltransferase is unfolded by urea through a compact monomer state
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
420
153-160
2003
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Luka, Z.; Wagner, C.
Effect of naturally occurring mutations in human glycine N-methyltransferase on activity and conformation
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
312
1067-1072
2003
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Chen, S.Y.; Lin, J.R.; Darbha, R.; Lin, P.; Liu, T.Y.; Chen, Y.M.
Glycine N-methyltransferase tumor susceptibility gene in the benzo(a)pyrene-detoxification pathway
Cancer Res.
64
3617-3623
2004
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Luka, Z.; Wagner, C.
Expression and purification of glycine N-methyltransferases in Escherichia coli
Protein Expr. Purif.
28
280-286
2003
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Pakhomova, S.; Luka, Z.; Grohmann, S.; Wagner, C.; Newcomer, M.E.
Glycine N-methyltransferases: a comparison of the crystal structures and kinetic properties of recombinant human, mouse and rat enzymes
Proteins
57
331-337
2004
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Huang, Y.C.; Lee, C.M.; Chen, M.; Chung, M.Y.; Chang, Y.H.; Huang, W.J.; Ho, D.M.; Pan, C.C.; Wu, T.T.; Yang, S.; Lin, M.W.; Hsieh, J.T.; Chen, Y.M.
Haplotypes, loss of heterozygosity, and expression levels of glycine N-methyltransferase in prostate cancer
Clin. Cancer Res.
13
1412-1420
2007
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Beagle, B.; Yang, T.L.; Hung, J.; Cogger, E.A.; Moriarty, D.J.; Caudill, M.A.
The glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) 1289 C->T variant influences plasma total homocysteine concentrations in young women after restricting folate intake
J. Nutr.
135
2780-2785
2005
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lee, C.M.; Chen, S.Y.; Lee, Y.C.; Huang, C.Y.; Chen, Y.M.
Benzo[a]pyrene and glycine N-methyltransferse interactions: gene expression profiles of the liver detoxification pathway
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
214
126-135
2006
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Luka, Z.; Capdevila, A.; Mato, J.M.; Wagner, C.
A glycine N-methyltransferase knockout mouse model for humans with deficiency of this enzyme
Transgenic Res.
15
393-397
2006
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus (Q9QXF8), Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Huang, Y.C.; Chen, M.; Shyr, Y.M.; Su, C.H.; Chen, C.K.; Li, A.F.; Ho, D.M.; Chen, Y.M.
Glycine N-methyltransferase is a favorable prognostic marker for human cholangiocarcinoma
J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.
23
1384-1389
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Luka, Z.; Pakhomova, S.; Luka, Y.; Newcomer, M.E.; Wagner, C.
Destabilization of human glycine N-methyltransferase by H176N mutation
Protein Sci.
16
1957-1964
2007
Homo sapiens (Q14749), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lee, C.M.; Shih, Y.P.; Wu, C.H.; Chen, Y.M.
Characterization of the 5 regulatory region of the human glycine N-methyltransferase gene
Gene
443
151-157
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Luka, Z.; Mudd, S.H.; Wagner, C.
Glycine N-methyltransferase and regulation of S-adenosylmethionine levels
J. Biol. Chem.
284
22507-22511
2009
Danio rerio, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa, Rattus norvegicus (P13255)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Yen, C.H.; Hung, J.H.; Ueng, Y.F.; Liu, S.P.; Chen, S.Y.; Liu, H.H.; Chou, T.Y.; Tsai, T.F.; Darbha, R.; Hsieh, L.L.; Chen, Y.M.
Glycine N-methyltransferase affects the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and blocks its carcinogenic effect
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
235
296-304
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Luka, Z.
Methyltetrahydrofolate in folate-binding protein glycine N-methyltransferase
Vitam. Horm.
79
325-345
2008
Oryctolagus cuniculus, Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Sus scrofa (Q29555), Mus musculus (Q9QXF8), Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Wang, Y.C.; Tang, F.Y.; Chen, S.Y.; Chen, Y.M.; Chiang, E.P.
Glycine-N methyltransferase expression in HepG2 cells is involved in methyl group homeostasis by regulating transmethylation kinetics and DNA methylation
J. Nutr.
141
777-782
2011
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Song, Y.H.; Shiota, M.; Kuroiwa, K.; Naito, S.; Oda, Y.
The important role of glycine N-methyltransferase in the carcinogenesis and progression of prostate cancer
Mod. Pathol.
24
1272-1280
2011
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Yen, C.H.; Lu, Y.C.; Li, C.H.; Lee, C.M.; Chen, C.Y.; Cheng, M.Y.; Huang, S.F.; Chen, K.F.; Cheng, A.L.; Liao, L.Y.; Lee, Y.H.; Chen, Y.M.
Functional characterization of glycine N-methyltransferase and its interactive protein DEPDC6/DEPTOR in hepatocellular carcinoma
Mol. Med.
18
286-296
2012
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ottaviani, S.; Brooke, G.N.; OHanlon-Brown, C.; Waxman, J.; Ali, S.; Buluwela, L.
Characterisation of the androgen regulation of glycine N-methyltransferase in prostate cancer cells
J. Mol. Endocrinol.
51
301-312
2013
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
DebRoy, S.; Kramarenko, I.I.; Ghose, S.; Oleinik, N.V.; Krupenko, S.A.; Krupenko, N.I.
A novel tumor suppressor function of glycine N-methyltransferase is independent of its catalytic activity but requires nuclear localization
PLoS ONE
8
e70062
2013
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team